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89-708: Turnitin (stylized as turnitin ) is an Internet-based similarity detection service run by the American company Turnitin, LLC, a subsidiary of Advance Publications . Founded in 1998, it sells its licenses to universities and high schools who then use the software as a service (SaaS) website to check submitted documents against its database and the content of other websites with the aim of identifying plagiarism . Results can identify similarities with existing sources and can also be used in formative assessment to help students learn to avoid plagiarism and improve their writing. Students may be required to submit work to Turnitin as

178-502: A Misplaced Pages article for the history of virtual learning environments to document existing examples of course management software. The Software Freedom Law Center filed a request with the U.S. Patent Office to re-examine Blackboard's patent in November 2006, and in January 2007, the request was approved on the basis of prior art, cited by the center, raising "substantial" questions. To address

267-454: A classification of all detection approaches currently in use for computer-assisted content similarity detection. The approaches are characterized by the type of similarity assessment they undertake: global or local. Global similarity assessment approaches use the characteristics taken from larger parts of the text or the document as a whole to compute similarity, while local methods only examine pre-selected text segments as input. Fingerprinting

356-585: A fee to have a paper tested against the database used by Turnitin to determine whether or not that paper would be detected as plagiarism when the student submitted that paper to the Turnitin website. It was announced that the WriteCheck product was being withdrawn in 2020 with no new subscriptions being accepted after November 2019. The economist Alex Tabarrok has complained that Turnitin's systems "are warlords who are arming both sides in this plagiarism war". The website

445-460: A few possible "tricks" and how Turnitin intended to take care of them, without mentioning scientific literature, technical treatises or examples of source code . The Italian scholar Michele Cortelazzo  [ it ] , professor of linguistics who also studies copyright attribution and similarity between texts , noted that, ironically, it is impossible to tell if Turnitin's source code has been plagiarized from other sources, because it

534-407: A first prototype of a citation-based plagiarism detection system exists. Similar order and proximity of citations in the examined documents are the main criteria used to compute citation pattern similarities. Citation patterns represent subsequences non-exclusively containing citations shared by the documents compared. Factors, including the absolute number or relative fraction of shared citations in

623-601: A much higher rate is generated by AI but not flagged. The essays submitted by students are stored in a database used to check for plagiarism. This prevents one student from using another student's paper, by identifying matching text between papers. In addition to student papers, the database contains a copy of the publicly accessible Internet, with the company using a web crawler to continually add content to Turnitin's archive. It also contains commercial and/or copyrighted pages from books, newspapers, and journals. If requested by teachers, students can upload their papers directly to

712-557: A number of court cases. An additional complication with the use of TMS is that the software finds only precise matches to other text. It does not pick up poorly paraphrased work, for example, or the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, which is known as rogeting . Blackboard Inc. Blackboard Inc., now Anthology is an American educational technology company with corporate headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida . Blackboard

801-518: A part of academic life that was to be endured, not enjoyed" according to TechCrunch writer Rip Empson in 2014. According to educational technology company EdSurge , as of 2015 , the company was in the process of updating its learning management system and the user interface within it, noting that navigation of the latter had been a cause of "dismay" for long-time users. In March 2020, Blackboard agreed to its sell Open LMS business to Learning Technologies Group for $ 31.7 million. Blackboard Collaborate

890-610: A program for off-campus vendors that allow students to pay for goods using their college's campus card. In March 2019 Blackboard announced that Transact was to be spun off, having been acquired by Reverence Capital Partners. Blackboard Analytics was developed after the company acquired iStrategy, a data analysis firm, in December 2010. The Blackboard Analytics platform is a system for data warehousing and analysis, with applications for educational institutions to analyze student numbers, class scheduling, and financial information. The platform

979-481: A proprietary algorithm . It scans its own databases and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases. In early 2023, Turnitin released a feature that aims to detect content generated by artificial intelligence applications like ChatGPT , however the accuracy of AI content detection remains a topic of debate. Later that year, some schools have disabled Turnitin's AI detection software due to concerns that, like all other AI detection tools,

