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48-565: Tukulans (Russian: Тукуланы ; Yakut : Тукулаан , a term from Evenki origin) are relief forms shaped by aeolian processes of the Central Yakutian Lowland , Yakutia , Russian Federation . They are sand dunes of a characteristic type mainly found along the valley of the Lena River , in the area of the lower Vilyuy river. Tukulans come in the form of isolated dunes, but also as large sand-covered areas in certain spots of

96-543: A desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum plants. Krasnoyarsk Krai consists of forty-four districts and sixteen towns of district significance . Two of the districts (Evenkiysky and Taymyrsky; the former autonomous okrugs ) have special status. Population (including former Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs ): 2,856,971 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,828,187 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,023,525 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,596,260 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Ethnic groups : The population of

144-612: A dialect of Yakut, is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region . Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans , Evenks , Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census . Yakut has

192-791: A large number of islands off the krai's coast, the most prominent of which are (from west to east) Sibiryakov Island , Nosok Island, Dikson Island , Vern Island, Brekhovskiye Island (in the Yenisei Gulf ), Krestovskiy Island, the Kamennye Islands , the Zveroboy Islands , the Labyrintovye Islands , the Plavnikovye Islands , Kolosovykh Island , the Mona Islands , Rykacheva Island, Gavrilova Island, Belukha and Prodolgovatyy Islands,

240-649: A population of 2,856,971 as of the 2021 Census . The krai lies in the middle of Siberia , and occupies nearly half of the Siberian Federal District , almost splitting it in half, stretching 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) from the Sayan Mountains in the south along the Yenisei River to the Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It borders (counting clockwise from the sea) the Sakha Republic , Irkutsk ,

288-436: Is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt . Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic , and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in

336-504: Is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony . Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor , Tuvan and Dolgan . Like most Turkic languages , Yakut has vowel harmony , is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender . Word order is usually subject–object–verb . Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages . Historically, Yakut left

384-764: Is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern: Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel). Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m : as in (a): aat- ïm name- POSS . 1SG aat- ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name' et- im meat- POSS . 1SG et- im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat' uol- um son- POSS . 1SG uol- um son-POSS.1SG 'my son' üüt- üm milk- POSS . 1SG üüt- üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk' The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A

432-533: Is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era, numerous Gulag camps were located in the region. On June 30, 1908, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River , there occurred a powerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometers (3.1–6.2 miles) above the Earth's surface. The force of

480-490: Is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A in (b): aɣa- ta father- POSS . 3SG aɣa- ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father' Krasnoyarsk Region Krasnoyarsk Krai ( Russian : Красноярский край , romanized :  Krasnoyarskiy kray , IPA: [krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj] ) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai ) located in Siberia . Its administrative center

528-535: Is the city of Krasnoyarsk , the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk . Comprising half of the Siberian Federal District , Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in Russia, the second-largest federal subject in the country after neighboring Sakha , and the third-largest country subdivision by area in the world. The krai covers an area of 2,366,797 square kilometers (913,825 sq mi), constituting roughly 13% of Russia's total area. Krasnoyarsk Krai has

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576-535: Is the site of the Siberian Federal University , one of Russia's four largest educational institutions. Other notable higher education institutes of the krai are: Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Постановление от 7 декабря 1934 г. «О разукрупнении Западносибирского и Восточносибирского краёв и образовании новых областей в Сибири». ( All-Russian Central Executive Committee . Resolution of December 7, 1934 On

624-453: Is −36 °C (−32.8 °F) in the north and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) in the south. The average temperature in July is 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) in the north – where the most poleward tree line in the world is found at Ary-Mas – and +20 °C (68 °F) in the south. The annual precipitation is 316 millimeters (12.4 in) (up to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) in the foothills of

672-592: The Arkticheskiy Institut Islands , the Kirov Islands , Uyedineniya Island , Voronina Island , Severnaya Zemlya (the largest group), and Ushakov Island . The highest point of the krai is Grandiozny Peak in the Eastern Sayan Mountains at an elevation of 2,922 meters (9,587 ft). In the south there is a Ergaki Nature Park which is a protected area of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It contains

