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61-629: The reformed church calendar was adopted by the mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches of Greece and Romania in 1924. At the moment of this adoption, True Orthodoxy began as Old Calendarism . True Orthodox were only laypeople and monks until 1935 when three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement in Greece ; in 1955, one bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church joined the movement in Romania . In

122-601: A gold globus cruciger ) instead of the regular episcopal crosier . Cyprus suffered greatly from Arab invasions in the following centuries, and during the reign of Justinian II the cities of Constantia, Kourion and Paphos were sacked. At the advice of the Emperor, the Archbishop fled to the Dardanelles along with the survivors, and established the city of Nova Justiniana ( Greek : Νέα Ιουστινιανή , Néa Iustinianē ), named after

183-651: A whole number of weeks. Therefore, a full repetition of the Revised Julian leap cycle with respect to the seven-day weekly cycle is seven times the cycle length = 7 × 900 = 6300 years. The following is a scatter plot of actual astronomical northward equinox moments as numerically integrated by SOLEX 11 using DE421 mode with extended (80-bit) floating point precision, high integration order (18th order), and forced solar mass loss ("forced" means taken into account at all times). SOLEX can automatically search for northern hemisphere spring equinox moments by finding when

244-614: Is also an example of an interesting fusion of gothic and Byzantine architecture. The Franks were succeeded by the Venetians in 1489 without any significant change to the status of the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 1950, Makarios III was elected Archbishop. While still Bishop of Kition he had demonstrated strong intellectual and national activity. In 1949 he founded the Apostle Varnavas Seminary, and in 1950 he organised

305-537: Is exactly 24 seconds shorter than the Gregorian mean year of 365.2425 days, so in the long term on average the Revised Julian calendar pulls ahead of the Gregorian calendar by one day in 3600 years. The number of days per Revised Julian cycle = 900 × 365 + 218 = 328,718 days. Taking mod 7 leaves a remainder of 5, so like the Julian calendar, but unlike the Gregorian calendar, the Revised Julian calendar cycle does not contain

366-555: Is most noticeable during Great Lent . Certain feast days are designed to fall during Lent, such as the feast of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste . The Feast of the Annunciation is also intended to fall either before Easter or during Bright Week . Sometimes, Annunciation will fall on the day of Easter itself, a very special concurrence known as Kyrio-Pascha , with special liturgical practices appointed for such an occurrence. However, under

427-578: Is one of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox churches that together with other Eastern Orthodox churches form the communion of the Eastern Orthodox Church . It is one of the oldest Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches; it claims to have always been independent, although it may have been subject to the Church of Antioch before its autocephaly was recognized in 431 at the Council of Ephesus . The bishop of

488-523: Is why it is sometimes also known as the Meletian Calendar . The matter came up for discussion at the Council of Constantinople (1923) , which deliberated in May and June. Subsequently, it was adopted by several of the autocephalous Orthodox churches. The synod was chaired by Meletius IV and representatives were present from the churches of Cyprus, Greece, Romania and Serbia . There were no representatives of

549-521: The 1972–73 Cypriot ecclesiastical coup attempt . Following the dethronement of the Bishops of Paphos, Kitium and Kyrenia for conspiring against Makarios, two new Bishoprics were created: the Bishopric of Limassol which was detached from the Bishopric of Kition, and the Bishopric of Morfou which was detached from the Bishopric of Kyrenia. The coup d'état of 15 July 1974 forced Archbishop Makarios III to leave

610-586: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (35°13′47.2″ E or UT+2 20 55 for the small dome) during which the first full moon after the vernal equinox occurs. Although the instant of the full moon must occur after the instant of the vernal equinox, it may occur on the same day. If the full moon occurs on a Sunday, Easter is the following Sunday. Churches that adopted this calendar did so on varying dates. However, all Eastern Orthodox churches continue to use

671-1011: The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania , the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria , the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch , the Bulgarian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church , the Cypriot Orthodox Church , the Church of Greece , the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia , the Orthodox Church in America and the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . It has not been adopted by

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732-593: The Kingdom of Cyprus , the Catholic kings gradually reduced the number of Orthodox bishops from 14 to 4 and forced those away from their towns. The archbishop was moved from Nicosia to the region of Solia, near Morphou , the bishop of Larnaca was moved to the village of Lefkara etc. Each Orthodox bishop was under the Catholic bishop of the area. The Catholic Church tried on occasion to coax the Orthodox bishops to make concessions on

