Trumpkin is a fictional character in C. S. Lewis' fantasy novel series The Chronicles of Narnia . Trumpkin is an intensely practical and skeptical dwarf who lives during the reigns of King Miraz and King Caspian X . He is a major character in Prince Caspian , briefly mentioned in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , and is a minor character in The Silver Chair .
126-479: Trumpkin the dwarf is first introduced in the second published book of The Chronicles of Narnia , Prince Caspian . When he enters the story, he is one of the "Old Narnian" underground, a network of dwarves, fauns, centaurs , talking beasts and others who are hiding and surviving in inaccessible wooded and mountainous country, to escape harassment from the Telmarine usurpers of Narnia. Miraz, 'Lord Protector of Narnia',
252-558: A bookshop assistant. Baynes signed a contract with Lewis's publisher, Geoffrey Bles , in 1949, and delivered drawings, a coloured frontispiece and a cover design for the book the following year. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was published in 1950. At Lewis's request, Baynes went on to illustrate all six of the book's sequels – Prince Caspian : the Return to Narnia (1951), The Voyage of
378-578: A century later, in The Silver Chair , Trumpkin is a very elderly, deaf dwarf who is again running the country while an elderly Caspian is away on his ship to "see again the places of his youth", although many believe that he had set out to seek Aslan to find out who could be the next King of Narnia after him, as his only son Rilian had disappeared 10 years before - not knowing that Eustace and his friend Jill Pole would be arriving in Narnia to rescue and deliver
504-482: A century, Baynes's verdict on her momentous trip through the back of a wardrobe was down to earth. "I just thought of it as work." In their In Memoriam for Baynes in the Mythlore Inklings journal, Hammond and Scull stated that by her hand, the invented worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis first came visually to life. Some readers, indeed, have said that for them, her pictures were Middle-earth, they were
630-450: A child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled "Susan of Narnia" so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited, C. S. Lewis replied: "I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me. There's no use just asking me to write more. When stories come into my mind I have to write them, and when they don't I can't!…" Lucy is the youngest of
756-521: A children's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript: This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with
882-485: A convent school, where the nuns who taught her mocked her fantastical imagination, her homemade clothes and her ability to speak Hindi. Her unhappiness over their bullying was slightly mitigated when she learned that Rudyard Kipling , whom she admired, had experienced something similar. When she was nine, she was sent to Beaufort School, an independent girls' boarding establishment, in Camberley . Her favourite subject there
1008-460: A de luxe, boxed, single-volume anthology of several of Tolkien's shorter works. The book featured new illustrations by Baynes for the short story Leaf by Niggle , the verse drama The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son , Farmer Giles of Ham , The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Smith of Wootton Major . It also included all of Baynes's original illustrations for the latter three titles, some revised with grey and orange tinting. Baynes used
1134-411: A dragon for a while. His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been, and his subsequent improved character is rewarded when Aslan changes him back into a boy. In the later books, Eustace comes across as a much nicer person, although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative. Nonetheless, he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing
1260-557: A fan that he thought she may eventually believe again: "The books don't tell us what happened to Susan … But there is plenty of time for her to mend, and perhaps she will get to Aslan's country in the end—in her own way." Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , he kills Maugrim, a talking wolf, to save Susan, and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch. Aslan names him High King , and he
1386-651: A first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe than she had been paid for illustrating it. Baynes contributed to Narnia spinoffs. Brian Sibley 's The Land of Narnia , including many new paintings and drawings, appeared in 1989. In 1994, James Riordan's A Book of Narnians provided a portrait gallery of Narnia's dramatis personae . Among others of Baynes's Lewisiana were Douglas Gresham's The Official Narnia Cookbook , The Magical Land of Narnia Puzzle Book , Sibley and Alison Sage's A Treasury of Narnians , The Narnia Trivia Book , The Wisdom of Narnia and Narnia Chronology . The illustrations of which Baynes
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#17330852669731512-456: A friend at this time included a sketch that he passed on to Frank Whittaker, an employee of Country Life . Her friend's kindness resulted in commissions from the magazine to illustrate three books of fairy stories by Victoria Stevenson. In 1948, after briefly teaching at Beaufort, Baynes sought to develop her career by writing a book of her own – Victoria and the Golden Bird , a fantasy about
