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60-530: At the Institute's initiation ceremony in July 1966, it was declared that the institute shall "become a center for studies dedicated to the pursuit of peace, which it is hoped will make a significant contribution to the fostering of international harmony and the advancement of cooperation between the peoples of the world". Today, the institute operates in two areas in relation to peace and conflict resolution : activities in

120-608: A messianic prophecy of Jesus in which he is called the " Prince of Peace ". In the Gospel of Luke , Zechariah celebrates his son John : "And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins. By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in

180-478: A "peaceful inner disposition". It has been argued by some that inner qualities such as tranquility , patience , respect , compassion , kindness , self-control , courage , moderation , forgiveness , equanimity , and the ability to see the big picture can promote peace within an individual, regardless of the external circumstances of their life. The term 'peace' originates from the Anglo-French pes , and

240-464: A Hebrew verb meaning 'to be complete, whole'. Although "peace" is the usual translation, it is an incomplete one, because shalom , which is also cognate with the Arabic salaam , has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness, as well as simply the greetings, "hello" and "goodbye". On

300-700: A continuity of views of the Popes to have confidence in the Holy Rosary as a means to foster peace. In the Encyclical Mense maio , 1965, in which he urged the practice of the Holy Rosary, and as reaffirmed in the encyclical Christi Matri , 1966, to implore peace, Pope Paul VI stated in the apostolic Recurrens mensis , October 1969, that the Rosary is a prayer that favors the great gift of peace. Hindu texts contain

360-586: A nation is responsible for providing peace and security against foreign threats and aggression. National security can be threatened by a range of factors, including actions by other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as terrorist attacks), organized criminal groups (such as narcotic cartels), and natural disasters (such as floods and earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include economic inequality and marginalisation, political exclusion , climate change , and nuclear proliferation . In view of

420-457: A personal level, peaceful behaviours are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others' beliefs and behaviors – tending to manifest goodwill. This understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being "at peace" in one's own mind, as found in European references from c.  1200 . The early English term is also used in

480-482: A whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. The obligation of the state to provide for domestic peace within its borders is usually charged to the police and other general domestic policing activities. The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law , to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their powers include

540-505: Is All-Aware of what you do." The Judaic tradition associates God with peace, as evidenced by various principles and laws in Judaism. Shalom , the biblical and modern Hebrew word for peace, is one of the names for God according to the Judaic law and tradition. For instance, in traditional Jewish law , individuals are prohibited from saying " Shalom " when they are in the bathroom as there

600-450: Is a prohibition on uttering any of God's names in the bathroom, out of respect for the divine name. Jewish liturgy and prayer is replete with prayers asking God to establish peace in the world. The שמונה עשרה , a key prayer in Judaism that is recited three times each day, concludes with a blessing for peace. The last blessing of the שמונה עשרה , also known as the Amida ("standing" as the prayer

660-514: Is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. After authorization by the Security Council ,

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720-584: Is attained by ending pain and suffering. They regard pain and suffering is stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), and delusions and suffering is attachments to outcomes. To eliminate such pain and suffering and achieve personal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam derived from

780-480: Is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize , is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual's or an organisation's contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The prize was first launched in 2009 by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize Committee under

840-535: Is awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a group of five individuals chosen by the Norwegian parliament. Nominees for the prize come from around the world, and are often those who have worked to end conflict, protect human rights, or promote humanitarian efforts. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of Alfred Nobel . According to Nobel's will,

900-466: Is awarded to an organization or an individual whose life and work has demonstrated significant contributions to: The achievement of peace with justice locally, nationally or internationally The promotion and attainment of human rights The philosophy, language and practice of non-violence A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiatives. Many provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at

960-414: Is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrases " rest in peace " or " peace out ". Peace was forged through diplomacy in the form of royal marriages, both in the distant past and in modern times. Two early examples of royal marriages being used to establish diplomatic relations are Hermodike I , who married the king of Phrygia around 800 BCE, and Hermodike II , who married

1020-604: Is said while standing), is focused on peace, beginning and ending with supplications for peace and blessings. Peace is central to Judaism's core principle of מָשִׁיחַ ("messiah") which connotes a time of universal peace and abundance, a time where weapons will be turned into plowshares and lions will sleep with lambs. As it is written in the Book of Isaiah : They shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift sword against nation and they will no longer study warfare. The wolf will live with