720-619: The Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai where he remains in the role today. Krasnoyarsk Krai is represented in the Federation Council of Russia , the upper house of the Russian parliament by two senators. In 2007, eight deputies were elected to the State Duma from Krasnoyarsk regional lists of different political parties . Over 95% of the cities, a majority of the industrial enterprises, and all of

768-835: The Nordenskiöld Archipelago , the Firnley Islands , the Heiberg Islands , Starokadomsky Island , Maly Taymyr Island , the Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands , the Faddey Islands , and the Saint Peter Islands . There are also a number of islands further out that fall under the administration of Krasnoyarsk Krai – the most prominent being Bolshoy Island, Sverdrup Island , the Izvestiy TSIK Islands ,

816-730: The Scythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Krai belong to the 7th century BC and are some of the oldest in Eurasia . A prince's grave, the Kurgan Arshan, discovered in 2001, is also located in the krai. Russian settlement of the area (mostly by Cossacks ) began in the 17th century. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. In 1822,

864-756: The Tuva Republic , the Republic of Khakassia , Kemerovo , Tomsk , Tyumen Oblasts , the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean in the north. The krai is located in the basin of the Arctic Ocean ; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are

912-612: The Yeniseysk Governorate was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center that covered territory very similar to that of the current krai. During both the Tsarist and the Soviet times, the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies, actual or alleged. The first leaders of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin , were exiled to what

960-672: The 58th parallel to extensive discontinuous around the 60th parallel and continuous north of the 63rd parallel . The coastline contains several prominent peninsulas – from west to east the main ones are the Minina Peninsula , Mikhailov Peninsula , the Taymyr Peninsula (by far the largest, and itself containing the Zarya Peninsula, Oskara Peninsula and Chelyuskin Peninsula ) and the Khara-Tumus Peninsula. There are also

1008-605: The Sayan Mountains). Snow covers the central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains higher than 2,400–2,600 metres (7,900–8,500 ft) and those of the Putorana Plateau higher than 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft) are covered with permanent snow. Permafrost is absent at low altitudes south of Lesosibirsk , but as one moves north it grades from sporadic around

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1056-588: The Western Sayan Mountains. The park was established in 2005 and it covers an area of 342,873 ha (847,260 acres). It is bordered by the Yenisei highway. According to archaeologists, the first people reached Siberia circa 40,000 BC . The Andronovo culture , a group of Bronze Age peoples, lived in the area around 2000–900 BC, the remains of which were discovered in 1914 near the village of Andronovo, Uzhursky District . The grave-mounds and monuments of

1104-715: The Yenisei, and its tributaries (from south to north): the Kan , the Angara , the Podkamennaya Tunguska , the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and the Tanama . There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo, Glubokoye , Itat, Khantayskoye , Labas, Lama , Pyasina, Taymyr , and Yessey . The rivers and lakes are rich in fish. The climate is strongly continental with large temperature variations during

1152-527: The aberrant features of Sakha (i.e. Yakut), it is still considered to belong to Common Turkic (in contrast to Chuvash ). Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic . It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation , Turkey , and other parts of the world. Dolgan , a close relative of Yakut, which formerly was considered by some

1200-409: The agriculture are concentrated in the south of the krai. The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources: 80% of the country's nickel , 75% of its cobalt , 70% of its copper , 16% of its coal , and 10% of its gold are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country's timber . More than 95% of Russian resources of platinum and platinoids are concentrated in

1248-663: The below section ). There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [ t ] -final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'your [pl.] horse', > appït 'our horse'. Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan h uoq and Yakut s uox, both meaning "not"). The historical change of *s > h , known as debuccalization ,

1296-418: The cartography of the region. Yakut language The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian ). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian . Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic , Yakut

1344-416: The community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early. Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low and many cognate words are hard to notice when heard. Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic , such as the preservation of long vowels. Despite all