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1068-440: A provider of help desk and administrative services; CardSmith, a company that offered cards for student ID and on-campus payments; Requestec, a provider of technology for VoIP , video conferencing and instant messaging ; ParentLink, a mass notification system and mobile app publisher; and Schoolwires, a company that specialized in building school websites. In August 2015, Blackboard acquired Colombia-based Nivel7, possibly

1157-454: A publicly accessible collection such as a university library. University of Minnesota Law School professor Dan Burk countered that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons: When a group of students filed suit against Turnitin on that basis, in Vanderhye et al. v. iParadigms LLC , the district court found the practice fell within fair use ; on appeal,

1246-420: A redesign of Blackboard's UX to an interface resembling iOS , expanding the deployment options of Blackboard Learn to include public cloud , and improvements to Blackboard's mobile app. As of July 2014 , Blackboard serves approximately 17,000 schools and organizations. It holds the highest share of the education market with 75 percent of colleges and universities and more than half of K-12 districts in

1335-407: A reference collection. Minutiae matching with those of other documents indicate shared text segments and suggest potential plagiarism if they exceed a chosen similarity threshold. Computational resources and time are limiting factors to fingerprinting, which is why this method typically only compares a subset of minutiae to speed up the computation and allow for checks in very large collection, such as

1424-504: A requirement of taking a certain course or class. The software has been a source of controversy, with some students refusing to submit, arguing that requiring submission implies a presumption of guilt . Some critics have alleged that use of this proprietary software violates educational privacy as well as international intellectual-property laws, and exploits students' works for commercial purposes by permanently storing them in Turnitin's privately held database . Turnitin, LLC also runs

1513-636: A similar ruling from the Senate Committee on Student Grievances. In 2006, the Senate at Mount Saint Vincent University in Nova Scotia prohibited the submission of students' academic work to Turnitin.com and any software that requires students' work to become part of an external database where other parties might have access to it. This decision was granted after the students' union alerted the university community of their legal and privacy concerns associated with

1602-405: A strategy to both limit competitors and enter new markets. Between 2006 and 2012, the company spent more than $ 500 million on acquisitions. Competing learning management platforms that were acquired by Blackboard in order to absorb their users and reduce competition include: George Washington University's course management software, Prometheus, in 2002; and WebCT Inc., its largest rival in

1691-482: A suspicious document with a reference collection, which is a set of documents assumed to be genuine. Based on a chosen document model and predefined similarity criteria, the detection task is to retrieve all documents that contain text that is similar to a degree above a chosen threshold to text in the suspicious document. Intrinsic PDSes solely analyze the text to be evaluated without performing comparisons to external documents. This approach aims to recognize changes in

1780-460: A system to record and analyze student assessment results. Though the software is proprietary, developers are able to extend the functionality of the system, and create customized course management and delivery by developing software and applications known as Building Blocks, created by Gilfus and Pittinsky, which allows third-party developers to create customizations and extensions for Blackboard Learn through open APIs and web services. In 2011,

1869-524: A year later, Judge Claude M. Hilton granted summary judgment on the students' complaint in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin, because they had accepted the click-wrap agreement on the Turnitin website. The students appealed the ruling, and in 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed Judge Hilton's judgment in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin. Several flaws and bugs in

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1958-459: Is an Information retrieval (IR) task supported by specialized IR systems, which is referred to as a plagiarism detection system (PDS) or document similarity detection system. A 2019 systematic literature review presents an overview of state-of-the-art plagiarism detection methods. Systems for text similarity detection implement one of two generic detection approaches, one being external, the other being intrinsic. External detection systems compare

2047-560: Is characterized by a number of factors: Most large-scale plagiarism detection systems use large, internal databases (in addition to other resources) that grow with each additional document submitted for analysis. However, this feature is considered by some as a violation of student copyright . Plagiarism in computer source code is also frequent, and requires different tools than those used for text comparisons in document. Significant research has been dedicated to academic source-code plagiarism. A distinctive aspect of source-code plagiarism

2136-438: Is currently the most widely applied approach to content similarity detection. This method forms representative digests of documents by selecting a set of multiple substrings ( n-grams ) from them. The sets represent the fingerprints and their elements are called minutiae. A suspicious document is checked for plagiarism by computing its fingerprint and querying minutiae with a precomputed index of fingerprints for all documents of

