46-594: The State Border Service (SBS) ( Turkmen : Döwlet Serhet Gullugy , DSG) also commonly known by its paramilitary force as the Turkmen Border Troops ( Türkmenistan Serhet Garawul ) is a border guard agency of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan . It is currently a public service department of the government of the country and is under the command of the Ministry for National Security of Turkmenistan . The service
92-654: A dialect continuum , neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount with distance, so that more widely separated varieties may not be mutually intelligible. Intelligibility can be partial, as is the case with Azerbaijani and Turkish , or significant, as is the case with Bulgarian and Macedonian . However, sign languages , such as American and British Sign Language , usually do not exhibit mutual intelligibility with each other. Asymmetric intelligibility refers to two languages that are considered partially mutually intelligible, but for various reasons, one group of speakers has more difficulty understanding
138-621: A different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and
184-596: A draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching
230-468: A gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen Mutual intelligibility In linguistics , mutual intelligibility is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intelligibility
276-456: A limited influence from classical Chagatai . Turkmen has dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as / s / and / z / . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir . However, in Bashkir / θ / and / ð / are two independent phonemes, distinct from / s / and / z / , whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are
322-569: A result of a joint Russian–Turkmen agreement on the protection of the state border of Turkmenistan , which was signed in 1993. It slowly evolved to meet the standards of its counterparts, with the DSG being allowed to inspect goods and other items transported across the border of Turkmenistan in April 1998. At the end of 2001, 3 new border detachments were created, with 2 (in Kushka and Köýtendag ), being intensified
368-590: A single prestige variety in Modern Standard Arabic . In contrast, there is often significant intelligibility between different North Germanic languages . However, because there are various standard forms of the North Germanic languages, they are classified as separate languages. A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but
414-522: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb . Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Ýomud , Änewli , Hasarly, Nerezim, Gökleň , Salyr , Saryk, Ärsary and Çowdur . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan ) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only
460-504: Is "on bir" ( lit. ' ten-one ' ). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on ýedi (two-thousand-ten-seven). The following is Magtymguly 's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while
506-716: Is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia . It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan , where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia . Turkmen
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#1733086354298552-484: Is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Gagauz , Qashqai , and Turkish , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm,
598-505: Is sometimes used to distinguish languages from dialects , although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between varieties can be asymmetric; that is, speakers of one variety may be able to better understand another than vice versa. An example of this is the case between Afrikaans and Dutch . It is generally easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. (See Afrikaans § Mutual intelligibility with Dutch ). In
644-753: Is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds
690-592: Is the state medal designed to honour members of the DSG. It consists of medals in both the first and second degrees. It has the shape of a regular green octagon, which is one of the main elements of the State Emblem of Turkmenistan , inscribed in an circle with a diameter of 40 mm. It was created on 20 December 2005. Turkmen language Turkmen ( türkmençe , түркменче , تۆرکمنچه , [tʏɾkmøntʃø] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی , [tʏɾkmøn dɪlɪ] )
736-667: Is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs". Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of
782-687: The Book of Dede Korkut , Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly , Layla and Majnun , Yusuf Zulaikha and others. There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, Abdylla Şabende , Şeýdaýy , Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11)
828-527: The Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks , including phonemic vowel length . Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian . These varieties are not Turkmen in
874-631: The Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet. Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alýaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -ýar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular). Another characteristic of Turkmen
920-763: The Oghuz Turks , who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . These works include, but are not limited to
966-615: The varieties of Chinese , and parts of the Romance , Germanic and Slavic families in Europe. Terms used in older literature include dialect area ( Leonard Bloomfield ) and L-complex ( Charles F. Hockett ). Northern Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia form a dialect continuum where the two furthermost dialects have almost no mutual intelligibility. As such, spoken Danish and Swedish normally have low mutual intelligibility, but Swedes in
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#17330863542981012-563: The Öresund region (including Malmö and Helsingborg ), across the strait from the Danish capital Copenhagen , understand Danish somewhat better, largely due to the proximity of the region to Danish-speaking areas. While Norway was under Danish rule , the Bokmål written standard of Norwegian developed from Dano-Norwegian , a koiné language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during
