The Tucumán Government Palace is the executive office building of the Government of the Province of Tucumán .
59-525: Tucumán Province, the most populous and economically important in the Argentine Northwest , lacked architecturally significant government offices, early in the 20th Century. As both a remedy to that absence and a means to encourage urban renewal and development in the provincial capital city of San Miguel de Tucumán , the Governor, Luis F. Nougués, organized the construction of a government palace to replace
118-598: A crypt built for the occasion in the government palace's basement. The palace is open for guided tours. 26°49′49″S 65°12′19″W / 26.83028°S 65.20528°W / -26.83028; -65.20528 Argentine Northwest The Argentine Northwest ( Noroeste Argentino ) is a geographic and historical region of Argentina composed of the provinces of Catamarca , Jujuy , La Rioja , Salta , Santiago del Estero and Tucumán . The Argentine Northwest comprises very distinct biomes , or geographical and climatic regions. From west to east they are: Besides
177-688: A dry season and with a dry season ( Cf and CW respectively) and an alpine climate at the highest elevations. The atmospheric circulation is controlled by the two semi–permanent South Atlantic and South Pacific highs, and a seasonal low-pressure system east of the Andes (called the Chaco Low). During summer, the interaction between the South Atlantic high and the Chaco low causes the low-pressure system to bring northeasterly and easterly winds that carry moisture to
236-766: A few instances), dry summers, though summers are not typically as hot as hot desert climates. Unlike hot desert climates, cold desert climates tend to feature cold, dry winters. Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate. The Gobi Desert in northern China and Mongolia is one example of a cold desert. Though hot in the summer, it shares the freezing winters of the rest of Inner Asia . Summers in South America's Atacama Desert are mild, with only slight temperature variations between seasons. Cold desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates and are usually drier than hot desert climates. Cold desert climates are typically located in temperate zones in
295-528: A significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. These valleys often receive less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate. For example, in La Rioja Province , mean annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (12 in) in the easternmost parts to 100 mm (3.9 in) at
354-453: A thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges. Beyond the first slopes of the Andes into the valleys, the air descends vertically, warming adiabatically, creating air that is drier and warmer than on the eastern slopes. Since the mountain ranges are oriented in a north–south direction, increase in elevation to the west, and have a discontinuous orography , this allows valleys to have regions of relatively high precipitation in
413-410: A total of just 16 mm (0.63 in) of rainfall was measured. To determine whether a location has an arid climate, the precipitation threshold is determined. The precipitation threshold (in millimetres) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun summer half of the year (April through September in
472-498: Is classified as "hot arid subtype" ( BW h ), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the isotherm is classified as "cold arid subtype" ( BW k ). Most desert/arid climates receive between 25 and 200 mm (1 and 8 in) of rainfall annually, although some of the most consistently hot areas of Central Australia , the Sahel and Guajira Peninsula can be, due to extreme potential evapotranspiration , classed as arid with
531-560: Is found in the dry Calchaquí Valleys , with mean annual precipitation ranging from 95 mm (3.7 in) in Molinos to 200 mm (7.9 in) in Cafayate . Further west in the Puna region next to Bolivia, the average elevation is 3,900 m (12,800 ft) and the terrain is mostly desert due to the higher elevations of the mountains on the east from both the Andes and the northwest extension of
590-536: Is seen in sections of Africa and Arabia . During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies. However, temperatures rarely drop far below freezing under the hot subtype. Hot desert climates can be found in the deserts of North Africa such as the wide Sahara Desert , the Libyan Desert or the Nubian Desert ; deserts of
649-502: The Altiplano , an extensive 3,500-meter high plateau, dominates the landscape and continues far north into Bolive and Southern Peru. In February 2021, archaeologists from the University of Buenos Aires – National Scientific and Technical Research Council announced the discovery of 12 graves dated to 6,000-1,300 years ago. Researchers also revealed necklaces and pendants next to some of
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#1732851451825708-894: The Horn of Africa such as the Danakil Desert or the Grand Bara Desert ; deserts of Southern Africa such as the Namib Desert or the Kalahari Desert ; deserts of West Asia such as the Arabian Desert , or the Syrian Desert ; deserts of South Asia such as Dasht-e Lut and Dasht-e Kavir of Iran or the Thar Desert of India and Pakistan; deserts of the United States and Mexico such as