1080-591: Is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'. This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and became prominent again in recent years under Warden of the Rhodes House Donald Markwell , a historian of thought about the causes of war and peace. This vision greatly influenced Senator J. William Fulbright in

1140-605: Is therefore at the same time an inquiry into its form. Is it simply the absence of mass organized killing (war), or does peace require a particular morality and justice? ( just peace ). Societal peace can be seen at least in two forms: Since 1945, the United Nations and the United Nations Security Council have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then. The United Nations (UN)

1200-410: Is without fault? The chariot that leads to victory is of another kind. Valour and fortitude are its wheels; Truthfulness and virtuous conduct are its banner; Strength, discretion, self-restraint and benevolence are its four horses, Harnessed with the cords of forgiveness, compassion and equanimity... Whoever has this righteous chariot, has no enemy to conquer anywhere. Buddhists believe that peace

1260-563: The U.S. Ambassador to Thailand from 1985 to 1988 and U.S. Ambassador to Israel from 1988 to 1992. He also served as the last Chief of mission ( Chargé d'affaires ) of the U.S. Embassy to the Republic of China (Taiwan) stationed in Taipei , Taiwan after the departure of Ambassador Leonard S. Unger in 1979. After diplomatic ties between Taipei and Washington severed , he remained in Taiwan to set up

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1320-449: The 1920s, for example amongst members of the League of Nations Union , gave way to widespread disillusion in the 1930s as the League struggled to respond to challenges from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan. The prominent scholar, Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern , who is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the League of Nations, drew inspiration for his studies from

1380-524: The Lydians pioneered the use of coinage as a form of currency. Both inventions were rapidly adopted by surrounding nations through further trade and cooperation. Peace has not always been achieved through peaceful means; in many cases, it has been enforced by the victors of war, often through the use of violence and coercion. In his work Agricola , the Roman historian Tacitus, writes passionately and critically about

1440-599: The Old French pais , meaning "peace, reconciliation, silence, agreement" (11th century). The Anglo-French term pes itself comes from the Latin pax , meaning "peace, compact, agreement, treaty of peace, tranquility, absence of hostility, harmony." The English word came into use in various personal greetings from c.  1300 as a translation of the Hebrew word shalom , which, according to Jewish theology, comes from

1500-639: The Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." In creating the Rhodes Scholarships for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire, Cecil Rhodes wrote in 1901 that 'the object

1560-853: The Taipei Main Office of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) at the former compound of U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG). He then served as the Acting Director and Deputy Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (after the inauguration of Charles T. Cross , first Director to Taiwan). Brown was born in Winchester, Massachusetts and grew up in East Lexington, Massachusetts and graduated from Lexington High School (Massachusetts) . He majored in history at Harvard on

1620-671: The Truman Institute announced the publication of the Truman Institute’s Atlas of Maps of the Israeli-Arab Conflict , edited by the Institute research fellow Dr. Shaul Arieli. It can be downloaded for free in Hebrew, English, Arabic, French, German, and Russian. Also in 2020, the institute held events analyzing the assassination of Qasem Soleimani , how COVID-19 might influence the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza ,

1680-603: The Truman Institute held events such as: 40 Years since the First Lebanon War, One Year since the May 2021 Riots, and a 4-part movie series. In 2021, while most events moved online due to the COVID pandemic, the Truman Institute held several books launches for our researcher’s publications as well as webinars on the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the prisoner escape from Gilboa prison. In 2020,

1740-563: The UN sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded United Nations Medals , which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as

1800-531: The abolition of various organizations which tend to institutionalize aggressive behaviors, such as the military, or arms manufacturers; to opposition to any organization of society that might rely in any way upon governmental force. Groups that sometimes oppose the governmental use of force include anarchists and libertarians . Absolute pacifism opposes violent behavior under all circumstance, including defense of self and others. William Andreas Brown William Andreas Brown (born September 7, 1930) served as

1860-515: The academic sphere and activities in the public sphere, serving as a platform for academic and public discourse and action in peace and conflict resolution. While the heart of the institute's research and activities relate to studying and exploring the Israeli-Arab conflict , Jerusalem and the Middle East , the Truman Institute also promotes research and thought about peace and conflict resolution in

