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70-514: Türkmenabat ( Turkmen : Türkmenabat, Түркменабат ), formerly Amul , Cärjew/Chardzhou (until 1924 and from 1940-1999), and Novy Chardzhuy (from 1927-1940), is the second-largest city in Turkmenistan and the administrative centre of Lebap Province . As of 2009, it had a population of approximately 254,000 people (up from 161,000 in the 1989 census). From 1924 to 1927, it was also named Leninsk in honor of Vladimir Lenin . The former name of

140-621: A different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and

210-596: A draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching

280-719: A gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen Great Soviet Encyclopedia The idea of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia emerged in 1923 on the initiative of Otto Schmidt , a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . In early 1924 Schmidt worked with a group which included Mikhail Pokrovsky , (rector of the Institute of Red Professors ), Nikolai Meshcheryakov (Former head of

350-456: A limited influence from classical Chagatai . Turkmen has dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as / s / and / z / . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir . However, in Bashkir / θ / and / ð / are two independent phonemes, distinct from / s / and / z / , whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are

420-461: A political tract. The encyclopedia was thus planned to provide the intellectual underpinning for the Soviet world offensive in the duel for men's minds. The Soviet government ordered it as a fighting propaganda weapon. And the government attaches such importance to its political role that its board of editors is chosen by and is responsible only to the high Council of Ministers itself. The third edition

490-550: A supplementary volume about the Soviet Union ) was published during 1926–1947, the chief editor being Otto Schmidt (until 1941). The second edition of 50 volumes (100,000 entries, plus a supplementary volume) was published in 1950–1958; chief editors: Sergei Vavilov (until 1951) and Boris Vvedensky (until 1969); two index volumes to this edition were published in 1960. The third edition of 1969–1978 contains 30 volumes (100,000 entries, plus an index volume issued in 1981). Volume 24

560-1011: A universal reference work for the Soviet intelligentsia. According to the publisher's foreword in the English-language translation of the encyclopedia, the encyclopedia is important for knowledge and understanding of the USSR. A major value of the Encyclopedia is its comprehensive information about the Soviet Union and its peoples. Every aspect of Soviet life is systematically presented, including history, economics, science, art, and culture. The ethnic diversity of USSR's peoples and its languages and cultures are extensively covered. There are biographies of prominent cultural and scientific figures who are not as well known outside of Russia. There are detailed surveys of USSR's provinces and towns, as well as their geology, geography, flora and fauna. The encyclopedia's Chief Editorial Board and advisory board sought input from

630-522: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb . Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Ýomud , Änewli , Hasarly, Nerezim, Gökleň , Salyr , Saryk, Ärsary and Çowdur . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan ) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only

700-504: Is "on bir" ( lit.   ' ten-one ' ). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on ýedi (two-thousand-ten-seven). The following is Magtymguly 's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while

770-662: Is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia . It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan , where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia . Turkmen

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840-484: Is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Gagauz , Qashqai , and Turkish , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm,

910-562: Is a park where people celebrate national holidays. Türkmenabat is known for its bazaars. The largest bazaar is "World Bazaar" ( Turkmen : Dünýa bazar ). Other well-known bazaars are Gök bazar (Green Bazaar) and Merkezi bazar (Central Bazaar). People throughout the country come to Türkmenabat to purchase local, Chinese, Turkish, Uzbek and Russian goods. Dünýa bazar has many sections, including those for jewelry, home appliances, clothes, dairy products, and automobiles. Zaton , an artificial beach located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from

980-457: Is an important trade center, where goods going to Bukhara, Khiva, and partly to Afghanistan, are loaded onto river vessels. The steamboat of the Amu Darya fleet maintains communication between Patta Gissar (Termez) in the south and Petro-Aleksandrovsky (Khiva)... At 16 verst from Chardjuy lies the rather large Bukharan city of Chardjuy (native Chardjuy), the center of Chardjuy province (bekstvo), with

1050-560: Is connected with Ashgabat , Mary , Kerki , Gazojak and another cities in Turkmenistan by train. The Turkmenabat-Kerki line was opened On in 29 September 1999, with a length of 203 kilometers. The main railway station is located in the Türkmenabat city centre and includes a main two-story building, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. Türkmenabat is linked to Aşgabat , Mary , Tejen and neighbouring countries by

1120-446: Is connected with the Turkmen capital Ashgabat and Turkmen port city Türkmenbaşy by M37 highway . In March 2017, two new bridges, one for rail and one for motor vehicles, were opened for crossing the Amu Darya at Türkmenabat. The rail bridge replaced one built in the early 1900s, and the automobile bridge replaced a pontoon bridge. Turkmenabat bus terminal provides regional bus connections and intercity bus connections. The bus station