2225-431: Is no longer active. In one well-publicized dispute over mandatory Turnitin submissions, Jesse Rosenfeld, a student at McGill University declined, in 2004, to submit his academic work to Turnitin. The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without using the service. The following year, another McGill student, Denise Brunsdon, refused to submit her assignment to Turnitin.com and won

2314-454: Is not open source . For the same reason, it is unknown what scientific methodologies , if any, Turnitin uses to assess papers. In 2009, a group of researchers from Texas Tech University reported that many of the instances of "non-originality" that Turnitin finds are not plagiarism but the use of jargon , course terms or phrases that appeared for legitimate reasons. For example, the researchers found high percentages of flagged material in

2403-446: Is not viewed as a mature technology and respective systems have not been able to achieve satisfying detection results in practice. Citation-based plagiarism detection using citation pattern analysis is capable of identifying stronger paraphrases and translations with higher success rates when compared to other detection approaches, because it is independent of textual characteristics. However, since citation-pattern analysis depends on

2492-556: Is often their cosine similarity. More advanced methods perform end-to-end prediction of similarity or classifications using the Transformer architecture. Paraphrase detection particularly benefits from highly parameterized pre-trained models. Comparative evaluations of content similarity detection systems indicate that their performance depends on the type of plagiarism present (see figure). Except for citation pattern analysis, all detection approaches rely on textual similarity. It

2581-545: Is operated by iParadigms, in conjunction with Northumbria Learning, the European reseller of the Service. In March 2019, Advance Publications acquired Turnitin, LLC for US$ 1.75 billion . In 2021, Turnitin acquired competing software company, Ouriginal, itself the result of a merger between Urkund and PlagScan . The Turnitin software checks for potentially unoriginal content by comparing submitted papers to several databases using

2670-537: Is that there are no essay mills , such as can be found in traditional plagiarism. Since most programming assignments expect students to write programs with very specific requirements, it is very difficult to find existing programs that already meet them. Since integrating external code is often harder than writing it from scratch, most plagiarizing students choose to do so from their peers. According to Roy and Cordy, source-code similarity detection algorithms can be classified as based on either The previous classification

2759-654: Is the most traditional form of identifying plagiarism from written work. This can be a lengthy and time-consuming task for the reader and can also result in inconsistencies in how plagiarism is identified within an organization. Text-matching software (TMS), which is also referred to as "plagiarism detection software" or "anti-plagiarism" software, has become widely available, in the form of both commercially available products as well as open-source software. TMS does not actually detect plagiarism per se, but instead finds specific passages of text in one document that match text in another document. Computer-assisted plagiarism detection

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2848-442: Is the only approach to plagiarism detection that does not rely on the textual similarity. CbPD examines the citation and reference information in texts to identify similar patterns in the citation sequences. As such, this approach is suitable for scientific texts, or other academic documents that contain citations. Citation analysis to detect plagiarism is a relatively young concept. It has not been adopted by commercial software, but

2937-608: Is therefore symptomatic that detection accuracy decreases the more plagiarism cases are obfuscated. Literal copies, a.k.a. copy and paste plagiarism or blatant copyright infringement, or modestly disguised plagiarism cases can be detected with high accuracy by current external PDS if the source is accessible to the software. In particular, substring matching procedures achieve good performance for copy and paste plagiarism, since they commonly use lossless document models, such as suffix trees . The performance of systems using fingerprinting or bag of words analysis in detecting copies depends on

3026-709: Is virtually impossible for Turnitin to detect. Also, article spinning was not recognized by Turnitin. Asked about the situation, the then vice president of marketing at Turnitin Chris Harrick said that the company was "working on a solution", but it was "not a big concern" because in his opinion "the quality of these tools is pretty poor". Several years later, Turnitin published an article titled "Can students trick Turnitin? Some students believe that they can 'beat' Turnitin by employing various tactics". The company denied any technical issues and said that "the authors of these 'tricks' are mostly essay mills ." The article then listed

