95-398: Turkish delight or lokum ( /lɔ.kʊm/ ) or halgoum is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar . Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater , mastic gum , bergamot orange , or lemon . Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint . The confection
190-420: A definite article ( Arabic : ال , al- ). Demonstratives ( āhā , āy / āw and ayyāhā/awwāhā translating to " this ", " that " and "that one over there", respectively, demonstrating proximal, medial and distal deixis ) are commonly utilised instead (e.g. āhā betā , "this house"), which can have the sense of "the". An indefinite article ("a(n)") can mark definiteness if the word is a direct object (but not
285-444: A wedding cake , birthday cake , or Halloween . The chocolate company Cadbury (under the guidance of Richard Cadbury ) was the first to commercialize the connection between romance and confectionery, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868. Tourists commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties
380-400: A "grid" into which vowels may be inserted without affecting the basic root. The root š-q-l ( ܫ-ܩ-ܠ ) has the basic meaning of "taking", and the following are some words that can be formed from this root: Suret has lost the perfect and imperfect morphological tenses common in other Semitic languages. The present tense is usually marked with the subject pronoun followed by
475-604: A "staple food" for tax purposes requires that the sugar or fat content be no more than 2% of the weight of the flour, so some products sold as bread in the US would be treated as confectionery there. Cakes have a somewhat bread-like texture, and many earlier cakes, such as the centuries-old stollen (fruit cake), or the even older king cake , were rich yeast breads. The variety of styles and presentations extends from simple to elaborate. Major categories include butter cakes , tortes , and foam cakes . Confusingly, some confections that have
570-606: A few priests who used it for religious matters. Though it still continued to be employed for astronomical texts up until the common era . The Syriac script is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language from the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads directly descending from the Aramaic alphabet and shares similarities with the Phoenician , Hebrew , Arabic and
665-530: A high-moisture environment into a low-moisture candy, rendering it rubbery, or the loss of desirable water from a high-moisture candy into a dry environment, rendering the candy dry and brittle. Another factor, affecting only non-crystalline amorphous candies, is the glass transition process. This can cause amorphous candies to lose their intended texture. Both bakers' and sugar confections are used to offer hospitality to guests. Confections are used to mark celebrations or events, such as Christmas , Easter ,
760-709: A lesser degree, in vocabulary and grammar. During the course of the third and fourth centuries, the inhabitants of the region began to embrace Christianity. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians bifurcated during the fifth century into the Church of the East , or East Syriac Rite , under the Sasanian Empire , and the Syriac Orthodox , or West Syriac Rite , under the Byzantine Empire . After this separation,
855-473: A limited number of templates applied to roots. Modern Assyrian, like Akkadian but unlike Arabic, has only "sound" plurals formed by means of a plural ending (i.e. no broken plurals formed by changing the word stem ). As in all Semitic languages, some masculine nouns take the prototypically feminine plural ending ( -tā ). Although possessive suffixes are more convenient and common, they can be optional for some people and seldom used, especially among those with
950-548: A liturgical and literary language. Moreover, the name "Syriac", when used with no qualification, generally refers to one specific dialect of Middle Aramaic but not to Old Aramaic or to the various present-day Eastern and Central Neo-Aramaic languages descended from it or from close relatives. In 2004, the Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region recognized Syriac in article 7, section four, stating, "Syriac shall be
1045-415: A single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value). In the 1930s, a Latin alphabet was developed and some material published. The Latin alphabet is preferred by most Assyrians for practical reasons and its convenience, especially in social media , where it
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#17330928901181140-465: A soft, cake-like texture. Others are crisp or hard. Sugar confections include sweet, sugar-based foods, which are usually eaten as snack food . This includes sugar candies , chocolates , candied fruits and nuts, chewing gum , and sometimes ice cream . In some cases, chocolate confections are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. Different dialects of English use regional terms for sugar confections: In
1235-410: A subject) by using the prepositional prefix " l- " paired with the proper suffix (e.g. šāqil qālāmā , "he takes a pen" vs. šāqil- lāh qālāmā , "he takes the pen"). Partitive articles may be used in some speech (e.g. bayyīton xačča miyyā? , which translates to "do you [pl.] want some water?"). In place of a definite article, Ancient Aramaic used the emphatic state, formed by the addition of
