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44-668: Tumut Pond Dam ( / ˈ tj uː m ə t / ) is a major gated concrete arch dam across the upper reaches of the Tumut River in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales , Australia. The dam's main purpose is for the generation of hydro-power and is one of the sixteen major dams that comprise the Snowy Mountains Scheme , a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro . The impounded reservoir

88-460: A net generation of 847 gigawatt-hours (3,050 TJ) per annum. The power station has 262.1 metres (860 ft) rated hydraulic head . The underground powerhouse is located 366 metres (1,201 ft) below ground level. Tumut Pond Reservoir or Tumut Pond Pondage (sometimes also Tumut 1 Reservoir/Tumut 1 Pondage) is formed by the Tumut Pond Dam. Snowmelt and other runoff enter the reservoir from

132-543: A north–south axis through the valley of Notre-Dame-du-Vallon. At the northern end was the residential quarter, with the public baths, and at the southern end was the sacred quarter, with the spring and grotto. In the center was the monumental quarter, the site of the forum and public buildings. The earliest monuments discovered in Glanum were built by the Salyens in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries BC and were strongly influenced by

176-479: A radius of 35 m (115 ft). Their second dam was built around 1350 and is called the Kurit Dam . After 4 m (13 ft) was added to the dam in 1850, it became 64 m (210 ft) tall and remained the tallest dam in the world until the early 20th century. The Kurit Dam was of masonry design and built in a very narrow canyon. The canyon was so narrow that its crest length is only 44% of its height. The dam

220-594: Is double-curved in both its horizontal and vertical planes may be called a dome dam . Arch dams with more than one contiguous arch or plane are described as multiple-arch dams . Early examples include the Roman Esparragalejo Dam with later examples such as the Daniel-Johnson Dam (1968) and Itaipu Dam (1982). However, as a result of the failure of the Gleno Dam shortly after it was constructed in 1923,

264-495: Is 214 meters (702 ft) high and 1,314 meters (4,311 ft) long across its crest. It was completed in 1968 and put in service in 1970. Pensacola Dam was one of the last multiple arch types built in the United States. Its NRHP application states that this was because three dams of this type failed: (1) Gem Lake Dam, St. Francis Dam (California), Lake Hodges Dam (California). None of these failures were inherently caused by

308-500: Is 86 metres (282 ft) high and 218 metres (715 ft) long. At 100% capacity the dam wall holds back 52,793 megalitres (1,864.4 × 10 ^  cu ft) of water. The surface area of Tumut Pond Reservoir is 202.7 hectares (501 acres) and the catchment area is 332 square kilometres (128 sq mi). The gated spillway is capable of discharging 1,926 cubic metres per second (68,000 cu ft/s) through two 14.3 m (47 ft) wide by 9.1 m (30 ft) high radial gates. The crest of

352-565: Is an arch with four bays. The archivoltes, or curved bands of decoration on the tops of the arches, also have acanthus leaves. At the top of each arch is the carved head of a gorgon , the traditional protector of Roman tombs. The frieze at the top of the quadrifons is decorated with carvings of tritons, carrying the disk of the sun, and with sea monsters. The lowest part of the mausoleum is decorated with carved garlands of vegetation, theater masks and cupids or putti , and with mythical or legendary scenes. The triumphal arch stood just outside

396-542: Is believed that the mausoleum was the tomb of the mother and father of the three Julii brothers, and that the father, for military or civil service, received Roman citizenship and the privilege of bearing the name of the Julii, one of the most distinguished families in Rome. The mausoleum is built in three stages. The upper stage, or tholos , is a circular chapel with Corinthian columns. It contains two statues wearing togas, presumably

440-780: Is called the Tumut Pond Reservoir , or less formally, the Tumut Pondage . Completed in 1959, Tumut Pond Dam is a major dam, located approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south-east of Cabramurra . The dam was constructed by a consortium comprising Kaiser-Walsh-Perini-Raymond based on engineering plans developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation under contract from the Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Authority . The dam wall comprising 141,000 cubic metres (5,000,000 cu ft) of concrete