1638-444: A girl's magical visits to far-off countries – and by trying to secure work from a major London publisher. She sent Allen & Unwin a suite of comic reinterpretations of marginalia from the mediaeval Luttrell Psalter . J. R. R. Tolkien , author of Allen & Unwin's children's book The Hobbit , had recently offered the firm a mock-medieval comic novella called Farmer Giles of Ham . They had commissioned illustrations for
1764-505: A hodge-podge force of Old Narnians to mount a resistance to his Uncle Miraz's rule and to challenge the broader repression of Old Narnia. When the underground's army is being badly beaten in a siege on Aslan's How - a sacred mound which now covers the Stone Table - Caspian sounds Queen Susan's magical horn, with hope that it will bring magical help. Trumpkin is sent to the ruins of Cair Paravel to meet any help, should it arrive there. At
1890-489: A house close to Baynes's own near Farnham in southwest Surrey. Long estranged, they maintained a pretence of marriage, but lived lives that were essentially separate. A mistress with whom Baynes's father had established a relationship in India followed him to Surrey and set up home nearby. Baynes looked after both her parents loyally, even when the burden of caring for them became so great that she could do her illustrating only in
2016-465: A kind of relation of Mother's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country. In "It All Began with a Picture" C. S. Lewis continues: At first, I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he
2142-631: A lunch party at Magdalen College in 1949 and at the Charing Cross Hotel in London in 1951. He found her "good and beautiful and sensitive". In his letters to Baynes, he praised her effusively. Her drawings were "really excellent" with a "wealth of vigorous detail". She did "each book a little bit better than the last". When she congratulated him on winning the Carnegie literary award for The Last Battle , he replied "is it not really 'our' Medal? I'm sure
2268-545: A map of his Middle-earth. Tolkien supplied her with copies of the several, variously scaled graph paper charts that he had made in the course of writing The Lord of the Rings , and annotated her copy of the map that his son Christopher had produced for The Fellowship of the Ring in 1954. Her working Fellowship map, scribbled over with new place names and some barely legible notes on latitudes, ships, trees, horses, elephants and camels,
2394-437: A nineteenth-century narrative poem), How Dog Began (a Kiplingesque fable dedicated to eleven of her own pets) and Questionable Creatures (a pseudo-mediaeval, cryptozoological fantasia that only found an American publisher when Baynes agreed to paint out a mermaid's breasts). But most of Baynes's books were the fruit of her abiding interest in religion. Good King Wenceslas celebrated the famous Christmas carol; The Song of
2520-614: A one-volume paperback edition of The Lord of the Rings in 1968 and a three-volume Unwin Paperbacks version in 1981. Baynes also created an image of Aragorn's standard that was used to promote The Return of the King in a newspaper advertisement in October 1955. In 1967 Baynes illustrated the last piece of Tolkien's fiction to be published in his lifetime, his allegorical short story Smith of Wootton Major . Ballantine 's American edition of
2646-401: A prequel and presents Narnia's origin story : how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings given to them by Digory's uncle. In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis, and another world turns out to be the beginnings of the Narnian world (where Jadis later becomes
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#17330852669732772-468: A scene that Tolkien described in the closing pages of The Lord of the Rings : Sam , Merry and Pippin stand at the Grey Havens, watching an elvish ship carrying Frodo , Bilbo , Elrond , Galadriel and Gandalf away from Middle-earth to the land of Aman . In 1990, the poem was reissued as a book with three parallel sequences of Baynes's paintings: one illustrating Bilbo's journey from Rivendell to
2898-508: A special edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe with seventeen new paintings, and in 1998 they commemorated the centenary of Lewis's birth by reissuing the complete Chronicles with all Baynes's line illustrations tinted by her in watercolour. In 2000, HarperCollins published a 50th anniversary edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe including all Baynes's illustrations and her 1968 colour poster map of Narnia. Lewis met Baynes only three times – at his publisher's office, at
3024-511: A visionary as well as a warrior, and ultimately his willing self-exile to Aslan's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords, thus achieving the final goal of the quest. Lewis identified Reepicheep as "specially" exemplifying the latter book's theme of "the spiritual life". Reepicheep makes one final cameo appearance at the end of The Last Battle , in Aslan's Country. Puddleglum
3150-510: A visit to a zoo. He noted that a knight was wearing his shield on his right arm instead of his left. "What", he asked I. O. Evans, "is one to do with illustrators – especially if, like, mine, they are timid, shrinking young women who, when criticized, look as if you'd pulled their hair or given them a black eye? My resolution was exhausted by the time I'd convinced her that rowers face aft not (as she thinks) forward." Lewis told his friend Dorothy L. Sayers that "The main trouble about Pauline B.