1330-473: A unique form of lokum made with starch and sugar. The family business, now in its fifth generation, still operates under the founder's name. Tim Richardson, a historian of sweets, has questioned the popular attribution of Hacı Bekir as the inventor of Turkish delight, writing that "specific names and dates are often erroneously associated with the invention of particular sweets, not least for commercial reasons". Similar Arab and Persian recipes, including
1425-556: A word, but also in the middle). The letter Waw ( ܘ ) is the consonant w , but can also represent the vowels o and u . Likewise, the letter Yōḏ ( ܝ ) represents the consonant y , but it also stands for the vowels i and e . In addition to foreign sounds, a marking system is used to distinguish qūššāyā ('hard' letters) from rūkkāḵā ('soft' letters). The letters Bēṯ , Gāmal , Dālaṯ , Kāp̄ , Pē and Taw , all plosives ('hard'), are able to be spirantised into fricatives ('soft'). The system involves placing
1520-522: Is ratluk ( ратлук ), a reduced form of the same name. In Persian , it is called rāhat-ol-holqum ( راحت الحلقوم ). In the Indian subcontinent , a variant of it is known as Karachi halwa or Bombay halwa . In Hungary it is called szultán kenyér (Sultan's bread). In English, it was formerly alternatively known as "lumps of delight". In Bulgarian , Turkish delight is known as lokum (локум) and enjoys some popularity. In Armenia , Turkish delight
1615-473: Is apophonically shifting the final -a to -e , so ṭer a ('bird') will be ṭer e ('birds') in its plural form. Iraqi Koine is a merged dialect which formed in the mid-20th century, being influenced by both Urmian and Hakkari dialects. NENA is a pro-drop , null-subject language with both ergative morphology and a nominative-accusative system. Due to language contact , Suret may share similar grammatical features with Persian and Kurdish in
1710-485: Is table sugar , which is chemically a disaccharide containing both glucose and fructose . Hydrolysis of sucrose gives a mixture called invert sugar , which is sweeter and is also a common commercial ingredient. Finally, confections, especially commercial ones, are sweetened by a variety of syrups obtained by hydrolysis of starch . These sweeteners include all types of corn syrup . Bakers' confectionery includes sweet baked goods, especially those that are served for
1805-405: Is a moderately- inflected , fusional language with a two- gender noun system and rather flexible word order . There is some Akkadian influence on the language. In its native region, speakers may use Iranian , Turkic and Arabic loanwords, while diaspora communities may use loanwords borrowed from the languages of their respective countries. Suret is written from right-to-left and it uses
1900-592: Is a subset of products produced by a baker . Sugar confectionery includes candies (also called sweets , short for sweetmeats , in many English-speaking countries), candied nuts, chocolates, chewing gum, bubble gum, pastillage , and other confections that are made primarily of sugar. In some cases, chocolate confections (confections made of chocolate) are treated as a separate category, as are sugar-free versions of sugar confections. The words candy (Canada and US), sweets (UK, Ireland, and others), and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are common words for some of
1995-475: Is a term occasionally used to refer to the modern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Christians, including Suret. Even if they cannot be positively identified as the direct descendants of attested Middle Syriac, they must have developed from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic, and the varieties spoken in Christian communities have long co-existed with and been influenced by Middle Syriac as
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#17330928901182090-508: Is called rahat and it is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called cornulețe , cozonac or salam de biscuiţi . Bosnia and Herzegovina In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is commonly known as rahatluk and as well served along tea and coffee. Turkish delight was introduced to European portions of the Ottoman Empire under its rule and has remained popular. Today it is commonly consumed with coffee. Rosewater and walnut are
2185-545: Is called كبده الفرس kabdat alfaras ; in Egypt it is called malban ( ملبن [ˈmælbæn] ) or ʕagameyya , and in Lebanon , Palestine , and Syria rāḥa ( راحة ). Its name in various Eastern European languages comes from Ottoman Turkish lokum ( لوقوم ) or rahat-ul hulküm . Its name in Greek , λουκούμι ( loukoumi ) shares a similar etymology with
2280-399: Is commonly served to guests alongside tea or coffee; its sweet taste complements the strength and bitterness of Turkish coffee , which is traditionally served black. Lokum's sweet taste is often seen as a metaphor for the sweetness of life and relationships, making it a beloved symbol of joy and togetherness. It can also represent warmth and respect for visitors. Turkish delight features as