1190-424: Is designed to serve 700 passengers per day. The city is a short distance from the international border crossing with Uzbekistan at Farap . A new terminal of Turkmenabat International Airport opened in 2018, located in a newly annexed part of the city at its southern edge. The capacity of the airport complex is 500 passengers per hour. Türkmenabat offers scheduled air service to and from Ashgabat Türkmenabat

1260-458: Is generally light and erratic, and occurs mainly in the winter and spring months. Türkmenabat is noted for possessing its own dialect of the Turkmen language . This regional dialect is a hybrid of the Turkmen and Uzbek languages , which have heavily influenced the area's culture and customs. This dialect is primarily spoken in Türkmenabat and the northern districts of Lebap province . Türkmenabat

1330-534: Is in two books, one being a full-sized book about the USSR, all with about 21 million words, and the chief editor being Alexander Prokhorov (since 1969). In the third edition, much attention was paid to the philosophical problems of natural sciences, physical and chemical sciences, and mathematical methods in various branches of knowledge. From 1957 to 1990, the Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

1400-578: Is located at an altitude of 187 m (614 ft) on the banks of the Amu Darya River, near the border with Uzbekistan . Türkmenabat is at the center of Lebap province, which has borders with three provinces in Turkmenistan: Mary , Ahal and Daşoguz . The province also borders Uzbekistan and Afghanistan . Some 70 kilometres (43 miles) south of Türkmenabat in the East Karakum Desert

1470-648: Is the Repetek Nature Reserve , famed for its zemzen , or desert crocodiles. A modern industrial city, Türkmenabat's history spans 2,000 years. In ancient times, it was known as Āmul (to be distinguished from the Iranian city of Amol ). The river Amu Darya is said to mean River of Āmul , named after this ancient city. Türkmenabat was the hub in an intersection of three routes of the Great Silk Road leading to Bukhara , Khiva and Merv . . For centuries, Āmul

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1540-753: Is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds

1610-667: Is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs". Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of

1680-642: The Bering Sea , and Bishop Berkeley . By April 1954, the Library of the University of California, Berkeley had received this “replacement.” This was not the only case of political influence. According to one author, Encyclopedia subscribers received missives to replace articles in the fashion of the Beria article frequently. Other articles, especially biographical articles on political leaders, changed significantly to reflect

1750-687: The Book of Dede Korkut , Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly , Layla and Majnun , Yusuf Zulaikha and others. There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, Abdylla Şabende , Şeýdaýy , Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11)

1820-527: The Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks , including phonemic vowel length . Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian . These varieties are not Turkmen in

1890-762: The Glavit , the State Administration of Publishing Affairs), Valery Bryusov (poet), Veniamin Kagan (mathematician) and Konstantin Kuzminsky to draw up a proposal which was agreed to in April 1924. Also involved was Anatoly Lunacharsky , People's Commissar of Education ( Narkompros ), who had previously been involved with a proposal by Alexander Bogdanov and Maxim Gorky to produce a Workers' Encyclopedia. There were three editions. The first edition of 65 volumes (65,000 entries, plus

1960-588: The Great Russian Encyclopedia . Many outdated articles were entirely rewritten. In 2004 the first volume of the newly overhauled Great Russian Encyclopedia was published. The complete edition of 36 volumes was released by 2017. Publication of the Great Russian Encyclopedia is overseen by the Russian Academy of Sciences , and funded by the Government of the Russian Federation . The encyclopedia

2030-573: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia wrote of the city: Chardzhou, city, center of Chardzhou oblast of Turkmen SSR, pier on the left bank of the Amu Darya (where the Krasnovodsk-Tashkent railroad line crosses). From Chardzhou the Kungrad-Makat rail line begins. 113,000 residents in 1977 (51,000 in 1939). It arose in the 1880s as a Russian fortification on the territory of the Khanate of Bukhara. From 1886

2100-631: The Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet. Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alýaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -ýar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular). Another characteristic of Turkmen

2170-763: The Oghuz Turks , who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . These works include, but are not limited to

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2240-651: The 20th century): Chardjuy is an urban settlement formed near the Amu-Darya station (1070 c. from Krasnovodsk) of the Central Asian Railway, on the left bank of the Amu-Darya River, on land ceded by the emir of Bukhara to the Russian government. There are 4 068 inhabitants (2 651 men, 1 417 women), including 3 501 Russians. There are wide straight streets, enough greenery, many shops, and a rather lively bazaar. Chardjuy

2310-482: The 34-volume set. The articles of the Greek version are being gradually digitised now; the digitised volumes can be found on "vivlio2ebook" blog, which is dedicated on digitising various books in Greek language. It is written on Modern (Demotic) Greek, but it uses the polytonic alphabet. The Soviet Encyclopedia is a systematic summary of knowledge in social and economic studies with an emphasis on applied sciences. It became