3276-624: A wardrobe." Baynes became a friend of the Tolkien scholars Wayne G. Hammond , David Henshaw, Christina Scull and Brian Sibley. Baynes was also close to Tolkien, whose Christianity she approved of as "more rooted and unobtrusive" than Lewis's. After Tolkien and his wife had retired to Bournemouth , Baynes and Gasch used to visit them and join them for holidays. Baynes died in Dockenfield on 1 August 2008, leaving behind unpublished illustrations for The Quran , Aesop's Fables and Sibley's Osric
3402-405: A wish which HarperCollins eventually granted when the book was reprinted in a pocket edition in 2014. In 1961 Puffin used a painting by Baynes for the cover of a paperback edition of The Hobbit . Three years later, Allen & Unwin published The Lord of the Rings in a three-volume deluxe hardback edition for which they asked Baynes to design a slipcase. Never having read the story, Baynes
3528-421: Is ... her total ignorance of animal anatomy. In the v. last book she has at last learned how to draw a horse. I have always had serious reservations about her ... But she had merits (her botanical forms are lovely), she needed the work (old mother to support, I think), and worst of all she is such a timid creature, so 'easily put down' that criticism cd. only be hinted ... At any real reprimand she'd have thrown up
3654-407: Is Lewis's best-selling work, having sold 120 million copies in 47 languages. The series has been adapted for radio, television, the stage, film and video games. Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 (the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914), he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch and
3780-524: Is Shasta's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy . A Talking Horse of Narnia, he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured. He first appears as a Calormene nobleman's war-horse; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, Bree organises and carries out their joint escape. Though friendly, he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story. Pauline Baynes Pauline Diana Baynes (9 September 1922 – 1 August 2008)
3906-521: Is a second, small Baynes archive at the University of Oregon . Sibley, writing in The Independent , summed up the style of his friend thus: The hallmarks of her work were a talent for lively, imaginative designs; the ability to create a sense of energy and animation; a confident fluidity of line; a bold use of vibrant, gem-like colours and the subtle employment of negative space. Baynes's standing in
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4032-483: Is a series of seven portal fantasy novels by British author C. S. Lewis . Illustrated by Pauline Baynes and originally published between 1950 and 1956, the series is set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts and talking animals. It narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the Narnian world. Except in The Horse and His Boy ,
4158-699: Is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporal and spiritual) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit, as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which he may have appeared in an alternative reality. In his book Miracles , C.S. Lewis argues that the possible existence of other worlds with other sentient life-forms should not deter or detract from being Christian : [The universe] may be full of lives that have been redeemed in modes suitable to their condition, of which we can form no conception. It may be full of lives that have been redeemed in
4284-618: Is away at sea, and he appears briefly in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in The Silver Chair . Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in Prince Caspian . Utterly fearless, infallibly courteous, and obsessed with honour, he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , his role is greatly expanded; he becomes
4410-528: Is known as Peter the Magnificent. In Prince Caspian , he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian's throne. In The Last Battle , it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time. Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies, and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House. He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully, but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into
4536-498: Is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician's Nephew . Other similar textual examples are also cited. Doris Meyer, author of C. S. Lewis in Context and Bareface: A Guide to C.S. Lewis's Last Novel , writes that rearranging the stories chronologically "lessens the impact of the individual stories" and "obscures the literary structures as a whole". Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and
4662-418: Is only the latest in a dynasty of rulers of a people who have systematically repressed "Old Narnia" over several centuries, although he himself has murdered his own brother Caspian IX in order to entrench this repression further. It is so long that Aslan has appeared in Narnia, that practical persons such as Trumpkin find the notion of putting faith in a mythical talking lion, white magic, or the "fairy tale" of
4788-485: Is only when they approach this sacred place, that Aslan finally reveals himself to Trumpkin face-to-face in an overwhelming way, and thus comes Trumpkin's moment of truth and his embracement of faith - whether he likes it or not. After the war, King Caspian names him Lord Regent of Narnia. He does not appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , but is mentioned as the one who is ruling the country during Caspian's voyage. Half
4914-622: Is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds . As an adult in The Horse and His Boy , she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard. Although a minor character in The Last Battle , much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view. Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in The Lion,
5040-502: Is the next-door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke. She is tricked by a wicked magician (who is Digory's uncle) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded. The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back. This sets up the pair's adventures into other worlds, and they witness
5166-508: The Kate Greenaway Medal . Late in her life she began to write and illustrate her own books, with animal or Biblical themes. Baynes was born on 9 September 1922 at 67 Brunswick Place, Hove , East Sussex , England. Her father was Frederick William Wilberforce Baynes (1887–1967) and her mother was Jessie Harriet Maude Baynes, née Cunningham ( c. 1888–1958 ). Her only sibling was her elder sister, Angela Mary Baynes. While she
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5292-598: The Undying Lands , one showing Bilbo in various states of repose, and one depicting the events narrated in The Hobbit . Some of the illustrations were omitted when the book was reissued by other publishers twelve years later. In 1978 Baynes painted a cover for a paperback edition of Tolkien's translations of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl and Sir Orfeo . In 1980 Allen & Unwin published Poems and Stories ,
