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31-551: The Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the World Bank were part of this approval process under the "Georgia – Protected Areas Development Project". Plants conserved in the park are pine groves ( Pinus sosnowskyi ) and birch groves ( Betula litwinowii and Betula raddeana ). The Tusheti Protected Areas includes Tusheti National Park , Tusheti Protected Landscape and Tusheti Strict Nature Reserve with total protected area about 113,660.2 ha. The key faunal species in

62-407: Is a critical global issue, requiring substantial action. These actions include investment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, and adaptation to climate changes including variability. The early impacts of climate change have already appeared, and scientists believe that further impacts are inevitable. Many of the most serious and negative impacts of climate change will be disproportionately borne by

93-765: Is a member of the Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE). International waters : Diversions of water for irrigation, bulk supply, and potable use, together with the pollution of common water bodies are creating cross-border tensions. These tensions also persist across the oceans, with three-quarters of fish stocks being overfished, fished at their maximum, or in a depleted state. The GEF supports projects in helping countries work together to overcome these tensions in large water systems and to collectively manage their transboundary surface water basins, groundwater basins, and coastal and marine systems in order to share

124-558: Is continuing its support. In Tusheti National Park, there are seven mammals, ten birds and one fish which are on the Georgia Red List. Mammals are represented by otter , brown bear , wild goat , tur , deer and barbastelle . Birds, including some rare species, are common in the park. They include the imperial eagle , greater spotted eagle , lesser kestrel , corncrake , steppe eagle , black kite , vulture , Montagu's harrier , Caucasian grouse and Caucasian snowcock . Trout

155-502: Is sometimes used as an informal synonym for the more formal term "high seas", which under the doctrine of mare liberum ( Latin for "freedom of the seas"), do not belong to any state's jurisdiction. As such, states have the right to fishing, navigation, overflight, laying cables and pipelines, as well as scientific research. The Convention on the High Seas , signed in 1958, which has 63 signatories, defined "high seas" to mean "all parts of

186-460: Is that of the Caucasus mixed forests . The park has an approved land area of 83,453 hectares (206,220 acres), which lies within an elevation range of 900–4,800 metres (3,000–15,700 ft). The main functions of the park administration are to provide protection and conserve the flora and fauna of the park concurrently supporting the interests of the 50 nomadic communities, and achieving conservation of

217-507: Is the largest source of multilateral funding for biodiversity globally and distributes more than $ 1 billion a year on average to address inter-related environmental challenges. The GEF was established ahead of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and includes 184 countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector. It supports country-driven sustainable development initiatives in developing countries that generate global environmental benefits. To date,

248-505: Is the only one species of fish on the list. Global Environment Facility The Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) is a multilateral environmental fund that provides grants and blended finance for projects related to biodiversity , climate change , international waters , land degradation , persistent organic pollutants (POPs) , mercury , sustainable forest management , food security , and sustainable cities in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. It

279-538: Is under heavy threat. Reducing and preventing further biodiversity loss are considered among the most critical challenges to humankind. Of all the problems the world faces in managing “global goods,” only the loss of biodiversity is irreversible. The GEF supports projects that address the key drivers of biodiversity loss which focus on the highest leveraging opportunities to achieve sustainable biodiversity conservation. Climate change : Climate change from human-induced emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases (GHGs)

310-650: The IMO ), such as the MARPOL Convention. Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas. Other international treaties have opened up rivers, which are not traditionally international waterways. Current unresolved disputes over whether particular waters are "International waters" include: At least ten conventions are included within the Regional Seas Program of UNEP , including: Addressing regional freshwater issues

341-470: The baseline , where coastal states have sovereign rights to the water column and sea floor as well as the natural resources found there. The high seas make up 50% of the surface area of the planet and cover over two-thirds of the ocean. Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the flag state (if there is one); however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy , any nation can exercise jurisdiction under

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372-757: The GEF also serves as a financial mechanism for the following conventions: The GEF also supports implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP). The GEF has a governing structure organized around an Assembly, the Council, the Secretariat, 18 Agencies, a Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP), and the Independent Evaluation Office. The Global Environment Facility

403-511: The GEF has provided more than $ 22 billion in grants and mobilized another $ 120 billion in co-financing for more than 5,200 projects and programs. Through its Small Grants Programme (SGP), the GEF has provided support to nearly 27,000 civil society and community initiatives in 136 countries. In June 2022, donors to the GEF pledged a record $ 5.33 billion in support for its latest four-year replenishment cycle, which runs until June 2026. In addition to funding projects through grants and blended finance,

434-647: The Russian Federation and nations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia to phase out their use of ozone-destroying chemicals. In 1998, the GEF Council decided to expand beyond the initial three implementing agencies, including the International Finance Corporation, to broaden its ability to enable innovating financing mechanisms and better leverage private sector investment. The GEF subsequently

465-614: The United Nations Environment Programme, and the World Bank were the three initial partners implementing GEF projects. In 1992, at the Rio Earth Summit , the GEF was restructured and established as a permanent, separate institution. The decision to make the GEF an independent organization enhanced the involvement of developing countries in the decision-making process and in implementation of the projects. Since 1994,