793-874: The Russian Orthodox Church , the Serbian Orthodox Church , the Macedonian Orthodox Church , the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Polish Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem . It has not been adopted by any nation as an official calendar. Instead, all of the Eastern Orthodox nations have adopted the Gregorian calendar as the official state calendar. The Revised Julian calendar has

854-783: The Soviet Union , the True Orthodox began in 1927-8 when some Eastern Orthodox Christians, among which some were "senior and respected bishops", severed communion with the Moscow Patriarchate . The True Orthodox movement remained united in Romania. However, in Greece in 1937 the Greek Old Calendarists "divided"; the reason for their division was a disagreement on whether the sacraments performed by members of churches which have adopted

915-584: The new calendar and also known as the Milanković calendar , is a calendar proposed in 1923 by the Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković as a more accurate alternative to both Julian and Gregorian calendars. At the time, the Julian calendar was still in use by all of the Eastern Orthodox Church and affiliated nations, while the Catholic and Protestant nations were using the Gregorian calendar. Thus, Milanković's aim

976-556: The referendum on the Union ( Enosis ) between Cyprus and Greece . While archbishop he was the political leader of the EOKA liberation struggle in the years 1955–1959. The British exiled him to the Seychelles because of his activities. In 1960, Archbishop Makarios III was elected President of the newly established republic of Cyprus . Disagreements of the other three bishops with Makarios led to

1037-492: The "True Orthodox Church" nor is there official recognition among the "True Orthodox" as to who is properly included among them. Denominations that are usually included in the True Orthodoxy are: The Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church (ROAC) through the late Metropolitan Valentine , stated informally that they no longer actively seek to join other True Orthodox churches, but would not refuse incoming dialogue. In 1999, it

1098-531: The Church of Cyprus by a resolution which conditionally states: "If, as it is asserted in memorials and orally by the religious men who have come before the Council - it has not been a continuous ancient custom for the bishop of Antioch to hold ordinations in Cyprus, - the prelates of Cyprus shall enjoy, free from molestation and violence, their right to perform by themselves the ordination of bishops [for their island]". After

1159-481: The Council of Ephesus, the Church of Antioch never claimed that Cyprus was under its jurisdiction. This independence was also recognized by an edict of Emperor Zeno . In 478, Archbishop Anthemios of Cyprus claimed that following a vision he had found the grave of Barnabas and his relics . On the saint's chest rested a copy of the Gospel of Matthew . The church was thus able to send a cogent argument on its own behalf to

1220-508: The Emperor, at Erdek near the city of Cyzicus . In 692 the Quinisext Council reconfirmed the status and privileges of the exiled Archbishop and in 698, when the Arabs were driven out of Cyprus, the Archbishop returned but retained the title of " Archbishop of Nova Justiniana and All Cyprus ": a custom that, along with the "three privileges", continues to this day. After the establishment of

1281-457: The Emperor: the discovery of the relics of its reputed founder, Barnabas. Zeno confirmed the status of the Church of Cyprus and granted its Archbishop the "three privileges": namely to sign his name in an ink made vermilion by the addition of cinnabar ; to wear tyrian purple instead of black robes under his vestments ; and to hold an imperial sceptre (i.e. a gilt staff of silver , topped by

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1342-447: The Gregorian and Revised Julian calendars, respectively, accepted a modest amount of medium-term equinox wobble for the sake of traditionally perceived leap rule mental arithmetic simplicity. Therefore, the wobble is essentially a curiosity that is of no practical or ritual concern. The new calendar has been adopted by Orthodox churches as follows: Adopting churches are known as New Calendarists . The new calendar has not been adopted by

1403-479: The J2000.0-relative Universal Time moments, which were then properly converted to Revised Julian dates and Jerusalem local apparent time , taking local apparent midnight as the beginning of each calendar day. The year range of the chart was limited to dates before the year AD 4400: by then Δ T is expected to accumulate to about six hours, with an uncertainty of less than 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours. The chart shows that

1464-709: The Julian calendar to determine the date of Easter (except for the Finnish Orthodox Church , which now uses the Gregorian Easter; the Estonian Orthodox Church used the Gregorian Easter from 1923 to 1945). The following are Gregorian minus Revised Julian date differences, calculated for the beginning of January and March in each century year, which is where differences arise or disappear, until AD 10000. These are exact arithmetic calculations, not depending on any astronomy. A negative difference means that