767-468: The Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk ) is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation . The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates are dry and hold little moisture, quickly evaporating the already little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of Earth's land area, hot deserts are the second-most common type of climate on Earth after
826-759: The Mojave Desert , the Sonoran Desert or the Chihuahuan Desert ; deserts of Australia such as the Simpson Desert or the Great Victoria Desert and many other regions. In Europe , the hot desert climate can only be found on southeastern coast of Spain as well as small inland parts of southeastern, especially parts of the Tabernas Desert . Hot deserts are lands of extremes: most of them are among
885-579: The Northern Hemisphere , or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received there. If the area's annual precipitation is less than half the threshold (50%), it is classified as a BW (desert climate), while 50–100% of the threshold results in a semi-arid climate. Hot desert climates ( BWh ) are typically found under
944-471: The Polar climate . There are two variations of a desert climate according to the Köppen climate classification : a hot desert climate ( BWh ), and a cold desert climate ( BWk ). To delineate "hot desert climates" from "cold desert climates", a mean annual temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) is used as an isotherm so that a location with a BW type climate with the appropriate temperature above this isotherm
1003-473: The Sierras Pampeanas , blocking most of the easterly winds from coming in. Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm (7.9 in) a year while potential evapotranspiration ranges from 500 to 600 mm (20 to 24 in) a year, owing to the high insolation, strong winds, and low humidity that exacerbates the dry conditions. Owing to the low precipitation in conjunction with
1062-572: The Southwestern United States , northern Mexico , sections of southeastern Spain , the coast of Peru , and Chile . This makes hot deserts present in every continent except Antarctica. At the time of high sun (summer), scorching, desiccating heat prevails. Hot-month average temperatures are normally between 29 and 35 °C (84 and 95 °F), and midday readings of 43–46 °C (109–115 °F) are common. The world's absolute heat records, over 50 °C (122 °F), are generally in
1121-459: The Valles Calchaquíes , Tafí del Valle , and the capital cities of the provinces: San Miguel de Tucumán , San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca , Salta and San Salvador de Jujuy . The national parks of the region are: Baritú National Park , Calilegua National Park , El Rey National Park , Los Cardones National Park and Campo de los Alisos National Park . Besides the geography of
1180-525: The Yungas jungle on the eastern fringe of the region, the only fertile lands are those near the river basins, which have been irrigated extensively. Across millennia the erosive forces of these rivers has gradually created a multitude of red-rock canyons, such as the Quebrada de Humahuaca and the Valles Calchaquíes . West of these valleys the peaks of the Andes reach heights of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) and
1239-492: The subtropical ridge in the lower middle latitudes or the subtropics , often between 20° and 33° north and south latitudes. In these locations, stable descending air and high pressure aloft clear clouds and create hot, arid conditions with intense sunshine. Hot desert climates are found across vast areas of North Africa , West Asia , northwestern parts of the Indian Subcontinent , southwestern Africa, interior Australia,
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#17328514518251298-635: The 30s and 40s latitudes, usually in the leeward rain shadow of high mountains, restricting precipitation from the westerly winds. An example of this is the Patagonian Desert in Argentina, bounded by the Andes ranges to its west. In the case of Central Asia, mountains restrict precipitation from the eastern monsoon . The Kyzyl Kum , Taklamakan and Katpana Desert deserts of Central Asia are other significant examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region and
1357-660: The Calchaquí Valleys in Salta province, the climate is similar to the valleys in La Rioja province and Catamarca province, by being temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes, long summers, and a long frost free period which varies depending on elevation. Mean temperatures in the warmest month in the Calchaqui valleys range from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) at the higher elevations to 22.1 °C (71.8 °F) at lower elevations; in
1416-468: The Chaco low weakens, all of which result in the suppression of rain during the winter. With the predominant wind being from the west and the Andes blocking most rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean along with atmospheric circulation patterns unfavourable for rain, this results in a dry season during winter. At the highest elevations, westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate during
