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46-597: Curcuma domestica Valeton Turmeric ( / ˈ t ɜːr m ər ɪ k , ˈ tj uː -/ ), ( botanical name Curcuma longa ( / ˈ k ɜːr k j ʊ m ə ˈ l ɒ ŋ ɡ ə / ),) is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae . It is a perennial , rhizomatous , herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and high annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes , some for propagation in

92-546: A bright yellow chemical produced by the turmeric plant, is approved as a food additive by the World Health Organization , European Parliament , and United States Food and Drug Administration . Although long used in Ayurvedic medicine, there is no high-quality clinical evidence that consuming turmeric or curcumin is effective for treating any disease. The greatest diversity of Curcuma species by number alone

138-425: A cultivar name, is often used when the parentage of a particular hybrid cultivar is not relevant in the context, or is uncertain. (specific to botany) (more general) Curcuma zedoaria Curcuma zedoaria ( zedoary /ˈzɛdəʊərɪ/, white turmeric , or temu putih ) is a perennial herb and member of the genus Curcuma , family Zingiberaceae . The plant is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia but

184-619: A merchant's tomb in Megiddo, Israel , dating from the second millennium BCE. It was noted as a dye plant in the Assyrians ' Cuneiform medical texts from Ashurbanipal ’s library at Nineveh from 7th century BCE. In Medieval Europe , turmeric was called "Indian saffron ." The name possibly derives from Middle English or Early Modern English as turmeryte or tarmaret . It may be of Latin origin, terra merita ("meritorious earth"). The Latin specific epithet longa means long. Turmeric

230-608: A similar color to be added, such as lead(II,IV) oxide ("red lead"). These additives give turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow, and such conditions led the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue import alerts from 2013 to 2019 on turmeric originating in India and Bangladesh . Imported into the United States in 2014 were approximately 5.4 million kilograms (12 million pounds) of turmeric, some of which

276-495: A width of 38 to 45 cm (15 to 17 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) and are oblong to elliptical, narrowing at the tip. At the top of the inflorescence, stem bracts are present on which no flowers occur; these are white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple, and the upper ends are tapered. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The three sepals are 0.8 to 1.2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 1 ⁄ 2  in) long, fused, and white, and have fluffy hairs;

322-542: Is "subg.", an abbreviation for subgenus ). The connecting term is not part of the name itself. A taxon may be indicated by a listing in more than three parts: " Saxifraga aizoon var. aizoon subvar. brevifolia f. multicaulis subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch." but this is a classification, not a formal botanical name. The botanical name is Saxifraga aizoon subf. surculosa Engl. & Irmsch. ( ICN Art 24: Ex 1). Generic, specific, and infraspecific botanical names are usually printed in italics . The example set by

368-530: Is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. It has highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes. The leaves are alternate and arranged in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, petiole , and leaf blade. From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm (20–45 in) long. The simple leaf blades are usually 76 to 115 cm (30–45 in) long and rarely up to 230 cm (7 ft 7 in). They have

414-460: Is a principal ingredient in curry powders. Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric also is used fresh, like ginger. Turmeric is used widely as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Various Iranian khoresh recipes begin with onions caramelized in oil and turmeric. The Moroccan spice mix ras el hanout typically includes turmeric. In South Africa, turmeric

460-484: Is a traditional Indian recipe. Sold in the US and UK, the drink known as "golden milk" uses nondairy milk and sweetener, and sometimes black pepper after the traditional recipe (which may also use ghee). Turmeric is approved for use as a food color , assigned the code E100 . The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to color numerous food products. Turmeric

506-547: Is about 60–70% carbohydrates , 6–13% water, 6–8% protein , 5–10% fat , 3–7% dietary minerals , 3–7% essential oils , 2–7% dietary fiber , and 1–6% curcuminoids . The golden yellow color of turmeric is due to curcumin. Phytochemical components of turmeric include diarylheptanoids , a class including numerous curcuminoids, such as curcumin , demethoxycurcumin , and bisdemethoxycurcumin . Curcumin constitutes up to 3.14% of assayed commercial samples of turmeric powder (the average