5418-606: The White Witch ). The story is set in 1900, when Digory was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later. Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Approximately two hundred Narnia years after the events of The Silver Chair , Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from
5544-678: The Women's Voluntary Service . The WVS sent them to the Camouflage Development Training Centre that the Royal Engineers had set up in Farnham Castle , where the sisters were put to work making models to be used as teaching aids. One of their colleagues at the centre was Powell Perry, whose family owned a company that published picture books for children. It was Perry who gave Baynes her first professional commissions. Among
5670-697: The Arts in C. S. Lewis: Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds , and in Reading with the Heart: The Way into Narnia he writes: Aslan, the Great Lion, is the titular lion of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the King of Beasts, son of the Emperor-Over-the-Sea . He
5796-687: The Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia, simply because he liked the sound of it. Narnia – or ' Narni ' in Italian ;– is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . The Chronicles of Narnia's seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956, selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . The first five books were originally published in
5922-444: The Dawn Treader (1952), The Silver Chair (1953), The Horse and His Boy (1954), The Magician's Nephew (1955) and The Last Battle (1956). Too unworldly to negotiate the royalties deal that would have made her a multi-millionaire, Baynes sold her work to Lewis's publishers for a flat fee of just £100 per book. Lewis commented that her work had done much to make the Narnia books popular and she became increasingly linked to
6048-432: The Dawn Treader ), and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy. Although introduced in the series as children, the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia. They go back to being children once they get back to their own world, but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnian reign. All four appear in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian ; in
6174-401: The Dawn Treader , Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole . They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian's son Rilian , who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother's death. Fifty years have passed in Narnia since the events from The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ; Eustace is still a child, but Caspian, barely an adult in
6300-512: The English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three school girls named Margaret, Mary and Katherine came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis's home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began
6426-578: The Extraordinary Owl : this last was printed thirteen years later. She bequeathed her archive of several hundred drawings and paintings, her library of more than two thousand books, and her intellectual property rights to the Oxford Programme of Williams College , Williamstown , Massachusetts , with a request that her collection should be housed in the college's Chapin Library of Rare Books. There
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#17330852669736552-703: The Good Shepherd in her home village of Dockenfield has a pair of Baynes's stained glass windows. For the Plymouth Congregational Church in Minneapolis , Baynes designed the world's largest pieces of crewel embroidery . In Baynes's later years commissions could be hard to come by - there were days when fan mail and a rejection letter would arrive in the same post. Baynes used her fallow periods to put together some books of her own. Several came from her delight in animals – The Elephant's Ball (based on
6678-500: The Just. In Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , he supports Lucy; in The Horse and His Boy , he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and, later, the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again. She is named Queen Susan the Gentle. In Prince Caspian , however, she is the last of
6804-468: The Marsh-wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair . Though always comically pessimistic, he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene. Shasta, later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy . Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland, and elder twin of Prince Corin, Cor
6930-522: The North Downs. Their only child, a son, was stillborn. After retiring from work as a contract gardener, Gasch died on 28 October 1988 at the age of sixty-nine. Two years after her husband died Baynes was contacted by Karin Gasch (born 1942), a daughter of Gasch's by an earlier marriage. Baynes took on the role of a Gasch family member. "It was", she said, "like something magical coming back at me through
7056-796: The Perry Colour Books to which she contributed were Question Mark , Wild Flower Rhymes and a novelization of the libretto of Mozart 's opera The Magic Flute . From 1942 until the end of the war, the Baynes sisters worked in the Admiralty Hydrographic Department in Bath , making maps and marine charts for the Royal Navy . This experience stood Baynes in good stead in later life, when she created maps of C. S. Lewis's Narnia and J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth . A letter that she wrote to
7182-614: The Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe. In The Magician's Nephew , the young Digory, thanks to his uncle's magical experimentation, inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly created world of Narnia; to rectify his mistake, Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother. He returns in The Last Battle . Polly Plummer appears in The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle . She
7308-608: The Rings , and for her poster map with inset illustrations, A Map of Middle-earth . She illustrated all seven volumes of C. S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia , from the first book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe . Gaining a reputation as the "Narnia artist", she illustratred spinoffs like Brian Sibley 's The Land of Narnia . In addition to work for other authors, including illustrating Roger Lancelyn Green 's The Tales of Troy and Iona and Peter Opie 's books of nursery rhymes, Baynes created some 600 illustrations for Grant Uden's A Dictionary of Chivalry , for which she won