1475-621: The Lerma valley in Salta and in wetter valleys in Jujuy province, including its provincial capital , is mainly concentrated in the summer months and falls in short but heavy bursts. Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than northern valleys due to the mountains on the eastern slopes of both the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas being taller than the ones in the north (ranging from 3,000 to 6,900 m (9,800 to 22,600 ft)), presenting
1534-412: The Puna region next to Bolivia, temperatures are much colder, with a mean annual temperature of less than 10 °C (50.0 °F) owing to its high elevation. The Puna region is characterized by being cold but sunny throughout the year. The diurnal range is large with a thermal amplitude that can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) due to the low humidity and the intense sunlight throughout the year. and
1593-694: The annual rainfall as high as 430 millimetres or 17 inches. Although no part of Earth is known for certain to be rainless, in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, the average annual rainfall over 17 years was only 5 millimetres (0.20 in). Some locations in the Sahara Desert such as Kufra , Libya , record an even drier 0.86 mm (0.034 in) of rainfall annually. The official weather station in Death Valley , United States reports 60 mm (2.4 in) annually, but in 40 months between 1931 and 1934
1652-410: The area, the culture is also of great interest. It is strongly influenced by Quechua and Aymara cultures, and the region is quite distinct from the more European Buenos Aires . This influence can be seen in the music , clothing and customs of the people. 26°S 66°W / 26°S 66°W / -26; -66 Arid climate The desert climate or arid climate (in
1711-418: The bodies. According to archaeologist Leticia Cortés, there were many kinds of burial methods, in individual or collective graves, and also in the posture of the bodies. Some were hyperflexed, like squatting, with the shoulders touching the knees. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot and classified as subtropical . Owing to its rugged topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on
1770-435: The central valley of Catamarca (Valle Central de Catamarca) and the valley of La Rioja Capital which lie at lower elevations than other valleys such as Tinogasta . Winters in the valleys of La Rioja province and Catamarca province along with southwest Santiago del Estero province are mild, with a mean temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F). Cold fronts from the south, bringing cold Antarctic air can cause severe frosts in
1829-514: The cities of Salta and Jujuy, they have a temperate climate, with mild temperatures in the summer (a mean of 20 °C (68.0 °F) in Salta, 21 °C (69.8 °F) in Jujuy in January) and extremely dry and cool winters with regular frosts (a mean of 10 °C (50.0 °F) in Salta and 10.5 °C (50.9 °F) in Jujuy in July). The diurnal range in these cities is fairly large, particularly in
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1888-949: The city of Leh in the Great Himalayas in India also have a cold desert climate. In North America, the cold desert climate occurs in the drier parts of the Great Basin Desert and the Bighorn Basin in Big Horn and Washakie County in Wyoming . The Hautes Plaines , located in the northeastern section of Morocco and in Algeria , is another prominent example of a cold desert climate. In Europe , this climate only occurs in some inland parts of southeastern Spain, such as in Lorca . Polar climate desert areas in
1947-598: The coldest month, the mean temperature ranges from 4.8 to 9.6 °C (40.6 to 49.3 °F). The mean annual temperatures in the Calchaqui valleys ranges from 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) in La Poma at the higher elevations to 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) in San Carlos which lies at a lower elevation. In both the Quebrada de Humahuaca and Calchaqui valleys, winters are cold with frosts that can occur between March and September. In
2006-433: The colonial cabildo then still serving as his offices. The cabildo housed not only the governor's offices; but also a courtroom and small jail. The governor commissioned local architect Domingo Selva, whose design was an eclectic form of French baroque , with an Italianate influence. Following the cabildo's demolition two adjoining properties were purchased, and construction on the palace began in 1908. Completed in 1910,
2065-409: The eastern parts have an average annual temperature of 18 to 20 °C (64.4 to 68.0 °F). Summers are hot with mean temperatures averaging between 24 and 26 °C (75.2 and 78.8 °F) while in winter, the mean temperatures are between 10 and 12 °C (50.0 and 53.6 °F). Easternmost parts of the province, which borders the Chaco region are home to the highest and lowest temperatures in
2124-483: The elevation, temperature and distribution of precipitation. Consequentially, the vegetation will differ at these different climate types. In general, the climate can be divided into 2 main types: a cold arid or semi-arid climate at the higher elevations and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region. Under the Köppen climate classification , the region has 5 different climate types which are semi–arid ( BS ), arid ( BW ), temperate climate without