1392-454: The explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than 2,000 square kilometers (490,000 acres) of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer. Krasnoyarsk Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and later included Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs and Khakas Autonomous Oblast . In 1991, Khakassia separated from

1440-543: The following consonants phonemes , where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses. Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages . Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants . Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have

1488-418: The following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'your [pl.] child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut , 'our child'), -TA ( partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LArA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and

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1536-663: The fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts by plurality system , 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected by proportional system from

1584-634: The government of the USSR . Kuzntesov published a paper calling attention on them. A few years later academicians Andrei Grigoryev of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and Tikhon Rabotnov of Moscow State University continued the study of these landforms, but they were faced with the problem that they lie in a remote area of difficult access. Finally in the 1940s aerial photography surveys were carried out and all tukulan areas were identified and included in

1632-490: The krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . In December 1991, president Boris Yeltsin appointed Arkady Veprev as the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In January 1993 Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Krasnoyarsk Territory governor elections were called. Zubov was elected in a universal election for a five-year term. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai

1680-535: The krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, the territories of Evenk and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had

1728-428: The krai mostly consists of Russians , and some other peoples of the former Soviet Union . The indigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population. The 2021 Census reported the following ethnic composition: Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.43 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.35 years (male — 63.56, female — 73.13) As per

1776-404: The krai. The krai's major industries are: non-ferrous metallurgy , energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial-industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are: The two most powerful hydroelectric plants in Russia are at the Yenisei River : Three are at its tributary Angara River : It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of Russia's most important producers of electric energy and

1824-477: The legislative assembly elected Khloponin for the second term. In 2010, after Khloponin was promoted to the office of the president's envoy in the North Caucasian Federal District , Lev Kuznetsov , a businessman and politician from Khloponin's circle, became the new governor of the krai. After Kuznetsov, Viktor Tolokonsky became Governor September 2017. After Tolokonsky, Aleksandr Uss became

1872-526: The lists offered by political parties. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of

1920-499: The most authority), the chairman of the krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the demise of the CPSU , the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor has been appointed or elected alongside the elected regional parliament . The Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai is

1968-513: The native script bold and romanization in italics: Like other Turkic languages , a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony . Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин ( kelin ) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family. Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in

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2016-401: The palatal nasal / ɲ / . Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation , both progressive and regressive. All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs . For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G , B , T , and L . Examples of each are provided in

2064-465: The plain, often among the trees of the taiga . The largest of the dunes lies at 65°08′01.6″N 122°58′00.7″E  /  65.133778°N 122.966861°E  / 65.133778; 122.966861 near the Linde River and reaches almost 40 kilometres (25 mi) in length. Tukulans were first described in 1927 by pioneering researcher Sergei Kuznetsov during an expedition surveying Yakutia sent by

2112-418: The preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels. There are two main rules of vowel harmony: The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut

2160-622: The related Goidelic languages ( Irish , Scottish , and Manx ). Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme / s / becomes [ h ] . For example the /s/ in кыыс ( kïïs ) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels: kïï s girl > > kïï h -ïm girl- POSS . 1SG kïï s > kïï h -ïm girl > girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter' Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels, and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme, as well as

2208-598: The survey conducted in 2012, 29.6% of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai adhered to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% declared to be a nondenominational Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% belonged to a different Orthodox churches , 1.5% was Muslim , 1% followed the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 10.9% did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 35% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious" and 15% to be atheist . Krasnoyarsk

2256-497: The year. Long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic for the central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives. The territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai experiences conditions of three climate belts: arctic , subarctic , and humid continental . In the north there are less than 40 days with temperature above 10 °C (50 °F), while in the south there are 110–120 such days. The average temperature in January

2304-420: Was created as well. In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election to General Aleksandr Lebed , a well-known politician in all of Russia. In 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident. In 2002, Alexander Khloponin , the governor of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman, was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated by president Vladimir Putin for re-election, and

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