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552-631: Is considered by the British Food Standards Agency as an illegal dye for use in foods. Turmeric and curcumin have been studied in numerous clinical trials for various human diseases and conditions, with no high-quality evidence of any anti-disease effect or health benefit. There is no scientific evidence that curcumin reduces inflammation , as of 2020. There is weak evidence that turmeric extracts may be beneficial for relieving symptoms of knee osteoarthritis , as well as for reducing pain and muscle damage following physical exercise. There

598-472: Is good evidence that turmeric is an allergen. Botanical name The purpose of a formal name is to have a single name that is accepted and used worldwide for a particular plant or plant group. For example, the botanical name Bellis perennis denotes a plant species which is native to most of the countries of Europe and the Middle East , where it has accumulated various names in many languages. Later,

644-461: Is in India , at around 40 to 45 species. Thailand has a comparable 30 to 40 species. Other countries in tropical Asia also have numerous wild species of Curcuma . Recent studies have also shown that the taxonomy of C. longa is problematic, with only the specimens from South India being identifiable as C. longa . The phylogeny, relationships, intraspecific and interspecific variation, and even identity of other species and cultivars in other parts of

690-499: Is in keeping with two of the three other kinds of scientific name : zoological and bacterial ( viral names above genus are italicized, a new policy adopted in the early 1990s). For botanical nomenclature, the ICN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including, the rank of species. Taxa below the rank of species get a three part ( infraspecific name ). A binary name consists of

736-778: Is now naturalized in other places including the US state of Florida . Zedoary was one of the ancient food plants of the Austronesian peoples . They were spread during prehistoric times to the Pacific Islands and Madagascar during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5,000 BP ). Its use as a spice in the West today is extremely rare, having been replaced by ginger, and to a lesser extent, yellow turmeric. The name zedoary derives from Persian via Arabic and Latin. Zedoary grows in tropical and subtropical wet forest regions. The fragrant plant bears yellow flowers with red and green bracts and

782-424: Is paper steeped in a tincture of turmeric and allowed to dry. It is used in chemical analysis as an indicator for acidity and alkalinity . The paper is yellow in acidic and neutral solutions and turns brown to reddish-brown in alkaline solutions, with transition between pH of 7.4 and 9.2. As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with

828-458: Is sparsely hairy. The fruit capsule opens with three compartments. In East Asia , the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem is an inflorescence stem, 12 to 20 cm ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 8 in) long, containing many flowers. The bracts are light green and ovate to oblong with a blunt upper end with a length of 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in). Turmeric powder

874-528: Is used in some sweet dishes, such as the cake sfouf . In India, turmeric leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, patoleo , by layering rice flour and coconut - jaggery mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special utensil ( chondrõ ). Most turmeric is used in the form of rhizome powder to impart a golden yellow color. It is used in many products such as canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn, cereals and sauces. It

920-619: Is used raw and cut in thin strips in certain Thai salads . It can also be served cut into thin slices together with other herbs and vegetables with certain types of nam phrik (Thai chilli pastes). It is also used in India to flavour dals and chutneys. The showy C. zedoaria is occasionally used as a houseplant . The plant is used traditionally to treat inflammation , pain, and a variety of skin ailments including wounds, as well as menstrual irregularities and ulcers. The essential oil produced from

966-504: Is used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards , canned chicken broths , and other foods—often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron . In 2019, the European Medicines Agency concluded that turmeric herbal teas, or other forms taken by mouth, on the basis of their long-standing traditional use, could be used to relieve mild digestive problems, such as feelings of fullness and flatulence . Turmeric grows wild in

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1012-559: Is used to give boiled white rice a golden color, known as geelrys (yellow rice) traditionally served with bobotie . In Vietnamese cuisine , turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as bánh xèo , bánh khọt , and mì Quảng . The staple Cambodian curry paste, kroeung , used in many dishes, including fish amok , typically contains fresh turmeric. In Indonesia , turmeric leaves are used for Minang or Padang curry base of Sumatra , such as rendang , sate padang , and many other varieties. In

1058-400: The ICN is to italicize all botanical names, including those above genus, though the ICN preface states: "The Code sets no binding standard in this respect, as typography is a matter of editorial style and tradition not of nomenclature". Most peer-reviewed scientific botanical publications do not italicize names above the rank of genus, and non-botanical scientific publications do not, which