2183-491: The exception of the "Altos Hornos Zapla" steel furnace . Mining includes lithium , lead , silver , zinc and salt , and hydrocarbons extraction. The Argentine Northwest is a popular destination for both domestic and international travelers, attracting neighboring Argentinos and vacationing Europeans alike. Some of the most popular destination are Quebrada de Humahuaca and the Cerro de los Siete Colores , Cafayate and
2242-404: The extreme climatic conditions, the Puna region has a water deficit in all months of the year. Although easterly winds are rare in the Puna region, they bring 88–96% of the precipitation to the area. Snowfall is rare, averaging less than 5 days of snow per year since most of the precipitation falls in the summer in the form of rain. The southeast part of the Puna region is very arid and receives
2301-494: The foot of the Andes. Similarly in Catamarca Province , the mean annual precipitation varies from 150 mm (5.9 in) in the middle of valleys between the Andes mountains to more than 300 mm (12 in) in the nearby mountain ranges which form the valleys. In Jujuy province, precipitation in the dry Quebrada de Humahuaca valley ranges from 200 to 410 mm (7.9 to 16.1 in). A similar annual precipitation
2360-459: The higher elevations is between 12 and 14 °C (53.6 and 57.2 °F) at an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,202.1 ft) above sea level. Within the valleys located between the mountains, temperatures are cooler with a mean annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) (summers average 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) while winters average 9.0 °C (48.2 °F)) in the Tafi valley. The majority of
2419-595: The hot deserts, where the heat potential can be the highest on the planet. This includes the record of 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Death Valley , which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth . Some deserts in the tropics consistently experience very high temperatures all year long, even during wintertime. These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), up to nearly 35 °C (95 °F) in Dallol, Ethiopia . This last feature
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2478-444: The hottest, the driest, and the sunniest places on Earth because of nearly constant high pressure; the almost permanent removal of low-pressure systems, dynamic fronts, and atmospheric disturbances; sinking air motion; dry atmosphere near the surface and aloft; the exacerbated exposure to the sun where solar angles are always high makes this desert inhospitable to most species. Cold desert climates ( BWk ) usually feature hot (or warm in
2537-524: The lowest annual precipitation in the region, averaging 50 mm (2.0 in). In the northeast part of the Puna region in Jujuy Province , mean annual precipitation ranges from 300 to 400 mm (12 to 16 in). Due to the aridity of these mountains at high elevations, the snowline can extend as far up as 6,000 m above sea level. The El Niño Southern Oscillation influences precipitation levels in northwest Argentina. During an El Niño year,
2596-418: The mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 16 °C (60.8 °F) and −4 °C (24.8 °F) respectively with frosts that can occur in any month as night temperatures can regularly fall below freezing. Absolute maximum temperatures in the Puna region can reach up to 30 °C (86.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can fall below −20 °C (−4.0 °F). In Tucumán Province ,
2655-402: The mountains can receive between 1,000 and 1,500 mm (39 and 59 in) of precipitation a year although some places can receive 2,500 mm (98 in) of precipitation per year owing to orographic precipitation . In the south, the orographic effect is enhanced by advancing cold fronts from the south, resulting in enhanced precipitation. The high rainfall on these first slopes creates
2714-526: The new government palace was inaugurated on July 9, 1912, in a ceremony led by the Governor, Dr. José Frías Silva, and the President of Argentina, Roque Sáenz Peña . Facing Plaza Independencia , the city's central square, the building remains one of the most architecturally significant in the region. Its grandiose exterior is matched by an ornate interior, which is probably best known for its salón blanco ("white room"). Used historically for official ceremonies,
2773-405: The population—and thus economic activity—of this region is concentrated in the many fertile valleys. In these valleys, the cultivation of sugarcane , tobacco , and citrus is the most important activity, along with cattle and goat raising. Important vineyards are also found in the Valles Calchaquíes in the Cafayate region. Thus most economic activity is associated with agriculture, with
2832-434: The province where absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can reach close to −7 °C (19.4 °F) owing to the accumulation of cold air that descends from the mountains. At higher elevations, the climate is cooler with summer temperatures averaging 20 °C (68.0 °F) and winter temperatures averaging 10 °C (50.0 °F). The annual temperature in