1525-486: The Orthodox churches of Georgia , Jerusalem , Macedonia , Mount Athos , Russia , Serbia , Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (status is not defined), nor by the Greek Old Calendarists . There were attempts to introduce Revised Julian as a religious calendar in the Soviet Union. On 12 June 1923, it was accepted by the short-lived schismatic Renovationist Church , which had seized church buildings with

1586-557: The ancient capital, Salamis (renamed Constantia by Emperor Constantius II ) was constituted metropolitan by Emperor Zeno , with the title archbishop . According to the Acts of the Apostles , Paul of Tarsus converted the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus , ( Acts 13:6–12 ), making him the first Christian ruler, and thus Cyprus became the first country ruled by a Christian leader. A few of

1647-659: The appearance of a cross in the sky, visible to thousands on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, 1925, of which eyewitness accounts were recorded. Cypriot Orthodox Church Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The Church of Cyprus ( Greek : Ἐκκλησία τῆς Κύπρου , romanized :  Ekklisia tis Kyprou )

1708-557: The bishops who helped spread Christianity on the island were Lazarus , the Bishop of Kition , Herakleidios the Bishop of Tamasos, Avxivios the Bishop of Soloi, and Theodotos the Bishop of Kyrenia . Towards the end of the fourth century , Christianity had spread throughout the island. During this time St. Epiphanius was Archbishop. His seat was in Salamis, which was renamed Constantia. This independent (autocephalous) position by ancient custom

1769-412: The change in calendar as an unwarranted innovation, influenced by Western society . They say that no sound theological reason has been given for changing the calendar, that the only reasons advanced are social. The proposal for change was introduced by Meletios Metaxakis , Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , a patriarch whose canonical status has been disputed. The argument is also made that since

1830-412: The day. In its decision the conference noted that "the difference between the length of the political year of the new calendar and the Gregorian is so small that only after 877 years it is observed difference of dates." The same decision provided that the coming 1 October should be called 14 October , thus dropping thirteen days. It then adopted the leap year rule of Milanković. The proposed calendar

1891-406: The decision made by the council of bishops at Nicaea to decree that all local churches celebrate Easter on the same day. The emperor Constantine, writing to the bishops absent from the council to notify them of the decision, argued, "Think, then, how unseemly it is, that on the same day some should be fasting whilst others are seated at a banquet". Liturgical objections to the new calendar stem from

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1952-508: The differences in doctrine and practices between the two churches, sometimes with threats and sometimes using violence and torture, as in the case of the 13 monks at Kantara monastery . Moreover, the properties of many monasteries were confiscated. The persecutions, especially during the Frankish period, did not succeed in uprooting the faith of the Greek Cypriots . Despite initial frictions,

2013-442: The fact that it adjusts only those liturgical celebrations that occur on fixed calendar dates, leaving all of the commemorations on the moveable cycle on the original Julian calendar. This upsets the harmony and balance of the liturgical year . (This would not have been a problem if the recommendations of the 1923 synod to use an astronomical rule to reckon the date of Easter, as outlined above, had not been rejected.) This disruption

2074-516: The gradual shift in the Julian calendar will somehow negatively affect the celebration of feasts that are linked to the seasons of the year. However, opponents counter that the seasons are reversed in the southern hemisphere , where the liturgical celebrations are no less valid. The validity of this argument is questionable, since the feasts of the Orthodox Church were not changed no matter where they were celebrated, and Orthodox services were held in

2135-671: The island. He returned in December 1974. The coup d'état was followed by the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974 which significantly affected the church and its flock: as 35% of Cyprus' territory came under Turkish occupation, hundreds of thousands of Orthodox Christians were displaced and those that could not or did not want to leave (20,000 initially) faced oppression. As of May 2001 figures only 421 Greek Orthodox Cypriots and 155 Maronites remain in North Cyprus. The destruction of Christian monuments

2196-425: The long-term equinox drift of the Revised Julian calendar is quite satisfactory, at least until AD 4400. The medium-term wobble spans about two days because, like the Gregorian calendar, the leap years of the Revised Julian calendar are not smoothly spread: they occur mostly at intervals of four years but there are occasional eight-year gaps (at 7 out of 9 century years). Evidently each of the authorities responsible for

2257-412: The metaphorical and spiritual sun who fulfills Malachi's prophetic words: "the sun of righteousness will shine with healing in its wings" (Malachi 4:2). The identification, based on this prophecy, of Jesus Christ as the "sun of righteousness" is found many times in writings of the early Church fathers and follows from many New Testament references linking Jesus with imagery of sun and light. Critics see