2380-815: The Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over

2450-609: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use

2520-426: The Russian entry on Greece as well as a much larger one prepared by Greek contributors. Each article written especially in the Greek edition is marked with the note "Greek version supplement" (or "Συμπλήρωμα ελληνικής έκδοσης" as written in the Greek translation). Finally, a supplementary volume covering the 1980s was published in 1989. It contains translated and original Greek articles which, sometimes, do not exist in

2590-504: The Soviet fatherland, the Communist party, and its leaders; to propagate Bolshevik vigilance; to put an emphasis on internationalist education; to strengthen Bolshevik willpower and character, as well as courage, capacity for resisting adversity and conquering obstacles; to develop self-discipline; and to encourage physical and aesthetic culture. The third edition of the GSE subsequently expanded on

2660-505: The Soviet point of view. Following the arrest and execution of Lavrentiy Beria , the head of the NKVD , in 1953 the Encyclopedia —ostensibly in response to overwhelming public demand—mailed subscribers to the second edition a letter from the editor instructing them to cut out and destroy the three-page article on Beria and paste in its place enclosed replacement pages expanding the adjacent articles on F. W. Bergholz (an 18th-century courtier),

2730-525: The Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing

2800-614: The Turkmen SSR. At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up

2870-546: The Turkmen language. During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power , the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language. The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script. In January 1925, on

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2940-622: The U.S.S.R. in the provinces of economics, science, culture, and art. ... With exhaustive completeness it must show the superiority of socialist culture over the culture of the capitalist world. Operating on Marxist-Leninist theory, the encyclopedia should give a party criticism of contemporary bourgeois tendencies in various provinces of science and technics. The foreword to the GSE (3rd ed.) expanded on that mission, paying particular attention to developments in science and technology: nuclear engineering , space technology , atomic physics , polymer chemistry , and radio electronics ; also detailing

3010-621: The center of the city, is a major recreational area. During the summer, youth gather at Zaton to relax. Türkmenabat has one state-owned pedagogical university, Seýitnazar Seýdi adyndaky Türkmen Döwlet Mugallymçylyk Instituty; a medical college, public schools, and specialised art and sports schools. 39°05′N 63°34′E  /  39.083°N 63.567°E  / 39.083; 63.567 Turkmen language Turkmen ( türkmençe , түркменче , تۆرکمنچه ‎ , [tʏɾkmøntʃø] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی ‎ , [tʏɾkmøn dɪlɪ] )

3080-504: The center of the civilized world." The GSE , along with all other books and other media and communications with the public, was directed toward the "furtherance of the aims of the party and the state." The 1949 decree issued for the production of the second edition of the GSE directed: The second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia should elucidate widely the world-historical victories of socialism in our country, which have been attained in

3150-499: The city, named New Chardzou, was a commercial and transportation hub of Central Asia (in 1888 the Central Asian Railway came through Chardzhou). From 1918-24 it was part of the Turkestan ASSR; from 1924, the Turkmen SSR. From 1937, it was named Chardzhou. From 1939-63 and since 1970, it was an oblast center. Türkmenabat has a cool desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWk ), with cool winters and very hot summers. Rainfall

3220-491: The city, Çärjew (also Chardzhou), is a Turkmen borrowing from the Persian čahârjuy , which consists of two parts: čahâr , meaning "four", and juy , meaning "brook". This type of naming is also common in Iran, such as the village Se Juy (literally 'three brooks'). The current name of the city is simply a combining of Türkmen and the Persian suffix ābād (آباد) , meaning "cultivated place" (village, city, region). Türkmenabat

3290-427: The country's 600 km highway network. 2G , 3G and LTE networks from Altyn Asyr are available in the city. The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL by Turkmentelecom . Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi. There are 9 Turkmenpochta postal operator branches in the city. Tasinlikler meýdançasy

3360-464: The current party line . An article affected in such a fashion was the one on Nikolai Bukharin , whose descriptions went through several evolutions. Publication of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was suspended in 1990 and halted in 1991, but in 2002 it was reinstituted by decree of Vladimir Putin . In 2003 and 2004 a team of editors overhauled the old encyclopedia by updating facts, removing most examples of overt political bias, and changing its name to

3430-610: The desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts

3500-522: The editors of the GSE , to whom he was granted unprecedented access, William Benton , publisher of the Encyclopædia Britannica , wrote the following in observation of the GSE ' s chief editor B. A. Vvedensky stating their compliance with the 1949 decree of the Council of Ministers: It is just this simple for the Soviet board of editors. They are working under a government directive that orders them to orient their encyclopedia as sharply as