1058-815: The Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over
1104-664: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use
1150-525: The Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing
1196-661: The Turkmen SSR. At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up
1242-595: The Turkmen language. During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power , the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language. The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script. In January 1925, on
1288-504: The border illegally and in retaliation three Turkmen border guards were killed later that month. Later that May, three Turkmen guards were killed by an armed group crossing the border from Ghormach District , Afghanistan. The main tasks of the service include the following: The head of the service is a member of the Council of Border Guard Commanders of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The Breastplate "Valiant Border Guard"
1334-422: The context of the communication. Classifications may also shift for reasons external to the languages themselves. As an example, in the case of a linear dialect continuum , the central varieties may become extinct , leaving only the varieties at both ends. Consequently, these end varieties may be reclassified as two languages, even though no significant linguistic change has occurred within the two extremes during
1380-725: The cover of the Afghan border to prevent Taliban fighters from taking refuge in the country during the War in Afghanistan . Recently, the service created a separate naval border patrol division stationed in Türkmenbaşy . In 2014, there were several incidents for the service along the Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border , including one in February when Turkmen border guards killed a militant who crossed
1426-610: The desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts
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1472-460: The differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India , varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages ,
1518-401: The extinction of the central varieties. Furthermore, political and social conventions often override considerations of mutual intelligibility. For example, the varieties of Chinese are often considered a single language, even though there is usually no mutual intelligibility between geographically separated varieties. This is similarly the case among the varieties of Arabic , which also share
1564-517: The last one is the English translation. Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. Between
1610-793: The later years of the union. Additionally, Norwegian assimilated a considerable amount of Danish vocabulary as well as traditional Danish expressions. As a consequence, spoken mutual intelligibility is not reciprocal. Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum, various counts of the Romance languages are given. For example, in The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities , David Dalby lists 23 languages based on mutual intelligibility: The non-standard vernacular dialects of Serbo-Croatian ( Kajkavian , Chakavian and Torlakian ) diverge more significantly from all four normative varieties of Serbo-Croatian. Their mutual intelligibility varies greatly between
1656-600: The new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993,
1702-593: The non-hard-of-hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammar of sign languages does not usually resemble that of the spoken languages used in the same geographical area. To illustrate, in terms of syntax , ASL shares more in common with spoken Japanese than with English . Almost all linguists use mutual intelligibility as the primary linguistic criterion for determining whether two speech varieties represent
1748-749: The other language than the other way around. For example, if one language is related to another but has simplified its grammar , the speakers of the original language may understand the simplified language, but not vice versa. To illustrate, Dutch speakers tend to find it easier to understand Afrikaans as a result of Afrikaans's simplified grammar. Sign languages are not universal and usually not mutually intelligible, although there are also similarities among different sign languages. Sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own linguistic development. For example, British Sign Language and American Sign Language (ASL) are quite different linguistically and mutually unintelligible, even though
1794-716: The pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of
1840-440: The principle of "One Nation, Two States". Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics . Here are some words from
1886-476: The same or different languages. A primary challenge to this position is that speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other effectively if they choose to do so. In the case of transparently cognate languages recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in
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1932-583: The scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. He
1978-520: The sense of this article. Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan. Turkmen has vowel harmony ,
2024-740: The two main realizations of the common Turkic / s / and / z / . In other words, there are no / s / and / z / phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has / s / , / z / , / θ / and / ð / . The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "mən" in Azerbaijani , whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından" . In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan" . Here are some words with
2070-706: Was established on 11 August 1992, by order of President Saparmyrat Nyýazow , on the basis of the Soviet Border Troops in the Turkestan Military District . Until 1997, the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan included the Border Troops of the Ministry of Defense , which were then transformed into the State Border Service. It cooperated with Russian border guards who remained in country until 1999 as
2116-441: Was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914. The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in
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