484-403: Is made of concrete and placed in a V-shaped valley. The foundation or abutments for an arch dam must be very stable and proportionate to the concrete. There are two basic designs for an arch dam: constant-radius dams , which have constant radius of curvature, and variable-radius dams , which have both upstream and downstream curves that systematically decrease in radius below the crest. A dam that

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528-561: Is particularly known for two well-preserved Roman monuments of the 1st century BC, known as "Les Antiques", a mausoleum and a triumphal arch . Between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, the Salyens , the largest of the Celto-Ligurian tribes in Provence, built a rampart of stones on the peaks that surrounded the valley of Notre-Dame-de-Laval, and constructed an oppidum , or fortified town, around

572-545: Is still erect, even though part of its lower downstream face fell off. The Tibi Dam in Tibi , Spain was a post-medieval arch dam built between 1579 and 1594 and the first in Europe since the Romans. The dam was 42.7 metres (140 ft) high and 65 metres (213 ft) long. This arch dam rests on the mountains sides. In the early 20th century, the world's first variable-radius arch dam

616-575: The 143-meter double-curved Morrow Point Dam in Colorado, completed in 1968. By the late 20th century, arch dam design reached a relative uniformity in design around the world. Currently, the tallest arch dam in the world is the 305 metres (1,001 ft) Jingpin-I Dam in China , which was completed in 2013. The longest multiple arch with buttress dam in the world is the Daniel-Johnson Dam in Quebec , Canada . It

660-461: The 1st and 3rd centuries AD, was the central market, business place, place of justice and site of official religious rituals. A large open space was enclosed on two sides by porticos of columns. On the southern side was a semi-circular excedre, while on the north was the basilica, the large hall that was the palace of justice and seat of government. The basilica was 47 by 24 meters in size, supported by 24 large columns. The facade has disappeared, but

704-464: The Consul Caecilius, and the remains of the main buildings demolished and replaced by more modest structures. In 49 BC, Julius Caesar captured Marseille and, after a period of destructive civil wars, the romanisation of Provence and Glanum began. The Glanum Dam , a curved stone arch dam, and the oldest known of its kind, and an aqueduct were built in the 1st century BC, to supply water for

748-507: The Hellenic style of the nearby Greek colony of Marseille. They included a large building around a trapezoidal peristyle , or courtyard surrounded by columns; and a sacred well, or dromos , next to a small temple in the Tuscan style. The first Roman forum in Glanum was built around 20 BC, at about the time that Glanum was given the title of oppidum latinum . The second Roman forum, built between

792-498: The Julii family, both still standing. In the 1st century AD the city built a new forum and temples. Glanum was not as prosperous as the Roman colonies of Arelate , Avennio , and Cabellio , but by the 2nd century AD it was wealthy enough to build impressive shrines to the Emperors, to enlarge the forum , and to have extensive thermae and other public buildings clad in marble. The town

836-585: The Tumut River continues into the Riverina region. Arch dam In general, arch dams are classified based on the ratio of the base thickness to the structural height (b/h) as: Arch dams classified with respect to their structural height are: The development of arch dams throughout history began with the Romans in the 1st century BC and after several designs and techniques were developed, relative uniformity

880-475: The architecture and art of Glanum – villas were built in the Hellenic style. But by the 2nd century BC conflicts and wars arose between the Salyens and the Greeks of Marseille, who not having a powerful army, called upon the assistance of their Roman allies. In 125 BC the Salyens were defeated by the army of the Roman consul Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, and the following year decisively defeated by C. Sextus Calvinus. Many of

924-463: The back wall and side walls still exist. Behind the basilica was the curia, where a statue of the Emperor was placed in a niche in the wall. In the center was a square room which served as a tribunal and as the chapel of the cult of the Emperor. The northern part of Glanum, at the bottom of the sloping site, was the residential quarter: the site of villas and of the extensive public baths. The baths were

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968-405: The center of social life, and helped serve to romanize the local population. The sacred spring of Glanum is located at the southern and highest part of the town. The valley was closed by a stone wall, built in the late 2nd or early 1st centuries BC. This wall had a gate large enough for chariots, a square tower, and a smaller gate for pedestrians. To the left and right of the gate are vestiges of