2318-518: The new calendar is the known errors of the Julian calendar, which will in the course of time lead to a situation in which those following the Julian calendar (in the Northern Hemisphere) will be reckoning the month of December (and the feast of Christ's Nativity) during the heat of summer, August and its feasts during the deep cold of winter, Easter during the autumn season, and the November feasts in

2379-407: The new calendar point out the advantage to celebrating Nativity separately from the secular observances of Christmas and New Year , which are associated with partying and alcohol consumption. Critics also point out that proponents of the new calendar tend to use worldly rather than spiritual justification for changing the calendar: wanting to "party with everyone else" at Christmas; concern that

2440-432: The new calendar, Kyrio-Pascha becomes an impossibility. The Apostles' Fast displays the most difficult aspect of the new calendar. The fast begins on the moveable cycle and ends on the fixed date of 29 June; since the new calendar is 13 days ahead of the traditional Julian calendar, the Apostles' Fast is 13 days shorter for those who follow the new calendar, and some years it is completely abrogated. Furthermore, critics of

2501-503: The next day will be 1 March 2900 in both calendars - hence the '0' notation. In 900 Julian years there are 900 ⁄ 4 = 225 leap days. The Revised Julian leap rule omits seven of nine century leap years, leaving 225−7 = 218 leap days per 900-year cycle. Thus the calendar mean year is 365 +  218 ⁄ 900 days, but this is actually a double-cycle that reduces to 365 +  109 ⁄ 450 = 365.24 2 days, or exactly 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 48 seconds, which

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2562-485: The other members of the original Orthodox Pentarchy (the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria) or from the largest Orthodox church, the Russian Orthodox Church . The Serbian delegation presented a proposal by Maksim Trpković, which had a leap year rule in which century years would become common years, except those with remainders of 0 or 400 when divided by 900, which would remain leap years. However, it

2623-432: The proleptic Revised Julian calendar was behind the proleptic Gregorian calendar . The Revised Julian calendar is the same as the Gregorian calendar from 1 March 1600 to 28 February 2800, but the following day would be 1 March 2800 (RJ) or 29 February 2800 (G); this difference is denoted as '+1' in the table. 2900 is a leap year in Revised Julian, but not Gregorian: 29 February 2900 (RJ) is the same as 28 February 2900 (G) and

2684-534: The prospect of reconciliation of ROCOR with the Moscow Patriarchate aroused opposition from traditionalists opposed to union with a church tied to the Soviet and post-Soviet regimes ruling Russia. Several churches descending from factions which rejected the 2007 reunion were formed. The True Orthodox churches are "fully [Eastern] Orthodox in dogma and ritual". There is no single denomination nor organization called

2745-525: The question of calendar reform. It reported in January 1923. In the end, for civil purposes, the Gregorian calendar was adopted; the changeover went into effect on 16 February 1923/1 March 1923. After the promulgation of the royal decree, the Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople , issued an encyclical on 3 February recommending the calendar's adoption by Orthodox churches, which

2806-811: The reformed calendar are valid or not. In 1971, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia tried to unite the factions of Greek Old Calendarists, but failed. In 1999, the most important groups of Greek Old Calendarists were the Chrysostomites, the Matthewites, and the Cyprianites. After the ROCOR opened its first parishes in 1990 in Russia, many Christians from the Catacomb Church joined them. Since 2000,

2867-452: The same months and month lengths as the Julian and Gregorian calendar, but, in the Revised Julian version, years evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years , except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar. A committee composed of members of the Greek government and Greek Orthodox Church was set up to look into

2928-619: The solar declination crosses the celestial equator northward, and then it outputs that data as the Terrestrial Time day and fraction of day relative to 1 January 2000 at noon ( J2000.0 epoch). The progressive tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate was accounted for by subtracting Δ T as calculated by the Espenak - Meeus polynomial set recommended at the NASA Eclipses web site to obtain

2989-489: The southern hemisphere with little issue centuries before the introduction of the new calendar. From a spiritual perspective, Old Calendarists also point to a number of miraculous occurrences that occur on the old calendar exclusively, such as the "descent of the cloud on the mount" on the feast of the Transfiguration. After the calendar change was instituted, the followers of the old calendar in Greece apparently witnessed