3115-514: The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed. Some students argue that requiring them to submit papers to Turnitin creates a presumption of guilt , which may violate scholastic disciplinary codes and applicable local laws and judicial practice. Some teachers and professors support this argument when attempting to discourage schools from using Turnitin. iParadigms, the company that once owned Turnitin, ran another commercial website called WriteCheck. On this website, students paid

3204-479: The CourseInfo brand was dropped in 2000. As an extension of CourseInfo's original two weeks for free courses, the company provided a hosted version "CourseSites" for teachers to try out for free. After having raised its seed round, the new company made a profit in its first year, and its sales in 1998 approached US$ 1 million. Other early products included Blackboard Classroom and Blackboard Campus both derivatives of

3293-562: The Federal Circuit . A ruling was made by the Court of Appeals on July 27, 2009, that the 38 patent claims made by Blackboard in its suit against Desire2Learn were invalid. The dispute was resolved, when Blackboard and Desire2Learn announced on December 15, 2009, that each company was settling all ongoing litigation between them and had made a cross-licensing agreement. In April 2010, the firm abandoned patent 6,988,138, and in November that year

3382-600: The International Competitions on Plagiarism Detection held in 2009, 2010 and 2011, as well as experiments performed by Stein, indicate that stylometric analysis seems to work reliably only for document lengths of several thousand or tens of thousands of words, which limits the applicability of the method to computer-assisted plagiarism detection settings. An increasing amount of research is performed on methods and systems capable of detecting translated plagiarism. Currently, cross-language plagiarism detection (CLPD)

3471-509: The Internet. String matching is a prevalent approach used in computer science. When applied to the problem of plagiarism detection, documents are compared for verbatim text overlaps. Numerous methods have been proposed to tackle this task, of which some have been adapted to external plagiarism detection. Checking a suspicious document in this setting requires the computation and storage of efficiently comparable representations for all documents in

3560-414: The Turnitin plagiarism detection software have been documented in scientific literature . In particular, Turnitin has been proven to be vulnerable to Another study showed that Turnitin failed to detect text produced by popular free Internet-based paraphrasing tools. Besides, more sophisticated machine learning techniques, such as automated paraphrasing , can produce natural and expressive text, which

3649-466: The U.S. Patent Office issued a preliminary decision following its re-examination of Blackboard's patent application, which rejected the 44 claims made by the company. The Patent Office stated that it would give a final decision following a review of the patent. Following the ruling by the federal jury in February 2008, later that year Desire2Learn lodged an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for

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3738-511: The US using its products and services. As of September 2014 , Blackboard had acquired MyEdu, Perceptis, CardSmith, and Requestec under Bhatt's leadership. The acquisitions reflected Bhatt's new acquisition strategy of making investments that serve students and will lead to innovations in Blackboard's core teaching and learning products. Blackboard has used the acquisition of other companies as

3827-562: The United States use its products and services, and eighty percent of the world's top academic institutions use Blackboard tools, according to Times Higher Education Reputation Ranking. CourseInfo was founded in late 1996 as a software provider founded by Cornell University students Stephen Gilfus and Daniel Cane . Gilfus wrote the business plan for CourseInfo and its Interactive Learning Network product while an undergraduate at Cornell. CourseInfo (a dorm room start-up) with Gilfus as

3916-413: The availability of sufficient citation information, it is limited to academic texts. It remains inferior to text-based approaches in detecting shorter plagiarized passages, which are typical for cases of copy-and-paste or shake-and-paste plagiarism; the latter refers to mixing slightly altered fragments from different sources. The design of content similarity detection software for use with text documents

4005-408: The awarding of the patent and the lawsuit against Desire2Learn led to concerns about patentability in the electronic learning community. The website BoycottBlackboard.org was set up by Chris Hambly on August 2, 2006, calling for a boycott of the company's products and offering an online petition to be signed by those who opposed the patent. In addition, some critics of the patent and lawsuit created