1104-599: The Philippines , turmeric is used in the preparation and cooking of kuning , satti , and some variants of adobo . In Thailand , fresh turmeric rhizomes are used widely in many dishes, in particular in the southern Thai cuisine , such as yellow curry and turmeric soup. Turmeric is used in a hot drink called "turmeric latte " or "golden milk" that is made with milk, frequently coconut milk . The turmeric milk drink known as haldī dūdh ( haldī [ हलदी ] means turmeric in Hindi )

1150-461: The Philippines , turmeric was used for food, dyeing textiles, medicine, as well as body painting. It was commonly an important ingredient in various animistic rituals. Kikusawa and Reid (2007) have concluded that *kunij, the oldest reconstructed Proto-Malayo-Polynesian form for "turmeric" in the Austronesian languages, is primarily associated with the importance of its use as a dye. Other members of

1196-593: The body") is a ceremony observed during wedding celebrations of people of Indian culture all throughout the Indian subcontinent. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh , as a part of the Tamil–Telugu marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used to create a Thali necklace . In western and coastal India, during weddings of the Marathi and Konkani people , Kannada Brahmins , turmeric tubers are tied with strings by

1242-407: The couple to their wrists during a ceremony, Kankana Bandhana . In many Hindu communities, turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom as part of pre-wedding festivities known as the haldi ceremony. Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye , as it is not light fast , but is commonly used in Indian clothing, such as saris and Buddhist monks' robes . During the late Edo period (1603–1867), turmeric

1288-486: The following season and some for consumption. The rhizomes are used fresh or boiled in water and dried, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a coloring and flavoring agent in many Asian cuisines , especially for curries , as well as for the dyeing characteristics imparted by the principal turmeric constituent, curcumin . Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, black pepper -like flavor and earthy, mustard -like aroma . Curcumin,

1334-552: The forests of South and Southeast Asia, where it is collected for use in classical Indian medicine (Siddha or Ayurveda). In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of nabapatrika along with young plantain or banana plant, taro leaves, barley ( jayanti ), wood apple ( bilva ), pomegranate ( darimba ), Saraca indica , manaka ( Arum ), or manakochu , and rice paddy. The Haldi ceremony called gaye holud in Bengal (literally "yellow on

1380-709: The genus Curcuma native to Southeast Asia (like Curcuma zedoaria ) were also used for food and spice, but not as dyes. Turmeric (along with Curcuma zedoaria ) was also spread with the Lapita people of the Austronesian expansion into Oceania . Turmeric can only be propagated with rhizomes, thus its pre-contact distribution into the Pacific Islands can only be via human introduction. The populations in Micronesia , Island Melanesia , and Polynesia (including as far as Hawaii and Easter Island ) use turmeric widely for both food and dye before European contact. In Micronesia , it

1426-405: The inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to staminodes . The outer staminodes are shorter than the labellum . The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is obovate , with a length from 1.2 to 2.0 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 ⁄ 4  in). Three carpels are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which

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1472-430: The name of a genus and an epithet. In the case of cultivated plants, there is an additional epithet which is an often non-Latin part, not written in italics. For cultivars, it is always given in single quotation marks. The cultivar, Group, or grex epithet may follow either the botanical name of the species, or the name of the genus only, or the unambiguous common name of the genus or species. The generic name, followed by

1518-427: The national limit. Researchers identified a chain of sources adulterating the turmeric with lead chromate: from farmers to merchants selling low-grade turmeric roots to "polishers" who added lead chromate for yellow color enhancement, to wholesalers for market distribution, all unaware of the potential consequences of lead toxicity. Another common adulterant in turmeric, metanil yellow (also known as acid yellow 36),

1564-422: The plant was introduced worldwide, bringing it into contact with more languages. English names for this plant species include: daisy, English daisy, and lawn daisy. The cultivar Bellis perennis 'Aucubifolia' is a golden-variegated horticultural selection of this species. The botanical name itself is fixed by a type , which is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which

1610-410: The rank of genus) or three parts (below the rank of species). The names of cultivated plants are not necessarily similar to the botanical names, since they may instead involve "unambiguous common names" of species or genera. Cultivated plant names may also have an extra component, bringing a maximum of four parts: A botanical name in three parts, i.e., an infraspecific name (a name for a taxon below