1012-406: The construction of new multiple arch dams has become less popular. Contraction joints are normally placed every 20 m in the arch dam and are later filled with grout after the control cools and cures. Glanum Glanum ( Hellenistic Γλανόν , as well as Glano, Calum, Clano, Clanum, Glanu, Glano) was an ancient and wealthy city which still enjoys a magnificent setting below a gorge on

1056-415: The dam has a clear span of 60 ft (18 m) and each buttress is 24 ft (7.3 m) wide. Arch dam designs would continue to test new limits and designs such as the double- and multiple-curve. Alfred Stucky and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation developed a method of weight and stress distribution in the 1960s, and arch dam construction in the United States would see its last surge then with dams like

1100-405: The dam wall forms part of the road between Cabramurra and Khancoban . The road is closed to through traffic in winter as it is not routinely cleared of snow and ice. Downstream of the dam wall and located underground is Tumut 1 , a conventional hydroelectric power station , that has four turbine generators , with a generating capacity of 330 megawatts (440,000 hp) of electricity ; and

1144-429: The father and grandfather of the Julii. (The heads of the statues were lost at an earlier date, and replaced in the 18th century). The conical roof is decorated with carved fish scales, traditional for Roman mausoleums. The frieze beneath the conical roof is decorated with a rinceau featuring carvings of acanthus leaves, used in Roman mortuary architecture to represent eternal rebirth. The middle stage, or quadrifons,

1188-517: The flanks of the Alpilles mountains. It is located about one kilometre south of the town of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . Originally a Celto-Ligurian oppidum , it expanded under Greek influence before becoming a Roman city. As it was never built over by settlements after the Roman period but was partly buried by deposits washed from the hills above, much of it was preserved. Many of the impressive buildings have been excavated and can be visited today. It

1232-546: The goddesses Rosmerta and Epona ); by the statues and pottery; by the customs, such as displaying the severed heads of enemies at the city gate; and by the cooking utensils found in the ruins, which showed that the people of Glanis boiled their food in pots, rather than frying it in pans like other Mediterranean tribes. The people of Glanum were in early contact with the Greek colony of Massalia , present day Marseille , which had been founded in about 600 BC. The contact influenced

1276-522: The historian Procopius would write of its design: "This barrier was not built in a straight line, but was bent into the shape of a crescent, so that the curve, by lying against the current of the river, might be able to offer still more resistance to the force of the stream." The Mongols also built arch dams in modern-day Iran. Their earliest was the Kebar Dam built around 1300, which was 26 m (85 ft) high and 55 m (180 ft) long, and had

1320-401: The multiple arch design. The design of an arch dam is a very complex process. It starts with an initial dam layout, that is continually improved until the design objectives are achieved within the design criteria. The main loads for which an arch dam is designed are: Other miscellaneous loads that affect a dam include: ice and silt loads, and uplift pressure. Most often, the arch dam

1364-402: The northern gate of the city, next to the mausoleum and was the visible symbol of Roman power and authority. It was built near the end of the reign of Augustus Caesar (who died in 14 AD). The upper portion of the arch, including the inscription, are missing. The sculptures decorating the arch illustrated both the civilization of Rome and the dire fate of her enemies. Glanum was laid out on

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1408-465: The old monuments of Glanum were destroyed. Due to its commercially useful location on the Via Domitia , and the attraction of its healing spring, the town prospered again. The city produced its own silver coins and built new monuments. The prosperity lasted until 90 BC when the Salyens again rebelled against Rome. The public buildings of Glanum were again destroyed. The rebellion was crushed this time by

1452-590: The preservation of the site, and to exploring beneath sites already discovered for older works. The Mausoleum of the Julii, located across the Via Domitia, to the north of, and just outside the city entrance, dates to about 40 BC, and is one of the best preserved mausoleums of the Roman era. A dedication is carved on the architrave of the building facing the old Roman road, which reads: SEX · M · L · IVLIEI · C · F · PARENTIBVS · SVEIS Sextius, Marcus and Lucius Julius, sons of Gaius, to their forebears It

1496-558: The site, discovering the baths, the basilica, and the residences of the northern part of the town. From 1928 to 1933, Henri Rolland (1887–1970) worked on the Iron Age sanctuary, to the south. From 1942 until 1969, Rolland took over the work and excavated the area from the forum to the sanctuary. The objects he discovered are on display today at the Hôtel de Sade in nearby Saint-Rémy. New excavation and exploration work began in 1982, devoted mainly to