4094-556: The basis for Blackboard Connect; providers of online and mobile collaboration tools Wimba, Inc. and Elluminate, Inc. in 2010 to form Blackboard Collaborate; iStrategy in December 2010, which led to the creation of Blackboard Analytics; and Presidium Inc. in 2011, which developed into Blackboard Student Services. Following the company's merger with Edline in 2011, Edline was later renamed Blackboard Engage. In March 2012, Blackboard acquired Moodlerooms Inc. (a Moodle hosting provider) and NetSpot of Adelaide , Australia, which then became

4183-579: The basis of Blackboard's Open Source Services division. As of June 30, 2018, Blackboard (which had been trading as "Moodlerooms" since 2012) was no longer a Certified Moodle Partner and can no longer use the Moodlerooms name or the Moodle trademarks that had been licensed to them to advertise their Moodle-related services. From January 2014 to April 2015, Blackboard acquired nine companies, including: MyEdu, an Austin -based online education company; Perceptis,

4272-440: The business lead and Cane as the lead developer had developed an innovative new platform for internet and networked learning called a "Course Management System" by Gilfus. Gilfus as a product strategist and Cane as lead tech guru had already identified a market fit and defined a category, as well as built a portfolio of 15 institutional clients including Cornell University, University of Pittsburgh and Yale Medical School. The product

4361-435: The case of natural disasters and campus emergencies. Blackboard Transact, formerly Blackboard Commerce Suite, is transaction processing system tied to university ID cards, which can be used for meal plans, vending machines and laundry services, and an e-commerce front end for the transaction system. The Transact system is NFC -compatible and its ID cards use contactless technology. Blackboard Transact also includes

4450-473: The company U.S. Patent 6,988,138 for "Internet-based education support system and methods" in January 2006. The patent established Blackboard's claims to the concept of connecting together web-based tools to create an interconnected university-wide course management system. The firm announced the patent on July 26, 2006, and on the same day it filed a patent infringement lawsuit against rival education software company Desire2Learn Inc. According to news reports,

4539-400: The company introduced a platform to host massive open online courses called MOOCs, and it introduced student profiles and databases in 2014. Bhatt also changed the company's strategy for acquiring new businesses. Rather than purchasing competitors, Bhatt has stated he prefers to acquire companies based on their innovations. In July 2014, Bhatt announced multiple product changes, including

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4628-486: The company renamed its "Course Management System" product category into the "Learning Management Systems" category in order to sell to the corporate space. Overseas expansion began in the early 2000s, growing to include Asia, Australia and Europe. Blackboard had its initial public offering (IPO) in June 2004 under the stock market ticker BBBB. Sale of shares in the initial public offering raised an estimated $ 70 million for

4717-447: The company was its course management software, first available in 1998. The latest version, Blackboard Learn 9.1, was released in April 2010. This is a learning management system that provides a learning system for course delivery and management for institutions; a community and portal system for communication; a content management system for centralized control over course content; and

4806-471: The company's higher education practice. In 1998, after Cane met Chasen at a conference on adaptive learning , Gilfus and Cane decided to merge CourseInfo LLC. with Chasen and Pittinky's Blackboard LLC. company in order to raise money and scale the business. The combined company became a corporation known as Blackboard Inc. They renamed the CourseInfo platform built by the Cornell team to Blackboard's CourseInfo;

4895-488: The company, making it the second-most successful technology IPO of that year. In 2006, Blackboard completed the acquisition of its largest competitor, WebCT Inc, enlarging its share of the higher education market to between 65 and 75 percent. Over the next five years, the company invested in a series of new products and acquisitions, including Blackboard Xythos, Blackboard Connect, Blackboard Mobile, Blackboard Collaborate, and Blackboard Analytics, thus expanding beyond

4984-547: The concerns raised within the education software and academic communities, in February 2007, the firm announced that it had made a pledge to not assert its patent rights against open-source and non-profit software developers. In February 2008, a federal jury in Texas ruled in favor of Blackboard in its patent infringement suit against Desire2Learn, finding the rival company liable for infringing on its patent. One month later, in March 2008,

5073-401: The domain of content similarity detection. Documents are represented as one or multiple vectors, e.g. for different document parts, which are used for pair wise similarity computations. Similarity computation may then rely on the traditional cosine similarity measure , or on more sophisticated similarity measures. Citation-based plagiarism detection (CbPD) relies on citation analysis , and