496-650: The World Bank has served as the Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund and provides administrative services. As part of the restructuring, the GEF was entrusted to become the financial mechanism for both the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. In partnership with The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the GEF started funding projects that enable

527-585: The benefits from them. Land degradation : Land degradation is a major threat to biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and society's ability to function. Because of the interconnectivity between ecosystems across scales, land degradation triggers destructive processes that can have cascading effects across the entire biosphere. Loss of biomass through vegetation clearance and increased soil erosion produces greenhouse gases that contribute global warming and climate change. The GEF supports projects in reversing and preventing desertification/land degradation and in mitigating

558-404: The cost of setting up and operation of wildlife viewing trails." The local partners associated with this study were Tusheti Guide and Friends of Tusheti Protected Areas. A wild goat monitoring scheme was established, and local guides, park rangers and local groups were trained to ensure protection to the wild goat. The project has proved successful as more visitors could view the goat now, and NACRES

589-448: The doctrine of universal jurisdiction . International waters can be contrasted with internal waters , territorial waters and exclusive economic zones . UNCLOS also contains, in its part XII, special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, which, in certain cases, allow port States to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction over foreign ships on the high seas if they violate international environmental rules (adopted by

620-498: The effects of drought in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability . Sustainable forest management / Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation + : Forests cover almost one-third of the world's land area. They have a unique potential to produce multiple global environmental benefits such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration , and protection against desertification . Sustainably managed forests can enhance

651-474: The following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins ) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems , enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries , rivers, lakes, groundwater systems ( aquifers ), and wetlands . "International waters" is not a defined term in international law. It is an informal term, which sometimes refers to waters beyond the "territorial sea" of any country. In other words, "international waters"

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682-486: The linked historic monuments; and also to encourage eco-tourism. For the endangered wild goat ( Capra aegagrus ) the park is the only intact habitat. To protect this species from poaching and enable its viewing in the park by visitors, the Centre for Biodiversity Conservation & Research (NACRES), an IUCN member, carried out a pilot project titled "viewing potential" by monitoring the "risks and benefits to conservation and

713-446: The north-eastern part of the country. It is 205 kilometres (127 mi) away from Tbilisi with the en route Alvani lying 120 kilometres (75 mi) away. Omalo-Alvani highway of 85 kilometres (53 mi) length is in a hilly terrain and is difficult to drive. The visitor center to the parks and reserves of Tusheti is located along the 85 kilometres (53 mi) of the main watershed ridge of Caucasus in lower Omalo . Its ecoregion

744-538: The park are the Anatolian leopard ( Panthera pardus ambornii ), bear, chamois , falcon, golden eagle , lammergeyer , lynx, wild goat and wolf. The park was named one of the "12 best places you’ve never heard of" by BudgetTravel in 2011 not only for its rich biodiversity but also for its aesthetic terrain, hamlets, old defense towers, cuisine, and folk culture. The park is set in the Tusheti Mountainous region in

775-409: The poorest people in developing countries. The GEF supports projects in developing countries. Chemicals : Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are pesticides, industrial chemicals, or unwanted by-products of industrial processes that have been used for decades but have more recently been found to share a number of disturbing characteristics, including: The GEF supports projects working to eliminate

806-416: The production and use of specific POPs, taking measures to ensure that they are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, identifying the sources, and reducing releases of POPs byproducts. Circular Economy : GEF has hosted events on the circular economy , which shifts from a take-make-waste economy to one that seeks to use no non-renewable source materials and produce zero waste . GEF

837-490: The provision of wood and non-timber forest products for about 1.6 billion people depending on forests for their livelihoods. Forest ecosystems are also expected to play a key role in helping people in developing countries to adapt to the effects of climate change. The GEF supports projects in forest conservation (primarily protected areas and buffer zones), sustainable use of forests (forest production landscapes, sustainable forest management), and addressing forests and trees in

868-589: The sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State" and where "no State may validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty." The Convention on the High Seas was used as a foundation for the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), signed in 1982, which recognized exclusive economic zones extending 200 nautical miles (230 mi; 370 km) from

899-486: The wider landscape. In addition to these thematic areas, the GEF has works to support: The GEF runs a Small Grants Programme that provides financial and technical support to projects which embody a community-based approach. The GEF sees community based projects as the cornerstone for addressing local and global environmental and sustainable development challenges. International waters The terms international waters or transboundary waters apply where any of

930-637: Was also selected to serve as financial mechanism for three more international conventions: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2003), and the Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013). The GEF work focuses on six main areas, including biodiversity, climate change (mitigation and adaptation), chemicals and waste, international waters, land degradation, and sustainable forest management. Biodiversity : Biodiversity

961-561: Was established in October 1991 under the chairmanship of Mohamed El-Ashry as a $ 1 billion pilot program in the World Bank to enable developing countries to take action on environmental challenges and to promote sustainable development. The GEF would provide new and additional grants and concessional funding to cover the "incremental" or additional costs associated with transforming a project with national benefits into one with global environmental benefits. The United Nations Development Programme,

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