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1920-618: The annexation plan of the Jordan Valley and more. In 2019, former US president , Jimmy Carter , gave a special and exclusive address (which can be found in the Institute's Youtube channel) as part of the Truman Peace Conference whose topic was the 40th anniversary for the Israeli-Egyptian peace accords . In addition, the Institute runs a special scholarship program for doctoral and post-doctoral students whose research deals with

1980-498: The classics, along with other British scholars such as Gilbert Murray and Florence Stawell. This group of scholars is often referred to as the "Greece and peace" set, due to their shared interest in ancient Greek civilization and the promotion of peace. The creation of the League of Nations, and the hope for informed public opinion on international issues (expressed for example by the Union for Democratic Control during World War I), also saw

2040-419: The coming of the messianic age constituting one of the thirteen core principles of faith in Judaism, according to Maimonides . Pacifism is the categorical opposition to the behaviors of war or violence as a means of settling disputes or of gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should all be resolved via peaceful behaviors; to calls for

2100-538: The construction of its building in 1970. Dr. Eliyahu Eilat , who was the first Israeli ambassador to the United States (1948-1950), actively campaigned to advance the development of a research institute dedicated to peace at the Hebrew University after the end of his tenure as the president of the Hebrew University (1962-1968). The initiation ceremony for the Institute's building took place in May 1970. The building

2160-720: The creation after World War I of bodies dedicated to understanding international affairs, such as the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House in London. At the same time, the academic study of international relations started to professionalise, with the creation of the first professorship of international politics, named for Woodrow Wilson, at Aberystwyth , Wales, in 1919. The late 19th century idealist advocacy of peace which led to

2220-624: The creation of the Nobel Peace Prize , the Rhodes Scholarships , the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , and ultimately the League of Nations , also saw the re-emergence of the ancient Olympic ideal. Led by Pierre de Coubertin , this culminated in the holding in 1896 of the first of the modern Olympic Games . Since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize has been the world's most prestigious honor given to individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to peace. The prize

2280-607: The directive of the caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad . The Culture of Peace News Network , otherwise known simply as CPNN , is a UN authorized interactive online news network, committed to supporting the global movement for a culture of peace. Every year in the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation presents the Sydney Peace Prize . The Sydney Peace Prize

2340-405: The earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea. This last metaphor from Tanakh (Hebrew bible) symbolizes the peace by which a longed-for messianic age will be characterized, a peace in which natural enemies, the strong and the weak, predator and prey, will live in harmony. Jews pray for the messianic age of peace every day in the מָשִׁיחַ, in addition to faith in

2400-565: The following passages: May there be peace in the heavens, peace in the atmosphere, peace on the earth. Let there be coolness in the water, healing in the herbs and peace radiating from the trees. Let there be harmony in the planets and in the stars, and perfection in eternal knowledge. May everything in the universe be at peace. Let peace pervade everywhere, at all times. May I experience that peace within my own heart. Let us have concord with our own people, and concord with people who are strangers to us. Ashwins (Celestial Twins) create between us and

2460-597: The goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs, including the Schwarzman Scholars to China created by Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2013. The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after Mahatma Gandhi , is awarded annually by the Government of India . It was launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on

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2520-616: The greed and arrogance of the Roman Empire, portraying it as a ruthless and self-serving power. One, that Tacitus says is by the Caledonian chieftain Calgacus , ends with: " Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. " ("To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace." —Oxford Revised Translation). Discussion of peace

2580-523: The king of Lydia around 600 BCE. Both marriages involved Greek princesses from the house of Agamemnon and kings from what is now Turkey. The marriages between the Greek princesses and the kings of Phrygia and Lydia had a significant impact on the region, leading to the transfer of important technological innovations from Anatolia to Greece . In particular, the Phrygians introduced the Greek alphabet, while

2640-413: The lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them. The cow will feed with the bear, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. The infant will play near the hole of the cobra, and the young child put his hand into the viper's nest. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for

2700-449: The occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex. The Student Peace Prize

2760-621: The personal, regional or international level. Smaller institutions include the Randolph Bourne Institute , the McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building and the International Festival of Peace Poetry . Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including conflicts between, among, and within persons and societies. In ancient Greek-speaking areas ,