7434-644: The Teeth of Mordor, the Argonath , Barad-dûr and, especially, Minas Morgul were very similar to his own, although he was less happy with her images of his heroes and their enemies. A companion map for The Hobbit , entitled There and Back Again: a Map of Bilbo's Journey Through Eriador and Rhovanion , was published by Allen & Unwin in 1971. Both maps became famous. In 1974, a year after Tolkien's death, Allen & Unwin published his poem Bilbo's Last Song as Baynes's third and final Tolkien poster. Her painting showed
7560-696: The Three Holy Children illustrated an apocryphal passage from the Book of Daniel ; Noah and the Ark and In the Beginning were drawn from the Book of Genesis ; Thanks Be to God was an international anthology of prayers; How excellent is thy name! illustrated Psalm 8 ; and I Believe illustrated the Nicene Creed . When Baynes's father retired he left India and returned to England, settling with Baynes's mother in
7686-572: The United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , were already complete, they were not released immediately at that time, but instead appeared (along with The Silver Chair ) one at a time in each of the subsequent years (1951–1954). The last two books ( The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle ) were published in
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#17330852669737812-571: The United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956. In the United States, the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers, while at the same time Scholastic, Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order, book clubs, and book fairs. HarperCollins also published several one-volume collected editions containing
7938-509: The United States to an English PoW camp. Once the war had ended he had decided to adopt England as his home. A whirlwind courtship culminated in Baynes's and Gasch's marrying on 18 March 1961. "Meeting Fritz", Baynes said, "was the best thing that ever happened to me; he was a splendid man and a wonderful husband who was completely tolerant of his wife's obsession to draw!" The Gasches lived in Rock Barn Cottage, Heath Hill, Dockenfield, in
8064-470: The Wardrobe until 1949. The Magician's Nephew , the penultimate book to be published, but the last to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation. The original illustrator, Pauline Baynes, created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in
8190-466: The Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy, written in Latin as Narnia . Green wrote: When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word 'Narnia', Lewis showed him Murray's Small Classical Atlas , ed. G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr [William T.] Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham [1914–1917]. On plate 8 of
8316-469: The Witch and the Wardrobe , completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , Londoners who were evacuated to the English countryside following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke 's house that leads to
8442-491: The Witch and the Wardrobe . The protagonists, a young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree , both begin in bondage in the country of Calormen . By "chance", they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin , who are also fleeing to Narnia. Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955, The Magician's Nephew serves as
8568-416: The Witch, and the Wardrobe , where he falls under the White Witch's spell from eating the Turkish delight she gives him. Instantiating the book's Christian theme of betrayal, repentance, and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice, he betrays his siblings to the White Witch, but quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions, and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan's life. He is named King Edmund
8694-441: The anonymous illuminators of mediaeval manuscripts , she became certain that she had a vocation to follow in their footsteps. She was not a diligent student, spending time on "coffee and parties", and she left the Slade without a qualification. She did, however, achieve the distinction, one shared with her sister, of exhibiting at the Royal Academy of Arts , in 1939. In 1940, a year into World War II , both Baynes sisters joined
8820-413: The ape Shift , who tricks Puzzle the donkey into impersonating the lion Aslan, thereby precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia as it is known throughout the series, but allows Aslan to lead the characters to the "true" Narnia. Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read. The issue revolves around
8946-501: The book was issued with an alternative Baynes cover. Yet another cover appeared when the book was reissued in the United Kingdom in 1975 in a second edition that was uniform with The Adventures of Tom Bombadil . Her illustrations were also used in an edition published in 2005 that was edited by Verlyn Flieger and included additional material written by scholars of Tolkien's work. In 1969, while waiting for Tolkien to finish The Silmarillion , Allen & Unwin commissioned Baynes to paint
9072-399: The book's poems was The Hoard ; only much later did she learn that her illustration for that particular poem had disappointed him – she had drawn a dragon facing away from the mouth of its cave and a knight without either a shield or a helmet, which he had thought looked implausible. He would also have preferred Tom Bombadil to have been shown on the front of the book rather than on the back,
9198-476: The creation of Narnia as described in The Magician's Nephew . She appears at the end of The Last Battle . Tumnus the Faun , called "Mr Tumnus" by Lucy, is featured prominently in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle . He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series; he invites her to his home with
9324-414: The editions published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle , the final book in the saga. The series was first referred to as The Chronicles of Narnia by fellow children's author Roger Lancelyn Green in March 1951, after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia . Lewis described
9450-503: The end is resurrected in Aslan's Country. Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian ; he is one of Caspian's rescuers and a leading figure in the "Old Narnian" rebellion, and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he
9576-583: The face of grief and old age has hardened into conservative obfuscation. Trumpkin outlives Caspian and proclaims Rilian, the son of Caspian, as King of Narnia shortly after he returns from Underland where the Lady of the Green Kirtle has been holding him captive. Trumpkin is known for using alliterative exclamations such as "Tubs and tortoise-shells!", "Beards and bedsteads!", and "Crows and crockery!" The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia
9702-742: The foundation of her mature technique. At nineteen, again like her sister, she won a place at the Slade School of Fine Art , just as it left its usual premises on the Gower Street campus of University College London to begin a period of wartime cohabitation with the Ruskin School of Drawing in Oxford University . Studying the work of the illustrators Gustave Doré , Edmund Dulac , Arthur Rackham , Ernest Shepard , R. S. Sherriffs, Rex Whistler , Jacques-Marie-Gaston Onfroy de Bréville ("Job") and