5162-584: The education software industry, in 2005. According to market research company Eduventures, the merger with WebCT increased the firm's share of the higher-education market to between 65 and 75 percent. In 2009, the acquisition of ANGEL Learning , an education software developer, increased Blackboard's client base to nearly 6,000 educational institutions, companies and government agencies. The company has also made acquisitions in order to expand its product base with other education-related services and software. Such acquisitions include: NTI Group in 2008, which became

5251-483: The firm re-launched the original CourseSites offering, a free version of its Blackboard Learn and Collaborate software, for which it provides hosting and support. In 2012, TechCrunch writer Rip Empson commented that Blackboard's focus on acquisitions prevented the company from fully focusing on their software products, which has led to the continual introduction of additional features, known as feature creep . The company's products' user interfaces became "infamous as

5340-580: The first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the Act. Lawyers for the company claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. That implied license, the lawyers argue, thus grants Turnitin permission to copy, reproduce and preserve the works. The company's lawyers further claim that dissertations and theses also carry with them an implied permission to archive in

5429-632: The help of an intellectual property attorney, two students from McLean High School in Virginia (with assistance from the Committee For Students' Rights) and two students attending Desert Vista High School in Phoenix, Arizona , filed suit in United States Circuit Court (Eastern District, Alexandria Division) alleging copyright infringement by iParadigms, Turnitin's parent company. Nearly

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5518-401: The information loss incurred by the document model used. By applying flexible chunking and selection strategies, they are better capable of detecting moderate forms of disguised plagiarism when compared to substring matching procedures. Intrinsic plagiarism detection using stylometry can overcome the boundaries of textual similarity to some extent by comparing linguistic similarity. Given that

5607-480: The informational website plagiarism.org and offers a similar plagiarism-detection service for newspaper editors and book and magazine publishers called iThenticate . Other tools included with the Turnitin suite are GradeMark (online grading and corrective feedback ) and PeerMark (student peer-review service). In the UK, the service is supported and promoted by JISC as 'Plagiarism Detection Service Turnitin UK'. The Service

5696-858: The largest Moodle services provider in Latin America. Blackboard acquired Sequoia Retail Systems in May 2016. Whilst still retaining a large market share in the US, Blackboard was overtaken globally by the open source Moodle, which became the dominant worldwide VLE. Though previously a public company, following its 2011 buyout by Providence Equity Partners Blackboard now operates as a private company. The company's headquarters are in Washington, D.C., and it has offices in Asia, Australia, Europe and in several locations in North America. The initial product to be offered by

5785-401: The learning management system market. By 2011, the firm's products were used by over half of colleges and universities in the US. On July 1, 2011, Blackboard agreed to a $ 1.64 billion buyout by an investor group led by Providence Equity Partners , completed on October 4, 2011. Following the sale, Providence Equity Partners merged Edline, its K-12 learning system, with Blackboard. Edline

5874-525: The original platform. In 2000, Blackboard acquired iCollege/College Enterprises Inc.'s campus card, introducing commerce capability to Blackboard's portfolio. By 2006, the firm's learning platform software was used in more than 40% of U.S. college campuses and the company had gained a significant worldwide market share. This expansion was initially funded through venture capital from a number of investors, including Pearson PLC , Dell , AOL , The Carlyle Group and Novak Biddle Venture Partners. At this time

5963-399: The pattern, as well as the probability that citations co-occur in a document are also considered to quantify the patterns' degree of similarity. Stylometry subsumes statistical methods for quantifying an author's unique writing style and is mainly used for authorship attribution or intrinsic plagiarism detection. Detecting plagiarism by authorship attribution requires checking whether

6052-417: The reference collection to compare them pairwise. Generally, suffix document models, such as suffix trees or suffix vectors, have been used for this task. Nonetheless, substring matching remains computationally expensive, which makes it a non-viable solution for checking large collections of documents. Bag of words analysis represents the adoption of vector space retrieval , a traditional IR concept, to