2375-551: Is founded on the utilisation of an active participle concerted with a copula and a passive participle with a genitive/ dative element which is present in Old Persian and in Neo-Aramaic. Both Modern Persian and Suret build the present perfect tense around the past/ resultative participle in conjunct with the copula (though the placing and form of the copula unveil crucial differences). The more conservative Suret dialects lay
2470-403: Is known as lokhum (լոխում) and is used for various sweets. For example It is used to make Cigarette cookies, ( Armenian : սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) which are soft cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either lokhum , a mixture of sugar, cardamom , and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of matzoon , butter, eggs, and flour. When finished
2565-525: Is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with icing sugar , copra , or powdered cream of tartar to prevent clinging. In the production process, soapwort may be used as an emulsifying additive . The origin of lokum is not precisely known, though the confection is known to have been produced in the Ottoman Empire , Greece and Greek populations in Asia Minor and Safavid Iran ( Persia ) since
2660-606: Is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat Sachertorte and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat Blackpool rock candy. Transportable confections like fudges and tablet may be purchased as souvenirs . Generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories . They may be fat-free foods , although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered empty calories and ultra-processed foods . Specially formulated chocolate has been manufactured in
2755-639: Is used to communicate. Although the Syriac Latin alphabet contains diacritics , most Assyrians rarely utilise the modified letters and would conveniently rely on the basic Latin alphabet . The Latin alphabet is also a useful tool to present Assyrian terminology to anyone who is not familiar with the Syriac script. A precise transcription may not be necessary for native Suret speakers, as they would be able to pronounce words correctly, but it can be very helpful for those not quite familiar with Syriac and more informed with
2850-550: The East Semitic Akkadian language beginning around the 10th century BC. They have been further heavily influenced by Classical Syriac , the Middle Aramaic dialect of Edessa , after its adoption as an official liturgical language of the Syriac churches , but Suret is not a direct descendant of Classical Syriac. Suret speakers are indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia , northwestern Iran , southeastern Anatolia and
2945-646: The Fertile Crescent after the 7th century AD, texts were often written in Arabic with the Syriac script. Malayalam was also written with Syriac script and was called Suriyani Malayalam . Such non-Syriac languages written in Syriac script are called Garshuni or Karshuni . The Madnhāyā , or 'eastern', version formed as a form of shorthand developed from ʾEsṭrangēlā and progressed further as handwriting patterns changed. The Madnhāyā version also possesses optional vowel markings to help pronounce Syriac. Other names for
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3040-492: The Madnḥāyā version of the Syriac alphabet . Suret, alongside other modern Aramaic languages, is now considered endangered , as newer generation of Assyrians tend to not acquire the full language , mainly due to emigration and acculturation into their new resident countries. . However, emigration has also had another effect: the language has gained more global attention, with several initiatives to digitize and preserve it, and
3135-572: The Middle Ages and into the modern era. The oldest recorded use of the word confectionery discovered so far by the Oxford English Dictionary is by Richard Jonas in 1540, who spelled or misspelled it as "confection nere" in a passage " Ambre , muske , frankencense , gallia muscata and confection nere ", thus in the sense of "things made or sold by a confectioner". Also according to the OED,
3230-618: The Peshitta ( ܦܫܝܛܬܐ , Pšīṭtā ). At the same time, Ephrem the Syrian was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Classical Syriac language. By the 3rd century AD, churches in Urhay in the kingdom of Osroene began to use Classical Syriac as the language of worship and it became the literary and liturgical language of many churches in the Fertile Crescent . Syriac
3325-588: The Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD). Following the Achaemenid conquest of Assyria under Darius I , the Aramaic language was adopted as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages". After the conquest of Assyria by the Seleucid Empire in the late 4th century BC, Imperial Aramaic gradually lost its status as an imperial language, but continued to flourish alongside Ancient Greek . By
3420-468: The dessert course. Bakers' confections are sweet foods that feature flour as a main ingredient and are baked . Major categories include cakes , sweet pastries , doughnuts , scones , and cookies . In the Middle East and Asia, flour-based confections predominate. The definition of which foods are "confectionery" vs "bread" can vary based on cultures and laws. In Ireland, the definition of "bread" as