3050-401: The springtime. This would conflict with the Church's historic practice of celebrating Christ's birth on 25 December , a date chosen for a number of reasons. One of the reasons mentioned by Bennet is the time of the winter solstice , when the days begin to lengthen again as the physical sun makes its reappearance, along with the fact that Christ has traditionally been recognized by Christians as

3111-488: The support of the Soviet government while Patriarch Tikhon was under house arrest. After his release, on 15 July 1923 , he declared that all Renovationist decrees were without grace. On 15 October 1923, Patriarch Tikhon accepted the new calendar, but it caused disagreement among clergy, and 24 days later he reverted the decision. The present Russian Orthodox Church continues to use the Julian calendar for both its fixed festivals and for Easter. The basic justification for

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3172-409: The two churches gradually managed to coexist side by side peacefully. The local Orthodox Christians shared some of the benefits of the economic development of Cyprus and especially Famagusta at the time. The Orthodox cathedral of St George (known as Saint George of the Greeks – today in ruins) is almost as high and monumental as the nearby Catholic cathedral of St Nicholas (a mosque since 1571), and

3233-403: The use of the Julian calendar was implicit in the decision of the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea (325), which standardized the calculation of the date of Easter , no authority less than an Ecumenical Council may change it. It is further argued that the adoption of the new calendar in some countries and not in others has broken the liturgical unity of the Eastern Orthodox churches, undoing

3294-576: Was another important consequence. Churches containing Byzantine icons, frescoes and mosaics have been pillaged by antiquities dealers and sold on the black market. One of the most prominent cases of pillage was of the mosaics of Panagia of Kanakaria of the 6th century AD, which were finally returned to the Church of Cyprus, following rulings by federal courts in Indianapolis and Chicago . In Northern Cyprus, there are 514 churches, chapels and monasteries, many of which were converted to mosques, museums or abandoned. On 3 August 1977, Makarios III died and

3355-451: Was elected the new archbishop on 5 November 2006, after a long-running election campaign, becoming Archbishop Chrysostomos II , Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cyprus. After the death of Chrysostomos II , the 2022 Cypriot archiepiscopal election was called to choose his successor. The Holy Synod of the Church of Cyprus is the highest church authority in Cyprus. Its task is to examine and provide solutions on all issues concerning

3416-422: Was estimated that "[t]here are probably over one million Old Calendarists in Romania, somewhat fewer in Greece, and considerably fewer in Bulgaria, Cyprus, and the [Eastern Orthodox] diaspora." Those who consider themselves a part of this movement are a minority of those who consider themselves to be Eastern Orthodox Christians . Revised Julian calendar The Revised Julian calendar , or less formally

3477-400: Was preferred over the Gregorian because its mean year was within two seconds of the then current length of the mean tropical year . The present vernal equinox year, however, is about 12 seconds longer, in terms of mean solar days. The synod also proposed the adoption of an astronomical rule for Easter : Easter was to be the Sunday after the midnight-to-midnight day at the meridian of

3538-408: Was recognized against the claims of the Patriarch of Antioch , at the Council of Ephesus (431); it is unclear if the Church of Cyprus has always been independent or if it was once part of the Church of Antioch . When the Patriarch of Antioch claimed the Church of Cyprus was under its jurisdiction, the Cypriot clergy denounced this before the Council of Ephesus. The Council ratified the autocephaly of

3599-415: Was rejected because the proposal would omit a leap year in 2000, which would cause it to differ from the Gregorian after only 77 years. Milanković proposed a small modification of Trpkovic's proposal, changing the timing of the century leap years to those with remainder 200 or 600 when divided by 900 in order to maximise the amount of time before it would differ from the Gregorian. Milanković's arguments won

3660-482: Was succeeded by Archbishop Chrysostomos I . In 1979, the new Statutory Charter of the Church of Cyprus was drawn up and approved replacing the old one of 1914. In old age, Archbishop Chrysostomos suffered from Alzheimer's disease and was unable to carry out his duties for a number of years. In May 2006, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I chaired a broader meeting of church elders which called for Chrysostomos' "honorary removal". Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Paphos, 65,

3721-445: Was to discontinue the divergence between the naming of dates in Eastern and Western churches and nations. It was intended to replace the Julian calendar in Eastern Orthodox Churches and nations. From 1 March 1600 through 28 February 2800, the Revised Julian calendar aligns its dates with the Gregorian calendar, which had been proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII . The Revised Julian calendar has been adopted for ecclesiastical use by

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