6141-612: The same specifications, functionally equivalent code (with high-level similarity) is entirely expected, and only low-level similarity is considered as proof of cheating. Difference between Plagiarism and Copyright Plagiarism and copyright are essential concepts in academic and creative writing that writers, researchers, and students have to understand. Although they may sound similar, they are not; different strategies can be used to address each of them. A number of different algorithms have been proposed to detect duplicate code. For example: Various complications have been documented with

6230-648: The service, for teachers to access them there. Teachers may also submit student papers to Turnitin.com as individual files, by bulk upload, or as a ZIP file. Teachers can further set assignment-analysis options so that students can review the system's "originality reports" before they finalize their submission. A peer-review option is also available. Some virtual learning environments can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for analysis. Blackboard , Moodle , ANGEL , Instructure , Desire2Learn , Pearson Learning Studio , Sakai , and Studywiz integrate in some way with

6319-402: The software is not entirely accurate. Concerns arose after cases were brought with students alleging Turnitin falsely accused them of using AI. This has happened when students use the grammar-correcting software Grammarly , which is recommended for student use by many schools. Turnitin says that they believe about 1% of the papers they flag as AI-written were actually written by humans, and that

6408-475: The software. In 2019, Turnitin began analyzing admissions application materials through a partner software, Kira Talent . The Student Union at Dalhousie University has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the USA PATRIOT Act . Mount Saint Vincent University became

6497-451: The study assigned one group of students to write a paper. These students were first educated about plagiarism and informed that their work was to be run through a content similarity detection system. A second group of students was assigned to write a paper without any information about plagiarism. The researchers expected to find lower rates in group one but found roughly the same rates of plagiarism in both groups. The figure below represents

6586-435: The stylistic differences between plagiarized and original segments are significant and can be identified reliably, stylometry can help in identifying disguised and paraphrased plagiarism. Stylometric comparisons are likely to fail in cases where segments are strongly paraphrased to the point where they more closely resemble the personal writing style of the plagiarist or if a text was compiled by multiple authors. The results of

6675-578: The suspicious document, and passages that are stylistically different from others are marked as potentially plagiarized/infringed. Although they are simple to extract, character n-grams are proven to be among the best stylometric features for intrinsic plagiarism detection. More recent approaches to assess content similarity using neural networks have achieved significantly greater accuracy, but come at great computational cost. Traditional neural network approaches embed both pieces of content into semantic vector embeddings to calculate their similarity, which

6764-408: The topic terms of papers (e.g. " global warming ") or "topic phrases", which they defined as the paper topic with a few words added (e.g. "the prevalence of childhood obesity continues to rise"). Turnitin was also criticized for paying panelists at conferences on education and writing. Similarity detection Detection of plagiarism can be undertaken in a variety of ways. Human detection

6853-428: The unique writing style of an author as an indicator for potential plagiarism. PDSes are not capable of reliably identifying plagiarism without human judgment. Similarities and writing style features are computed with the help of predefined document models and might represent false positives. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of similarity detection software in a higher education setting. One part of

6942-672: The use of Turnitin.com and other anti-plagiarism devices that profit from students' academic work. This was the first campus-wide ban of its kind in Canada, following decisions by Princeton , Harvard , Yale and Stanford not to use Turnitin. At Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto, students may decide whether to submit their work to Turnitin.com or make alternate arrangements with an instructor. Similar policies are in place at Brock University in Saint Catharines . On March 27, 2007, with

7031-464: The use of text-matching software when used for plagiarism detection. One of the more prevalent concerns documented centers on the issue of intellectual property rights. The basic argument is that materials must be added to a database in order for the TMS to effectively determine a match, but adding users' materials to such a database may infringe on their intellectual property rights. The issue has been raised in

7120-432: The writing style of the suspicious document, which is written supposedly by a certain author, matches with that of a corpus of documents written by the same author. Intrinsic plagiarism detection, on the other hand, uncovers plagiarism based on internal evidences in the suspicious document without comparing it with other documents. This is performed by constructing and comparing stylometric models for different text segments of