3515-646: The object pronoun , possessive pronouns are suffixes that are attached to the end of nouns to express possession similar to the English pronouns my, your, his, her, etc., which reflects the gender and plurality of the person or persons. This is a synthetic feature found in other Semitic languages and also in unrelated languages such as Finnish ( Uralic ), Persian ( Indo-European ) and Turkish ( Turkic ). Moreover, unlike many other languages, Suret has virtually no means of deriving words by adding prefixes or suffixes to words. Instead, they are formed according to
3610-512: The participle ; however, such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of compound tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect. Suret's new system of inflection is claimed to resemble the one of the Indo-European languages, namely the Iranian languages . This assertion
3705-472: The penultimate syllable and would mostly retain unreduced vowels (as in Arabic). Although Suret, like all Semitic languages, is not a tonal language , a tonal stress is made on a plural possessive suffix - éh (i.e. dīy éh ; "their") in the final vowel to tonally differentiate it from an unstressed - eh (i.e. dīyeh ; "his"), which is a masculine singular possessive , with a standard stress pattern falling on
3800-511: The 16th century, a cumfit was more specifically a seed, nut or small piece of spice enclosed in a round or ovoid mass of sugar. The production of comfits was a core skill of the early confectioner , who was known more commonly in 16th and 17th century England as a comfitmaker. Reflecting their original medicinal purpose, however, comfits were also produced by apothecaries and directions on how to make them appear in dispensatories as well as cookery texts. An early medieval Latin name for an apothecary
3895-453: The 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct, though vocabulary and grammatical features still survive in modern NENA dialects. The Neo-Aramaic languages evolved from Middle Syriac-Aramaic by the 13th century. There is evidence that the drive for the adoption of Syriac was led by missionaries. Much literary effort was put into the production of an authoritative translation of the Bible into Syriac,
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3990-455: The 2nd century AD. The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is ʾEsṭrangēlā ( ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ ); the name is thought to derive from the Greek adjective στρογγύλη ( strongúlē ) 'round'. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has undergone some revival since the 10th century. When Arabic gradually began to be the dominant spoken language in
4085-599: The 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the Persians , followed by the Greeks , made contact with the Indian subcontinent and its "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and sugarcane agriculture. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia . In the early history of sugar usage in Europe, it was initially the apothecary who had
4180-460: The Akkadian and Aramaic text etched on them, bearing the names of Assyrian kings , such as Shalmaneser III (858-824 B.C), King Sargon (721-705 B.C) and Sennacherib (704-681 B.C). Indication of contemporaneous existence of the two languages in 4th century B.C. is present in an Aramaic document from Uruk written in cuneiform. In Babylon , Akkadian writing vanished by 140 B.C, with the exclusion of
4275-562: The Arabic word luqma(t) ( لُقْمَة ) and its plural luqam ( لُقَم ) meaning 'morsel' and 'mouthful' and the alternative Ottoman Turkish name, rahat-ul hulküm , was an Arabic formulation, rāḥat al-hulqūm ( رَاحَةُ ٱلْحُلْقُوم ), meaning 'comfort of the throat', which remains the name in formal Arabic. In Libya , Saudi Arabia , Algeria and Tunisia it is known as Arabic : حَلْقُوم , lit. 'ḥalqūm, ḥalgūm', [ħalquːm, ħalguːm] , while in Kuwait it
4370-1197: The European Union, the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) scheme (revision 2) matches the UN classification, under code number 10.82. In the United States, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2012) splits sugar confectionery across three categories: National industry code 311340 for all non-chocolate confectionery manufacturing, 311351 for chocolate and confectionery manufacturing from cacao beans, and national industry 311352 for confectionery manufacturing from purchased chocolate. Ice cream and sorbet are classified with dairy products under ISIC 1050, NACE 10.52, and NAICS 311520. Sugar confectionery items include candies, lollipops , candy bars , chocolate , cotton candy , and other sweet items of snack food . Some of
4465-548: The Irish and later UK markets. In Canada, the Big Turk chocolate bar made by Nestlé consists of dark magenta Turkish Delight coated in milk chocolate. In Karachi, now in Pakistan, the "Karachi halwa" was made with corn flour and ghee and became quite popular. It is said to have been developed by Chandu Halwai which later relocated to Bombay (Mumbai) after the partition in 1947. Some of
4560-574: The Latin script. Notes: According to linguist Edward Odisho , there are six vowel phonemes in Iraqi Koine. They are as follows: East Syriac dialects may recognize half-close sounds as [ɛ] and also recognize the back vowel [ ɒ ] as a long form of /a/ . Two basic diphthongs exist, namely /aj/ and /aw/ . For some words, many dialects have monophthongised them to [e] and [o] respectively. For substantives , A common vowel alteration