3570-415: The general public. The entry list was sent to universities, scientific institutions, museums, and private specialists in every field. More than 50,000 suggestions were received and many additions were made. Scholars believe that the Encyclopedia is a valuable and useful source for Russian history. The Encyclopedia , though noted as having a strong Marxist bias, provides useful information for understanding

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3640-467: The history and activities of the Russian revolutionary movement , the development of the labor movement worldwide and summarizing Marxist scholarship on political economy , sociology, and political science. In support of that mission, the GSE (2nd ed.) described as the role of education: To develop in children's minds the Communist morality, ideology, and Soviet patriotism; to inspire unshakable love toward

3710-517: The last one is the English translation. Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. Between

3780-600: The new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993,

3850-499: The northeast region of the country. The city features food processing , textile ( cotton processing and silk ) factories. Çärjew was Turkmenistan's industrial and transport hub during the Soviet period, but most of these related jobs and transport opportunities have been relocated to Ashgabat or closed since Turkmenistan's independence. From the article about Chardjuy in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (beginning of

3920-716: The pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of

3990-462: The practical experience of building communism. The underlying principles of the Soviet system of public education include a scientific approach to and continual improvement of education on the basis of the latest achievements in science, technology and culture; a humanistic and highly moral orientation in education and upbringing; and co-education of both sexes, secular education which excludes the influence of religion. Based on his extensive talks with

4060-440: The principle of "One Nation, Two States". Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics . Here are some words from

4130-415: The remains of walls and a fortress; 15 thousand inhabitants. Old Chardjuy (Amu-Darya) is characterized by a lively trade exchange. In 1900, 1820244 pd arrived at the station. (military supplies, sugar, timber, building material, iron, flour, tea, rice, etc.); Sent from the Chardjuy station in the same year: 963382 (leather, carpets, sheepskin, cotton seed, cotton - 516641 pd, wool, etc.). The third edition of

4200-441: The role of education: Education is essential to preparing for life and work. It is the basic means by which people come to know and acquire culture, and it is the foundation of culture's development...The Soviet education rests on the principles of the unity of education and communist upbringing; cooperation among the school, the family, and the society in bringing up young people; and the linkage of education and training to life and

4270-583: The scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. He

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4340-467: The sense of this article. Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan. Turkmen has vowel harmony ,

4410-637: The two main realizations of the common Turkic / s / and / z / . In other words, there are no / s / and / z / phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has / s / , / z / , / θ / and / ð / . The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "mən" in Azerbaijani , whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından" . In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan" . Here are some words with

4480-419: Was Uzbek . But at the time, as Turkmens were a largely nomadic nation, and Soviet economic and industrialization plans for the proposed Turkmen SSR required a relatively large anchor city; thus the city was passed to the newly created Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Its role as a railway junction , and the high fertility of the Amu Darya region, made it the major trade center for agricultural products in

4550-485: Was an important town of the Uzbek feudal khanate (later emirate ) of Bukhara. When the Russian Empire began annexing Central Asian Turkestan , Āmul was surrendered to Russians by the Bukhara emirate , which subsequently became a vassal of Russia and pledged allegiance to the Russian emperor. The modern city was founded in 1886, when Russian Cossacks settled in Uralka in what is now the eastern part of Türkmenabat, naming their settlement New-Chardjuy . Settlement here

4620-441: Was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914. The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in

4690-434: Was necessary to complete construction of the Trans-Caspian railway . After the revolution of 1917 , during which the Bolsheviks came into power in Russia, communists merged the former Central Asian oblasts of the Russian Empire along with the former Khanates of Khiva (Khorezm) and Bukhara into republics on the basis of nationality. In 1924, Türkmenabat (known as Chardjuy at that time) city's sedentary and urban population

4760-441: Was released annually with up-to-date articles about the Soviet Union and all countries of the world. The first online edition, an exact replica of text and graphics of the third (so-called Red) edition, was published by Rubricon.com in 2000. Editors and contributors to the GSE included a number of leading Soviet scientists and politicians: The foreword to the first volume of the GSE (2nd ed.) proclaims "The Soviet Union has become

4830-409: Was translated and published into English in 31 volumes between 1974 and 1983 by Macmillan Publishers . Each volume was translated separately, requiring use of the index found at the front of each volume to locate specific items; knowledge of Russian can be helpful to find the right volume the first time. Not all entries were translated into English; these are indicated in the index. The third edition

4900-428: Was translated into Greek and published in 34 volumes between 1977 and 1983 from Akadimos publishing company (owned by Giannis Giannikos ), which has also translated various Soviet encyclopedias and literature. All articles that were related to Greece or Greek history, culture and society were expanded and hundreds of new ones were written especially for the Greek edition. Thus the encyclopedia contains, for example, both

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