9828-478: The four Pevensie siblings. Of all the Pevensie children, Lucy is the closest to Aslan, and of all the human characters who visit Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most. In The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe , she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe, and (with Susan) witnesses Aslan's execution and resurrection. She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant. In Prince Caspian , she
9954-406: The four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them. As an adult queen in The Horse and His Boy , she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen, but refuses his marriage proposal, and his angry response leads the story to its climax. In The Last Battle , she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game, though Lewis mentioned in a letter to
10080-537: The full text of the series. As noted below (see Reading order ), the first American publisher, Macmillan, numbered the books in publication sequence, whereas HarperCollins, at the suggestion of Lewis's stepson, opted to use the series' internal chronological order when they won the rights to it in 1994. Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of HarperCollins. The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date: The Lion,
10206-447: The heir to the Narnian throne. Glimfeather the owl brings Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole to Trumpkin, who gives them lodging in the castle of Cair Paravel , but puts no effort into listening to their pleas or getting others to do so. Indeed, as others have been lost in the quest for Caspian's lost son, he is also unlikely to provide them with any assistance, regardless of any accompanying message from Aslan. His healthy skepticism in
10332-570: The illustrations were taken into consideration as well as the text." Sometimes, though, he was frank about her technical limitations. "If only you cd. take 6 months off and devote them to anatomy, there's no limit to your possibilities", he wrote. According to Lewis, she had " Magna virtutes nec minora vitia " – great virtues, but vices no less great. He felt that the faces of her children were often "empty, expressionless and too alike", and that she couldn't draw lions. Indeed, "In quadrupeds claudicat " (she limps); he wrote that she would profit from
10458-419: The intention of betraying her to Jadis, but quickly repents and befriends her. In The Horse and His Boy , he devises the Narnian delegation's plan of escape from Calormen. He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of The Last Battle . Lewis's initial inspiration for the entire series was a mental image of a faun in a snowy wood; Tumnus is that faun. Caspian is first introduced in the book titled after him, as
10584-404: The internal chronological order. When HarperCollins took over the series rights in 1994, they adopted the internal chronological order. To make the case for the internal chronological order, Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order: In the 2005 HarperCollins adult editions of the books,
10710-689: The job, not in a huff but in sheer, downright, unresenting, pusillanimous dejection. She is quite a good artist on a certain formal-fantastic level (did Tolkien's Farmer Giles far better than my books) but has no interest in matter – how boats are rowed, or bows shot with, or feet planted, or fists clenched. Arabesque [decoration] is really her vocation." Sayers in turn was scathing about Baynes's work. Lewis made little impression on Baynes in their meetings. They corresponded little; she found him "kindly and tolerant", charming and polite. In 1962, she sent him an aptly Narnian Christmas present; he replied that he appreciated her "enduring White Witch even more than
10836-469: The latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return, as they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy, and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy —Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , where Aslan tells them, too, that they are getting too old. Peter, Edmund, and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan's Country in The Last Battle ; Susan does not. Asked by
10962-416: The lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch. He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . Jill Pole is a schoolmate of Eustace Scrubb. She appears in The Silver Chair , where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action, and returns in The Last Battle . In The Silver Chair , Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world, where Aslan gives her
11088-505: The magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books. Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells
11214-444: The opportunity provided by revisiting Tom Bombadil to rework her illustration for The Hoard to make its dragon and knight look the way Tolkien had wanted them to. In 1999, half a century after her collaboration with Tolkien had begun, Baynes returned to Farmer Giles of Ham once again to add a map of the story's Little Kingdom. The book was published with the revised cover that Baynes had painted for its second edition in 1976. It
11340-436: The origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled "It All Began with a Picture": The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself: "Let's try to make a story about it." Shortly before the start of World War II, many children were evacuated to
11466-1058: The other books in her bibliography are works by Richard Adams , Hans Christian Andersen , Enid Blyton , Rumer Godden , Roger Lancelyn Green , Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , Rudyard Kipling, George MacDonald , Mary Norton , her friends Iona and Peter Opie , Beatrix Potter , Arthur Ransome , Alison Uttley and Amabel Williams-Ellis . Several of her commissions were the result of the bond that she formed with Puffin Books' Kaye Webb . Baynes contributed artwork to many magazines, including Holly Leaves , Lilliput , Puffin Post , The Sphere , The Tatler and The Illustrated London News ; she had been introduced to The Illustrated London News by another of its artists, her friend and mentor Ernest Shepard. Stationery companies commissioned her to design Christmas cards – some of which are still reproduced decades after she painted them – and Huntley and Palmers employed her to advertise their biscuits. The Church of
11592-544: The pantheon of children's book illustrators is high, her drawings and paintings changing hands for thousands of pounds sterling . Most of the art that she created for Tolkien's and Lewis's books has remained continuously in print ever since it was first published. As of 1998, the Narnia stories alone had sold more than one hundred million copies. Baynes's paintings of Narnia have gained still wider currency through their use in featurettes in-home media releases of Hollywood's Chronicles of Narnia movies. Looking back after half