4655-447: The Middle East and Eastern Europe. It symbolizes hospitality, generosity, and celebration. In Turkey, lokum is a staple during festive occasions such as weddings, where it symbolizes sweetness and prosperity in the couples' life together. Similarly, during religious festivals like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha , it is exchanged as gifts among family and friends. In Greece, loukoumi is a symbol of hospitality and refinement. Turkish delight
4750-473: The Syriac-speaking world. As a result of the schism as well as being split between living in the Byzantine Empire in the west and the Sasanian Empire in the east, Syrian-Aramaic developed distinctive Western and Eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing systems and, to
4845-603: The Tyari and Barwari dialects, which take a more analytic approach regarding possession, just like English possessive determiners . The following are periphrastic ways to express possession, using the word betā ("house") as a base (in Urmian/Iraqi Koine): Hakkari dialects are generally stress-timed , whereas the Urmian and Iraqi Koine dialects may be more syllable-timed : In native words, Suret almost always stresses
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#17330928901184940-659: The US, a chocolate-coated candy bar (e.g. Snickers ) would be called a candy bar , in Britain more likely a chocolate bar than unspecifically a sweet . The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) scheme (revision 4) classifies both chocolate and sugar confectionery as ISIC 1073, which includes the manufacture of chocolate and chocolate confectionery; sugar confectionery proper (caramels, cachous, nougats, fondant, white chocolate ), chewing gum, preserving fruit, nuts, fruit peels, and making confectionery lozenges and pastilles. In
5035-512: The US. There is no specific maximum in the EU. Candy colorants, particularly yellow colorants such as E102 Tartrazine , E104 Quinoline Yellow WS and E110 Sunset Yellow FCF , have many restrictions around the world. Tartrazine, for example, can cause allergic and asthmatic reactions and was once banned in Austria, Germany, and Norway. Some countries such as the UK have asked the food industry to phase out
5130-406: The categories and types of sugar confectionery include the following: Shelf life is largely determined by the amount of water present in the candy and the storage conditions. High-sugar candies, such as boiled candies, can have a shelf life of many years if kept covered in a dry environment. Spoilage of low-moisture candies tends to involve a loss of shape, color, texture, and flavor, rather than
5225-469: The common rosewater and bergamot varieties, mastic -flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. Another sweet, similar to loukoumi, that is made exclusively in the town of Serres, is Akanés . Cyprus is the only country that has a protected geographical indication (PGI) for this product: Loukoumi made in Yeroskipou is called Λουκούμι Γεροσκήπου ( loukoumi geroskipou ). In Romania, Turkish delight
5320-525: The confectioners termed it Bombay Halwa to avoid its connection with a Pakistani city. In the year 1896, a confectioner Giridhar Mavji who ran a shop Joshi Budhakaka Mahim Halwawala attempted to replace the starch with wheat flour and thus invented Mahim halwa which consists of flat sheets. Turkish delight was an early precursor to the jelly bean , inspiring its gummy interior. Turkish delight holds deep cultural significance in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and across
5415-458: The copula in its full shape before the verbal constituent . In the Iraqi and Iranian dialects, the previous construction is addressable with different types of the copula (e.g. deictic ) but with the elemental copula only the cliticised form is permitted. Among conservative Urmian speakers, only the construction with the enclitic ordered after the verbal constituent is allowed. Due to language contact ,
5510-556: The copula precedent to the verbal constituent, the common construction is with the infinitive and the basic copula cliticsed to it. In the Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia , the symmetrical order of the constituents is with the present perfect tense. This structure of the NENA dialects is to be compared with the present progressive in Kurdish and Turkish as well, where the enclitic follows
5605-412: The descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Mesopotamia . SIL distinguishes between Chaldean and Assyrian as varieties of Suret on non- linguistic grounds. Suret is mutually intelligible with some NENA dialects spoken by Jews, especially in the western part of its historical extent. Its mutual intelligibility with Turoyo is partial and asymmetrical, but more significant in written form. Suret
5700-1047: The enchanted confection the White Witch uses to gain the loyalty of Edmund Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis . Sales of Turkish delight rose following the theatrical release of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe . Confectionery Confectionery is the art of making confections , or sweet foods. Confections are items that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates although exact definitions are difficult. In general, however, confections are divided into two broad and somewhat overlapping categories: bakers' confections and sugar confections . Bakers' confectionery, also called flour confections , includes principally sweet pastries, cakes, and similar baked goods . Baker's confectionery excludes everyday breads , and thus