2820-464: The position). Peace Peace is a state of harmony in the absence of hostility and violence . In a societal sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. "Psychological peace" (such as peaceful thinking and emotions) is less well-defined, yet perhaps a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioural peace". Peaceful behaviour sometimes results from

2880-601: The power of arrest and the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the military and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing. Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes. The national security apparatus of

2940-562: The rest of the world. It examines conflict and resolution processes from historical, cultural, psychological, political, and socio-economic perspectives. The institute has a doctoral and post-doctoral scholarship program, supports research projects conducted by senior researchers in Israel and abroad, as well as symposiums, workshops and meetings between individuals from a wide range of backgrounds, including scholars, statespersons, diplomats, students, journalists and activists. The Truman Institute

3000-531: The root word salam which literally means peace. Quran states "those who believe and whose hearts find comfort in the remembrance of Allah. Surely in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find comfort." and stated "O believers! When you are told to make room in gatherings, then do so. Allah will make room for you ˹in His grace˺. And if you are told to rise, then do so. Allah will elevate those of you who are faithful, and ˹raise˺ those gifted with knowledge in rank. And Allah

3060-461: The sense of "quiet", reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that have an absence of quarreling, disturbances and agitation; but seek clarity of conversation, and tranquility. In many languages, the word 'peace' is also used as a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word aloha , as well as the Arabic word salaam . In English the word peace

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3120-658: The shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace." As a testimony of peace , Peace Churches in the Anabaptist Christian tradition (such as the Mennonites and Quakers ), as well Holiness Methodist Pacifists (such as the Immanuel Missionary Church ), practice nonresistance and do not participate in warfare. In the Catholic Church , numerous pontifical documents on the Holy Rosary document

3180-508: The strangers a unity of hearts. May we unite in our minds, unite in our purposes, and not fight against the heavenly spirit within us. Let not the battle-cry rise amidst many slain, nor the arrows of the war-god fall with the break of day A superior being does not render evil for evil. This is a maxim one should observe... One should never harm the wicked or the good or even animals meriting death. A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who enjoy injuring others or cruel deeds... Who

3240-604: The topic of peace and conflict resolution. Several noteworthy figures served as the Chair of the Truman Institute’s Board of Trustees, such as American ambassadors to Israel William Brown (who held the position for 25 years) and Samuel Lewis , American diplomat Max Kampelman , former Israeli ambassador to the United States Moshe Arad and former Israeli minister and politician Dan Meridor (who currently holds

3300-536: The virtue of peace was personified as the goddess Eirene , and in Latin-speaking areas as the goddess Pax . Her image was typically represented by ancient sculptors as a full-grown woman, usually with a horn of plenty and scepter and sometimes with a torch or olive leaves . Christians , who believe Jesus of Nazareth to be the Jewish Messiah called Christ (meaning Anointed One), interpret Isaiah 9:6 as

3360-457: The wide range of risks, the preservation of peace and the security of a nation state have several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power. The principal forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations . It

3420-467: The world." This reward reflects the Truman Institute's commitment to the promotion of peace. The winners of the prize over the years: The Institute hosts the following: The Truman Institute serves as a research and cooperation platform for over 50 research fellows, who come from various backgrounds and diverse areas of expertise. Discourse is promoted about peace and conflict resolution and the institute tackles historical as well as current events. In 2022,

3480-484: Was constructed next to Mt. Scopus campus' amphitheater and was among the first buildings to be constructed on the campus following the 1967 Six Day War and the university’s return to Mt. Scopus. Between 1991 and 2013 the institute awarded the Truman Peace Prize (formerly known as "The Gitelson Peace Award") to "individuals who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of peace regionally or throughout

3540-403: Was created at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , and emerged from the advocacy of Woodrow Wilson and other idealists during World War I. The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and the League was based in Geneva until its dissolution as a result of World War II and replacement by the United Nations. The high hopes widely held for the League in

3600-404: Was founded in 1966 with the encouragement and support of 33rd US president Harry S. Truman , who was in office during the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel by David Ben Gurion. President Harry Truman was the first international leader to recognize the state of Israel . The establishment of the institute took several years from its official founding in 1966 to the completion of

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