1656-516: The rank of species) needs a "connecting term" to indicate rank. In the Calystegia example above, this is "subsp.", an abbreviation for subspecies . In botany there are many ranks below that of species (in zoology there is only one such rank, subspecies, so that this "connecting term" is not used in zoology). A name of a "subdivision of a genus" also needs a connecting term (in the Acacia example above, this

1702-502: The scientific name is formally attached. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralize the defining features of that particular taxon. The usefulness of botanical names is limited by the fact that taxonomic groups are not fixed in size; a taxon may have a varying circumscription , depending on the taxonomic system , thus, the group that a particular botanical name refers to can be quite small according to some people and quite big according to others. For example,

1748-402: The three calyx teeth are unequal. The three bright-yellow petals are fused into a corolla tube up to 3 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) long. The three corolla lobes have a length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) and are triangular with soft-spiny upper ends. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral, only the median stamen of

1794-550: The traditional view of the family Malvaceae has been expanded in some modern approaches to include what were formerly considered to be several closely related families. Some botanical names refer to groups that are very stable (for example Equisetaceae , Magnoliaceae ) while for other names a careful check is needed to see which circumscription is being used (for example Fabaceae , Amygdaloideae , Taraxacum officinale ). Depending on rank , botanical names may be in one part ( genus and above), two parts (various situations below

1840-521: The underground stem section, a rhizome , is large and tuberous with numerous branches. The leaf shoots of the zedoary are large and can reach 1 meter (3 feet) in height. The edible rhizome of zedoary has a white interior and a fragrance reminiscent of mango . However, its flavour is more similar to ginger , except with a very bitter aftertaste. In Indonesia, it is ground to a powder and added to make white curry pastes, whereas in India, it tends to be used fresh or in pickling . In Thai cuisine it

1886-471: The world still need to be established and validated. Various species currently utilized and sold as "turmeric" in other parts of Asia have been shown to belong to several physically similar taxa, with overlapping local names. Turmeric has been used in Asia for centuries and is a major part of Ayurveda , Siddha medicine , traditional Chinese medicine , Unani , and the animistic rituals of Austronesian peoples . It

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1932-399: Was 1.51%); curry powder contains much less (an average of 0.29%). Some 34 essential oils are present in turmeric, among which turmerone , germacrone , atlantone, and zingiberene are major constituents. Turmeric is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes, imparting a mustard-like, earthy aroma and pungent, slightly bitter flavor to foods. It is used mostly in savory dishes, but also

1978-506: Was an important trade item in the sawei maritime exchange between Yap and further atolls in the Carolines , where it couldn't grow. In some smaller islands, the dye was extracted from the leaves, since the rhizomes remained too small in sandy soils. It was also carried by the Austronesian migrations to Madagascar . Turmeric was found in Farmana , dating to between 2600 and 2200 BCE, and in

2024-466: Was first used as a dye , and then later for its supposed properties in folk medicine . In India, it spread with Hinduism and Buddhism, as the yellow dye is used to color the robes of monks and priests. In Island Southeast Asia , there is linguistic and circumstantial evidence of the ancient use of turmeric among the Austronesian peoples soon after dispersal from Taiwan (starting c.  3000 BCE ), before contact with India. In Indonesia and

2070-537: Was used for food coloring , traditional medicine , or dietary supplement . Lead detection in turmeric products led to recalls across the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, and the United Kingdom through 2016. Lead chromate , a bright yellow chemical compound, was found as an adulterant of turmeric in Bangladesh, where turmeric is used commonly in foods and the contamination levels were up to 500 times higher than

2116-654: Was used to dilute or substitute more expensive safflower dyestuff in the production of beni itajime shibori . Friedrich Ratzel reported in The History of Mankind during 1896, that in Micronesia, turmeric powder was applied for embellishment of body, clothing, utensils, and ceremonial uses. Native Hawaiians who introduced it to Hawaii ( Hawaiian : ʻōlena ) make a bright yellow dye out of it. Turmeric paper, also called curcuma paper or in German literature, Curcumapapier ,

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