5795-528: The end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus made from a reed pressed into soft clay to record numbers. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian , a language isolate genetically unrelated to the Semitic and Indo-Iranian languages that it neighboured. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms , syllables and numbers. This script
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#17330928901185890-500: The fall of the empire. The language transition was achievable because the two languages featured similarities in grammar and vocabulary, and because the 22-lettered Aramaic alphabet was simpler to learn than the Akkadian cuneiform which had over 600 signs. The converging process that took place between Assyrian Akkadian and Aramaic across all aspects of both languages and societies is known as Aramaic-Assyrian symbiosis . Introduced as
5985-419: The finished confection. Pastries can be elaborately decorated, or they can be plain dough. Doughnuts may be fried or baked. Scones and related sweet quick breads , such as bannock , are similar to baking powder biscuits and, in sweeter, less traditional interpretations, can seem like a cupcake . Cookies are small, sweet baked treats. They originated as small cakes, and some traditional cookies have
6080-427: The growth of dangerous microbes. Impermeable packaging can reduce spoilage due to storage conditions. Candies spoil more quickly if they have different amounts of water in different parts of the candy (for example, a candy that combines marshmallow and nougat), or if they are stored in high-moisture environments. This process is due to the effects of water activity , which results in the transfer of unwanted water from
6175-474: The infinitive. Such construction is present in Kurdish, where it is frequently combined with the locative element "in, with", which is akin to the preposition bi- preceding the infinitive in Suret (as in "bi-ktawen" meaning 'I'm writing'). The similarities of the constituents and their alignment in the present progressive construction in Suret is clearly attributed to influence from the neighbouring languages, such as
6270-438: The language of education and culture for those who speak it in addition to the Kurdish language." In 2005, the Constitution of Iraq recognised it as one of the "official languages in the administrative units in which they constitute density of population" in article 4, section four. The original Mesopotamian writing system, believed to be the world's oldest, was derived around 3600 BC from this method of keeping accounts. By
6365-578: The late 18th century. The exact origin of these sweets is yet to be definitively determined, partly due to the origins being fiercely contested amongst Greeks and Turks. According to the Hacı Bekir company, Bekir Efendi , named Hacı Bekir after performing the Hajj , moved to Constantinople from his hometown Kastamonu and opened his confectionery shop in the district of Bahçekapı in 1777. He produced various kinds of candies and lokum , later including
6460-787: The modern Turkish and it is marketed as Greek Delight . In Cyprus , where the dessert has protected geographical indication (PGI) , it is also marketed as Cyprus Delight . In Armenian it is called lokhum ( լոխում ). It is läoma ܠܥܡܐ in Assyrian . Its name in Uzbekistan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Israel is rahat lokum , and derives from a very old confusion of the two names found already in Ottoman Turkish; indeed this mixed name can also be found in Turkey today. Its name in Serbo-Croatian
6555-482: The most common flavorings. Fry's Turkish Delight , created in 1914, is marketed by Cadbury in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand. It is rosewater-flavored, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production moved to Poland in 2010. Hadji Bey was an Armenian emigrant to Ireland who in 1902 set up an eponymous company – still in existence – to produce rahat lokoum for
6650-534: The most important role in the production of sugar-based preparations. Medieval European physicians learned the medicinal uses of the material from the Arabs and Byzantine Greeks. One Middle Eastern remedy for rheums and fevers were little, twisted sticks of pulled sugar called in Arabic al fänäd or al pänäd . These became known in England as alphenics, or more commonly as penidia, penids, pennet or pan sugar. They were
6745-461: The most popular varieties of sugar confectionery . The occupation of confectioner encompasses the categories of cooking performed by both the French patissier (pastry chef) and the confiseur (sugar worker). The confectionery industry also includes specialized training schools and extensive historical records. Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times and continued to be eaten through