7209-889: Was created as a business intelligence tool specifically for higher education institutions and uses data from colleges' student information, human resources and financial information systems. Blackboard Open LMS was created when Blackboard acquired Moodlerooms and NetSpot in 2012. Blackboard saw significant growth in their open source group through 2018, before selling that division in 2020 to Learning Technologies Group. Blackboard's services include: managed hosting, platform consulting, enterprise consulting, online program management, training and student services. Blackboard Student Services provides management services for student admissions and enrollment, financial aid, and student accounts and retention. It also provides IT and helpdesk support to students and faculty for learning management systems. The United States Patent and Trademark Office granted

7298-1163: Was created in July 2010 and is used by K-12 schools and higher education institutions for professional development and distance learning. It is written in Java . The platform is also used by businesses for distance learning and for conferencing The company launched Blackboard Mobile in 2009 after having acquired TerriblyClever. The platform provides students with access to teaching and learning content and campus information through mobile applications for iOS , Android , BlackBerry and WebOS devices. Blackboard Mobile allows students to both access course materials, check grades, participate in discussions, and to access information about campus life and services. The company began providing its Blackboard Connect service in 2008, for use by school districts and higher education institutions to send out mass phone, text and e-mail notifications. The service can be used for routine alerts and notifications, academic or instructor notifications, or by school districts and communities to share time-sensitive information, such as in

7387-444: Was developed for code refactoring , and not for academic plagiarism detection (an important goal of refactoring is to avoid duplicate code , referred to as code clones in the literature). The above approaches are effective against different levels of similarity; low-level similarity refers to identical text, while high-level similarity can be due to similar specifications. In an academic setting, when all students are expected to code to

7476-518: Was founded by Stephen Gilfus , Daniel Cane , Michael Chasen and Matthew Pittinsky through a business combination in 1997, and became a public company in 2004. It operated publicly until it was purchased by Providence Equity Partners in 2011 and Veritas Capital in January 2020. As of January 2014 , its software were services are used by approximately 17,000 schools and organizations in 100 countries. Seventy-five percent of US colleges and universities and more than half of K–12 districts in

7565-715: Was known for Blackboard Learn , a learning management system . Blackboard Inc. merged with Anthology in late 2021. The company's last CEO was William L. Ballhaus , former president and CEO of SRA International , who was also named chairman and president, on January 4, 2016, following the resignation of Jay Bhatt, who had led Blackboard since October 2012. The firm provides education, mobile, communication, and commerce software and related services to clients, including education providers, corporations and government organizations. The software consists of seven platforms called Learn, Transact, Engage, Connect, Mobile, Collaborate and Analytics, which are offered as bundled software . The firm

7654-546: Was later renamed Blackboard Engage. According to a TechCrunch article from 2012, despite its success, Blackboard had become "one of the most disliked — even detested — companies in education." In December 2011, Fast Company reported that 93% of respondents to the Amplicate customer opinion survey "hate" the company. In September 2017, Blackboard announced its expansion to the Indian Educational Market, and it

7743-629: Was reported in July 2014 that approximately 500 of Blackboard's 3,000 employees were hired between 2013 and 2014. In 2019, Blackboard Inc., announced that Edwin Scholte will be appointed Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The company's key focuses under Bhatt's leadership have been: student-driven learning solutions ; investing in Blackboard Learn, the company's core product; integrating the company's portfolio of products; and building education service offerings, such as online program management. In 2013,

7832-590: Was said to partner with 50 educational institutions. Jay Bhatt succeeded Chasen as CEO of the company in October 2012. Bhatt came to the company after serving as the CEO of Progress Software . As CEO of Blackboard, Bhatt combined the company's product portfolio into offerings called "solutions". He also restructured the company by market (including North America and International) rather than by product, and consolidated product development and management under new executives. It

7921-489: Was sold to schools on an annual FTE licensing model―a full school deployment enterprise model. Blackboard LLC. was founded on January 21, 1997 by Michael Chasen and Matthew Pittinsky and began as a consulting firm contracting to the non-profit IMS Global Learning Consortium to develop a prototype for online learning and thinking through online learning standardization. Chasen and Pittinsky started Blackboard after leaving KPMG Consulting where they both had worked as part of

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