11718-500: The placement of The Magician's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others. The reading order of the other five books is not disputed. When first published, the books were not numbered. The first American publisher, Macmillan, enumerated them according to their original publication order, while some early British editions specified
11844-405: The previous book, is now an old man. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle, face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian. Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950, The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion,
11970-517: The protagonists are all children from the real world who are magically transported to Narnia, where they are sometimes called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . The Chronicles of Narnia is considered a classic of children's literature and
12096-410: The publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page: Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view, and continues, "most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis's deepest intentions". Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis
12222-421: The ruins he meets the ancient kings and queens Peter , Edmund , Susan , and Lucy . Despite the success of the horn's call, Trumpkin is true-to-character, singularly unimpressed with the results; four children, when the best he would have imagined are four powerful adult warriors and strategists. He supports them on their journey and helps guide them to Aslan's How, the military base of the underground. However it
12348-421: The series and known as the "Narnia artist", a title she retained for much of her career. Baynes revisited The Chronicles of Narnia several times. When the books were issued as Puffin paperbacks between 1959 and 1965, Baynes created new covers for them, and slipcase artwork. In the 1970s, she created a third set of covers for hardback editions by The Bodley Head and Collins . In 1991, HarperCollins published
12474-459: The ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne. This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the edge of the world. Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953, The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children, focusing instead on Eustace. Several months after The Voyage of
12600-606: The small hours of the night. In 1961, after many "interesting and highly enjoyable" but evanescent love affairs, Baynes answered a knock on her door from an itinerant dog's meat salesman. He was Friedrich Otto Gasch, usually known as Fritz. Born on 21 September 1919 in Auerswalde, Saxony , Germany , Gasch had served in Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps during the Second World War, had been taken prisoner and had then been sent via
12726-688: The story from Milein Cosman , which Tolkien had disliked. On 5 August 1948, he complained to Ronald Eames, the publisher's art director, that they were "wholly out of keeping with the style or manner of the text". Five days later, Eames wrote to Baynes requesting specimen drawings for "an adult fairy story (complete with dragon and giant!)" that would require "some historical and topographical (Oxford and Wales) realism". Baynes reassured Eames that she knew Oxford from having sketched there, and knew Wales from having picked Welsh potatoes. Visiting Allen & Unwin's offices to see what Baynes had produced for him, Tolkien
12852-458: The story he marries Aravis and becomes King of Archenland. Aravis, daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, is a character in The Horse and His Boy . Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta, she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash, crown prince of Calormen, to invade Archenland. She later marries Shasta, now known as Prince Cor, and becomes queen of Archenland at his side. Bree (Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah)
12978-415: The story of the Pevensie children's second trip to Narnia, a year (on Earth) after their first. They are drawn back by the power of Susan's horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need. Narnia as they knew it is no more, as 1,300 years have passed, their castle is in ruins, and all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into
13104-437: The task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian's lost son. In The Last Battle , she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill-fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes. Digory Kirke is the nephew referred to in the title of The Magician's Nephew . He first appears as a minor character in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , known only as "The Professor", who hosts
13230-471: The transitory joys of the Turkish Delight ." Much later, she learnt from a 1988 biography of Lewis that he had complained about her behind her back. "One doesn't need to have liked him to admire him", she told her confidante Charlotte Cory. "He never became a friend." Baynes's feelings about Lewis's books were conflicted too. She thought his stories "marvellous", but, even though she was a Christian, she
13356-490: The two kings and two queens from Narnia's Golden Age completely ridiculous. Nevertheless, he like many others are exhausted and sick at heart at not being able to live freely in their own lands. Therefore, when the opportunity presents itself to succour, befriend, harbour and mentor the young runaway Caspian X, the actual heir to the throne and one who desires to embrace Old Narnians, Trumpkin recognizes an opportunity too good to miss. He and his allies support Caspian in rousing
13482-418: The very same mode as our own. It may be full of things quite other than life in which God is interested though we are not. The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia . Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are introduced in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (although their surname is not revealed until The Voyage of
13608-493: The woods to escape his uncle, Miraz , who has usurped the throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia. Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia, three Narnian years (and one Earth year) after their last departure. Once there, they join Caspian's voyage on
13734-412: The word "Narnia" appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader. Moreover, they say, it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first. When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe , for example, the narrator says that "None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do" — which