6840-652: The northeastern Levant , which is a large region stretching from the plain of Urmia in northwestern Iran through to the Nineveh Plains , Erbil , Kirkuk and Duhok regions in northern Iraq , together with the northerneastern regions of Syria and to southcentral and southeastern Turkey . Instability throughout the Middle East over the past century has led to a worldwide diaspora of Suret speakers , with most speakers now living abroad in such places as North and South America, Australia, Europe and Russia. Speakers of Suret and Turoyo (Surayt) are ethnic Assyrians and are
6935-517: The number of people learning Syriac is considerably higher than before. " Akkadian and Aramaic have been in extensive contact since their old periods. Local unwritten Aramaic dialects emerged from Imperial Aramaic in Assyria . In around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly started to replace Akkadian in Assyria , Babylonia and the Levant . Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present prior to
7030-647: The official language of the Assyrian Empire by Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC), it became the language of commerce and trade, the vernacular language of Assyria in the late Iron Age and classical antiquity , and the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), Neo-Babylonian Empire (605–539 BC), the Achaemenid Empire (539–323 BC), the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) and
7125-431: The past for military use as a high-density food energy source. Many sugar confections, especially caramel-coated popcorn and the different kinds of sugar candy , are defined in US law as foods of minimal nutritional value . Contaminants and coloring agents in confectionery can be particularly harmful to children. Therefore, confectionery contaminants, such as high levels of lead , have been restricted to 1 ppm in
7220-466: The pastry gets dusted with powdered sugar . In Greece, Turkish delight, known as loukoumi ( λουκούμι ), has been a popular delicacy since the 19th century, famously produced in the city of Patras ( Patrina loukoumia ) as well as on the island of Syros and the northern Greek cities Thessaloniki , Serres and Komotini but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with coffee. In addition to
7315-766: The penult. The - eh used to denote a singular third person masculine possessive (e.g. bābeh , "his father"; aqleh , "his leg") is present in most of the traditional dialects in Hakkari and Nineveh Plains , but not for Urmian and some Iraqi Koine speakers, who instead use - ū for possessive "his" (e.g. bābū , "his father"; aqlū , "his leg"), whilst retaining the stress in - éh for "their". This phenomenon however may not always be present, as some Hakkari speakers, especially those from Tyari and Barwar, would use analytic speech to denote possession. So, for instance, bābeh (literally, "father-his") would be uttered as bābā-id dīyeh (literally, "father-of his"). In Iraqi Koine and Urmian,
7410-505: The plural form and the third person plural possessive suffix of many words, such as wardeh and biyyeh ("flowers"/"eggs" and "their flower(s)"/"their eggs", respectively), would be homophones were it not for the varying, distinctive stress on the penult or ultima. When it comes to a determinative (like in English this , a , the , few , any , which , etc.), Suret generally has an absence of an article (English "the " ), unlike other Semitic languages such as Arabic , which does use
7505-490: The precursors of barley sugar and modern cough drops . In 1390, the Earl of Derby paid "two shillings for two pounds of penydes. " As the non-medicinal applications of sugar developed, the comfitmaker, or confectioner gradually came into being as a separate trade. In the late medieval period the words confyt, comfect or cumfitt were generic terms for all kinds of sweetmeats made from fruits, roots, or flowers preserved with sugar. By
7600-399: The script include Swāḏāyā , 'conversational', often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. Three letters act as matres lectionis : rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. ʾĀlep̄ ( ܐ ), the first letter, represents a glottal stop , but it can also indicate the presence of certain vowels (typically at the beginning or the end of
7695-499: The sense of "the art and business of a confectioner" is first recorded in 1743, and the earliest use in the sense of a "confectioner's shop" dates to 1803. Before sugar was readily available in the ancient western world, confectionery was based on honey . Honey was used in Ancient China , Ancient India , Ancient Egypt , Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create sweetmeats. Between
7790-413: The similarities between Kurdish and Modern Persian and the Urmian dialects become even more evident with their negated forms of present perfect, where they display close similarities. A recent feature of Suret is the usage of the infinitive instead of the present base for the expression of the present progressive , which is also united with the copula. Although the language has some other varieties of
7885-406: The suffix: " -ā " for generally masculine words and " -t(h)ā " (if the word already ends in -ā ) for feminine. The definite forms were pallāxā for "the (male) worker" and pallāxtā for "the (female) worker". Beginning even in the Classical Syriac era, when the prefixed preposition " d- " came into more popular use and replaced state Morphology for marking possession, the emphatic (definite) form of