1540-520: The spring in the valley, which was known for its healing powers. A shrine was built at the spring to Glanis , a Celtic god. The town grew, and a second wall was built in the 2nd century BC. The town had a strong Celtic identity, shown by the names of the residents (Vrittakos, Eporix, Litumaros); by the names of the local gods (Glanis and his companions, the Glanicae, (similar to the Roman Matres ); and

1584-459: The state of Oklahoma in 1940, was considered the longest multiple arch dam in the United States. Designed by W. R. Holway , it has 51 arches. and a maximum height of 150 ft (46 m) above the river bed. The total length of the dam and its sections is 6,565 ft (2,001 m) while the multiple-arch section is 4,284 ft (1,306 m) long and its combination with the spillway sections measure 5,145 ft (1,568 m). Each arch in

1628-532: The surroundings cleaned up and maintained. Some excavations were made around the monuments as early as the 16th and 17th centuries, finding sculptures and coins, and by the Marquis de Lagoy in the Vallons-de-Notre-Dame in the 19th century. The first systematic excavations began in 1921, directed by the architect of historic monuments Jules Formigé. From 1921 until 1941, the archaeologist Pierre de Brun worked on

1672-514: The town's fountains and public baths. In 27 BC, the Emperor Augustus created the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis , and in this province Glanum was given the title of oppidum latinum , which gave residents the civil and political status of citizens of Rome. A triumphal arch was built outside the town in about 10 BC (the first such arch to be built in Gaul), as well as an impressive mausoleum of

1716-644: The upper Tumut River and the dam impounds the river's natural flow below the Tumut Two Dam wall. Water from the reservoir, after passing over the spillway of the Tumut Pond Dam, flows downstream, above the underground Tumut 1 Power Station, and into the impounded waters of Talbingo Reservoir , formed by the Talbingo Dam ; past Tumut 3 Power Station , into Jounama Pondage, formed by Jounama Dam ; and then into Blowering Reservoir , formed by Blowering Dam , passing through Blowering Power Stations . The natural flow of

1760-598: The world, in particular by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . In 1920, the Swiss engineer and dam designer Alfred Stucky developed new calculation methods for arch dams, introducing the concept of elasticity during the construction of the Montsalvens arch dam in Switzerland, thereby improving the dam profile in the vertical direction by using a parabolic arch shape instead of a circular arch shape. Pensacola Dam , completed in

1804-657: Was achieved in the 20th century. The first known arch dam, the Glanum Dam , also known as the Vallon de Baume Dam, was built by the Romans in France and it dates back to the 1st century BC. The dam was about 12 metres (39 ft) high and 18 metres (59 ft) in length. Its radius was about 14 m (46 ft), and it consisted of two masonry walls. The Romans built it to supply nearby Glanum with water. The Monte Novo Dam in Portugal

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1848-404: Was another early arch dam built by the Romans in 300 AD. It was 5.7 metres (19 ft) high and 52 m long (171 ft), with a radius of 19 m (62 ft). The curved ends of the dam met with two winged walls that were later supported by two buttresses. The dam also contained two water outlets to drive mills downstream. The Dara Dam was another arch dam built by the Romans in which

1892-615: Was built on the Salmon Creek near Juneau , Alaska . The Salmon Creek Dam's upstream face bulged upstream, which relieved pressure on the stronger, curved lower arches near the abutments. The dam also had a larger toe, which off-set pressure on the upstream heel of the dam, which now curved more downstream. The technology and economical benefits of the Salmon Creek Dam allowed for larger and taller dam designs. The dam was, therefore, revolutionary, and similar designs were soon adopted around

1936-608: Was overrun and destroyed by the Alamanni in 260 AD and subsequently abandoned, its inhabitants moving a short distance north into the plain to found a city that eventually became modern day Saint-Rémy-de-Provence . Eventually Glanum became a source of stone and other building materials for Saint-Remy. Since the Roman system of drains and sewers was not maintained, the ruins became flooded and covered with mud and sediment. The mausoleum and triumphal arch, together known as "Les Antiques", were famous and were visited by King Charles IX , who had

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