2891-570: The region during the summer months, leading to low pressure, and unstable air masses due to the relatively high land temperatures compared to the sea during this season. This leads to enhanced precipitation in the form of convective thunderstorms during the summer months. During the winter months, the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves northwards to Ecuador while both the South Pacific and South Atlantic high move northwards, and
2950-399: The region, particularly in the northern parts. The movement of moist air into the region during the summer results in very high precipitation. Most of the moisture comes from the east since the Andes block any moisture from the Pacific Ocean. Cold fronts that travel northwards to the region can produce precipitation during the summer months and is more prominent in the southern parts of
3009-466: The region. For example, in Tucumán Province , these cold fronts are responsible for 70% of the rainfall in that province. In contrast, during the winter months, the Chaco low attracts air masses from the South Pacific high, creating a dry and cold wind. This effect is more prominent in the winter months, when the intensity of the cold is more stronger. The Intertropical Convergence Zone reaches
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#17328514518253068-566: The valleys in the south in La Rioja province and Catamarca province along with the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province which is part of the arid Chaco ecoregion, the climate is mild year long in terms of temperature. Temperatures during the summer are very high, with a mean temperature of 26 °C (78.8 °F) in January, the warmest month. Temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) on an average of 20–25 days and can occasionally exceed 45 °C (113.0 °F), particularly in
3127-472: The valleys of La Rioja province and Catamarca province. Temperatures can fall between −8 and −14 °C (17.6 and 6.8 °F) during these cold fronts. In contrast, the Zonda wind , which occurs more during the winter months can affect these valleys in La Rioja province and Catamarca province can raise temperatures up to 35 °C (95.0 °F) with strong gusts, causing possible crop damage. Further west, in
3186-550: The warmest month in the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley range from 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) in Humahuaca at the higher elevations to 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in Volcan at the lower elevations; in the coldest month, the mean temperature ranges from 7.1 to 8.1 °C (44.8 to 46.6 °F). The mean annual temperatures in the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley ranges from 12.0 to 14.1 °C (53.6 to 57.4 °F), depending on elevation. In
3245-721: The west and drier regions in eastern parts of the valleys through orographic precipitation. In the temperate valleys, which include major cities such as Salta and Jujuy, average precipitation ranges from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 39 in). For example, in the Lerma Valley which is surrounded by tall mountains (only the northeastern part of the valley is surrounded by shorter mountains), precipitation ranges from 695 mm (27.4 in) in Salta to 1,395 mm (54.9 in) in San Lorenzo, just 11 km (6.8 mi) away. Rainfall in
3304-423: The westerly flow is strengthened while moisture content from the east is reduced, resulting in a drier rainy season. In contrast, during a La Niña year, there is enhanced easterly moisture transport, resulting in a more intense rainy season. Nonetheless, this trend is highly variable both spatially and temporally. Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary with elevation. In the temperate valleys which includes
3363-521: The white room features spiderweb chandeliers and ceiling panels decorated by the Spanish artist, Julio Vila y Prades (recently restored by local sculptor Santos Legname). The remains of one of Tucumán's most distinguished sons, Juan Bautista Alberdi , were transferred from their La Recoleta Cemetery resting place (in Buenos Aires ) and returned to the province on August 28, 1991, when they were placed in
3422-476: The winter months, leading to snowstorms. Precipitation in the region is highly seasonal and is mostly concentrated in the summer months, during which precipitation decreases from east to west. Precipitation is distributed irregularly owing to relief. As moist air reaches the eastern slopes of the mountains, this moist air raises up vertically, cooling adiabatically , leading to the formation of clouds which generate copious amounts of rain. The eastern slopes of
3481-465: The winter. In the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley in Jujuy province, north of Jujuy city, the diurnal range is large with a thermal amplitude between 16 and 20 °C (28.8 and 36.0 °F). A major reason for the large thermal amplitude is that during the day, there is intense radiation from the sun, causing the land to heat up while during the night, there is less radiation, causing the land to cool and temperatures to fall down. Mean temperatures in
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