7980-566: The traditional Mongolian alphabets . The alphabet consists of 22 letters, all of which are consonants. It is a cursive script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. Aramaic writing has been found as far north as Hadrian's Wall in Prehistoric Britain , in the form of inscriptions in Aramaic, made by Assyrian soldiers serving in the Roman Legions in northern England during
8075-485: The two groups developed distinct dialects differing primarily in the pronunciation and written symbolisation of vowels . The Mongol invasions of the Levant in the 13th century and the religiously motivated massacres of Assyrians by Timur further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of northern Mesopotamia, even in liturgy , the language was replaced by Arabic . "Modern Syriac-Aramaic"
8170-439: The use of starch and sugar, predate Bekir by several centuries. The Oxford Companion to Food states that although Bekir is often credited with the invention, there is no hard evidence for it. Some sources indicate that the concept of Loukoumi dates back to Byzantine times. Regardless, the sweet may have been re-invented since, though this is subject to heavy debate. The Turkish names lokma and lokum are derived from
8265-498: The use of the infinitive for this construction and the employment of the enclitic copula after the verbal base in all verbal constructions, which is due to the impinging of the Kurdish and Turkish speech. The morphology and the valency of the verb, and the arrangement of the grammatical roles should be noticed when it comes to the similarities with Kurdish . Unlike Old Persian , Modern Persian made no distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs , where it unspecialised
8360-436: The use of these colorants, especially for products marketed to children. Suret language Suret ( Syriac : ܣܘܪܝܬ [ˈsuːrɪtʰ] or [ˈsuːrɪθ] ), also known as Assyrian , refers to the varieties of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) spoken by Christians , namely Assyrians . The various NENA dialects descend from Old Aramaic , the lingua franca in the later phase of the Assyrian Empire , which slowly displaced
8455-419: The way they employ the negative copula in its full form before the verbal constituent and also with the negated forms of the present perfect . Suret uses verbal inflections marking person and number. The suffix " -e " indicates a (usually masculine) plural (i.e. ward a , "flower", becomes ward e , "flower s "). Enclitic forms of personal pronouns are affixed to various parts of speech. As with
8550-440: The word cake in their names, such as cheesecake , are not technically cakes, while others, such as Boston cream pie are cakes despite seeming to be named something else. Pastry is a large and diverse category of baked goods, united by the flour-based doughs used as the base for the product. These doughs are not always sweet, and the sweetness may come from the sugar, fruit, chocolate, cream, or other fillings that are added to
8645-509: The word became dominant and the definite sense of the word merged with the indefinite sense so that pālāxā became "a/the (male) worker" and pālaxtā became "a/the (female) worker." Most NENA nouns and verbs are built from triconsonantal roots , which are a form of word formation in which the root is modified and which does not involve stringing morphemes together sequentially. Unlike Arabic, broken plurals are not present. Semitic languages typically utilise triconsonantal roots, forming
8740-630: Was confectionarius , and it was in this sort of sugar work that the activities of the two trades overlapped and that the word "confectionery" originated. In the cuisine of the Late Ottoman Empire diverse cosmopolitan cultural influences were reflected in published recipes such as European-style molded jellies flavored with cordials. In Europe, Ottoman confections (especially "lumps of delight" ( Turkish delight ) became very fashionable among European and British high society. An important study of Ottoman confectionery called Conditorei des Orients
8835-485: Was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the East Semitic Akkadian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ) around 2600 BC. With the adoption of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted to Mesopotamian cuneiform. The last cuneiform scripts in Akkadian discovered thus far date from the 1st century AD. Various bronze lion-weights found in Nineveh featured both
8930-474: Was published by the royal confectioner Friedrich Unger in 1838. The first confectionery in Manchester, England was opened by Elizabeth Raffald who had worked six years in domestic service as a housekeeper. Confections are defined by the presence of sweeteners. These are usually sugars, but it is possible to buy sugar-free candies, such as sugar-free peppermints . The most common sweetener for home cooking
9025-506: Was the common tongue of the region, where it was the native language of the Fertile Crescent, surrounding areas, as well as in parts of Eastern Arabia . It was the dominant language until 900 AD, till it was supplanted by Greek and later Arabic in a centuries-long process having begun in the Arab conquests . The differences with the Church of the East led to the bitter Nestorian schism in
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