13860-520: The young nephew and heir of King Miraz. Fleeing potential assassination by his uncle, he becomes leader of the Old Narnian rebellion against the Telmarine occupation. With the help of the Pevensies, he defeats Miraz's army and becomes King Caspian X of Narnia. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , he leads an expedition out into the eastern ocean to find Seven Lords , whom Miraz had exiled, and ultimately to reach Aslan's Country. In The Silver Chair , he makes two brief appearances as an old, dying man, but at
13986-418: Was an English illustrator, author, and commercial artist. She contributed drawings and paintings to more than 200 books, mostly in the children's genre. She was the first illustrator of some of J. R. R. Tolkien 's minor works, including Farmer Giles of Ham , Smith of Wootton Major , and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil . She became well-known for her cover illustrations for The Hobbit and The Lord of
14112-511: Was art, "because it was easy". By the time that she left, she had formed the ambition of becoming an illustrator. She liked Beaufort well enough to go back to it as a teacher for two years in her mid-twenties. At fifteen, she followed her sister to the Farnham School of Art (now subsumed into the University for the Creative Arts ). She spent two terms studying design, which was to become
14238-590: Was bought by Oxford's Bodleian Library in 2016 for roughly £60,000. With the help of cartographers from the Bordon military camp in Hampshire , Baynes created A Map of Middle-earth that Allen & Unwin published as a poster in 1970. It was decorated with a header and footer showing some of Tolkien's characters, and with vignettes of some of the places described in The Lord of the Rings . Tolkien wrote that her ideas of
14364-413: Was compiling an anthology of some of his shorter pieces of verse. "You seem able to produce wonderful pictures with a touch of 'fantasy'", he wrote on 6 December, "but primarily bright and clear visions of things that one might actually see". The Adventures of Tom Bombadil , featuring some of Baynes's most delicate and meticulous imagery, was published in 1962. Baynes told Tolkien that her favourite among
14490-408: Was faced with the prospect of having to read a thousand pages of narrative before picking up a brush. Her sister, who knew the book well, rescued her from her predicament by painting a panorama of Tolkien's characters and locales that Baynes was able to borrow from. The triptych that Baynes created became one of the most widely reproduced of all her paintings, being recycled for the iconic cover art of
14616-556: Was in poor health, took both her daughters back to England. Baynes recalled crying herself to sleep on her journey home. The three returnees lived a nomadic life in Surrey , lodging with various friends and renting a series of rooms in boarding houses. Baynes's father stayed behind in India, licensed by his wife to feel "free to do as he pleased", but regularly rejoined his family for holidays in Switzerland . Baynes began her education at
14742-506: Was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman's son in Calormen . With the help of the talking horse Bree, Shasta escapes from being sold into slavery and makes his way northward to Narnia. On the journey his companion Aravis learns of an imminent Calormene surprise attack on Archenland; Shasta warns the Archenlanders in time and discovers his true identity and original name. At the end of
14868-563: Was most proud were the almost six hundred that she created for Grant Uden's A Dictionary of Chivalry , on which she laboured for nearly two years. They won her the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals ' Kate Greenaway Medal for the best book illustrations of 1968. In 1972, Baynes achieved a runner-up's commendation in the Greenaway competition with her illustrations for Helen Piers's Snail and Caterpillar . Among
14994-407: Was reissued with a modified version of this cover when it was published in a pocket-sized edition in 2014. Baynes's final Tolkien art was published in 2003, when an audiobook of Smith of Wootton Major and Leaf by Niggle was issued with a CD insert showing an image of Niggle painting his Great Tree that had been commissioned from Baynes in the 1970s but had remained unpublished. When C. S. Lewis
15120-411: Was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books' order in his lifetime had he so desired. They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – that the mysterious wardrobe, as a narrative device, is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician's Nephew , where
15246-441: Was sixteen, he conceived the idea of a faun walking through a snowy forest carrying an umbrella and some parcels. In 1949, after ten years of false starts, he finally completed a story about the country where the faun lived – the land of Narnia, where it was always winter but never Christmas. A close friend of Tolkien's, Lewis chose Baynes to illustrate his tale after enjoying her artwork for Farmer Giles of Ham , encouraged also by
15372-462: Was still a baby, her family emigrated to India, where her father had been appointed a Commissioner (district official) in the British imperial Indian Civil Service , serving as a senior magistrate. The Bayneses divided their time between the city of Agra and a refuge from the midsummer heat in the hill town of Mussoorie ; Baynes was happy in her expatriate infancy. When she was five, her mother, who
15498-411: Was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him. Although Lewis pleaded ignorance about the source of his inspiration for Aslan, Jared Lobdell , digging into Lewis's history to explore the making of the series, suggests Charles Williams 's 1931 novel The Place of the Lion as a likely influence. The manuscript for The Lion, the Witch and
15624-410: Was uncomfortable with their Christian subtext. She claimed not to have identified the lion Aslan with Christ until after she had finished work on The Last Battle , despite having drawn him standing upright like a man in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe . She regretted that her Narnian art had overshadowed the rest of her work and she was ruefully aware that a book collector would pay more for
15750-416: Was won over to her cause by the images. "They are more than illustrations", he wrote to Allen & Unwin on 16 March 1949, "they are a collateral theme. I showed them to my friends whose polite comment was that they reduced my text to a commentary on the drawings." Tolkien was so pleased that on 20 December 1949, he wrote to her expressing the wish that she would one day illustrate two other books that he
15876-547: Was working on – the tales that eventually became The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion . Tolkien's publishers thought differently, preferring to have his books illustrated by Alan Lee , Francis Mosley, Ted Nasmith and Margrethe II of Denmark . Ultimately, Tolkien decided that Baynes was not the right artist to illustrate his major works, judging that they needed pictures "more noble or awe-inspiring" than she could produce. In 1961 Tolkien turned to Baynes again when he
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