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38-449: Trotter Prize may refer to: The Mildred Trotter Prize, an undergraduate anthropology award named for Mildred Trotter The Trotter Prize (Texas A&M) an award for work on intelligent design Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Trotter Prize . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

76-526: A Doctor of Medicine . In 1940, while studying at the Washington University School of Medicine , Sutherland had his first encounter with research as an assistant in pharmacology in the laboratory of Carl Ferdinand Cori, who won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947 for his discovery of the mechanism of glycogen metabolism. Under Cori's guidance, Sutherland conducted research on

114-408: A sucrose homogenate of liver cells was absolutely necessary in order to keep their cells healthy and proliferating. This inference was made by Rall from his experience studying mitochondria , which responded well to these sucrose homogenates; however, it had nothing to do with what was being studied at the time. It turned out that this sucrose was not necessary for the homogenate and once they set up

152-583: A "ladies college". To provide for the family, Sutherland's father ran a dry goods store, where he gave each of his children working jobs. Sutherland began fishing at the age of five, and this became a pastime that he enjoyed for most of his life. As a high school student, Sutherland played and excelled in several sports, including tennis , basketball , and football . In 1933, at the age of 17, Sutherland enrolled in Washburn College in Topeka , Kansas and began

190-655: A population of American casualties of the Korean War and the Terry collection of human remains. These formulae are still widely applied in the field. In 1958, Trotter became Professor of Anatomy, holding that position until 1967, when she became subject to mandatory retirement at the age of 68. As professor emeritus, she continued to be active in research, lecturing, and writing until 1984. Between 1926 and 1967 she taught nearly 4,000 students, including Nobel laureates Dr. Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. and Dr. Daniel Nathans . She

228-503: A position as a professor of pharmacology and chairman of the department of pharmacology at the school of medicine at Case Western Reserve University . There, he collaborated with Theodore W. Rall, also a professor of pharmacology, who was to become a lifelong research partner. Together, they conducted further research on the mechanism of hormone action at the molecular level. During his ten years at Case Western Reserve University, Sutherland made several ground-breaking discoveries that led to

266-493: A research career, as opposed to entering the medical profession, to his mentor Cori. Sutherland held various teaching titles during his time at the Washington University School of Medicine, including instructor in pharmacology (1945–46), instructor in biochemistry (1946–50), assistant professor in biochemistry (1950–52), and associate professor in biochemistry (1952–53). In 1953, Sutherland moved to Cleveland

304-586: A result of this work, she published her first research paper on bone, "The Moveable Segments of the Vertebral Column in Old Egyptians". She returned to Washington University School of Medicine the following year and was promoted to assistant professor by Robert J. Terry, the head of the Department of Anatomy. Four years later she received tenure and became an associate professor. In 1946, after complaining to

342-708: The American Heart Association in 1967. He held his teaching title at Vanderbilt University until 1973. In 1973, after spending 10 years at Vanderbilt University , Sutherland moved to Miami , where he joined the faculty at Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami as a distinguished professor of biochemistry. He continued to be involved in novel research about adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate , co-authoring four papers in 1973 alone. While working in Cori's laboratory, Sutherland, with

380-775: The National Academy of Sciences in 1973. Sutherland was also a member of various scientific societies which included the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Chemical Society , the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , the American Association for the Advancement of Science , and Sigma Xi . From 1951 to 1956, Sutherland was a member of the editorial board for

418-640: The Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research in 1956. The Mildred Trotter Prize, named in her honor for her work on skeletal biology, is given to students for exceptional work in the field of physical anthropology . In 2022, Routledge published her biography entitled Mildred Trotter and the Invisible Histories of Physical and Forensic Anthropology . It was written by Emily Wilson. Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974)

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456-717: The Biochemical Preparations Journal. The editorial board of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics sought is attention from 1957 to 1958. On March 9, 1974, Sutherland died of internal bleeding due to surgical complications following a massive esophageal hemorrhage . He was 58 years old. After Sutherland's death, in 1974, the Miller School of Medicine established the Sutherland Memorial Lecture. In 1976, Vanderbilt University created

494-517: The Sutherland Prize which is awarded annually to a faculty member whose work has garnered them national, if not international, acclaim and respect. Recipients are awarded $ 5,000, and their name is engraved on a silver bowl. Vanderbilt honored Sutherland in 1997 by starting a Sutherland lecture, and again in 2001 in the creation of the Sutherland Chair of Pharmacology. Heidi E. Hamm, a member of

532-600: The Washington University School of Medicine. Trotter received several honorary degrees, including an Sc.D. from Western College for Women in 1956, an Sc.D. from Mt. Holyoke College in 1960, and a D.Sc. from Washington University in 1980. She was named as a Woman of Achievement in science in 1955, by the St. Louis Globe-Democrat . She was the first woman to receive the Viking Fund Medal in Physical Anthropology from

570-411: The analysis of several of its properties. First, it was determined that the enzymatic activity of LP depends on the addition or removal of a phosphate group, a process called phosphorylation . In a later experiment, they demonstrated that more phosphate is taken up in liver slices when epinephrine and glucagon are added, suggesting that these hormones were promoting the phosphorylation of LP, activating

608-739: The assistant dean at the university, and they were together for the remainder of Sutherland's life. In 1952, Sutherland was awarded the Banting Memorial Lectureship and, in 1953, was elected as the Chairman of the Case Western Reserve University Department of Pharmacology in Cleveland, Ohio. He was awarded the Career Investigator position at the American Heart Association in 1967 and was elected as member of

646-552: The effects of the hormones epinephrine and glucagon on the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. In 1942, he worked as an intern at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis . After receiving his medical degree from Washington University in 1942, Sutherland served as a World War II army physician. He returned to Washington University in St. Louis in 1945, where he continued to do research in Cori's Laboratory. Sutherland accredits his decision to pursue

684-542: The enzyme. The results of a later paper in the series suggested that this phosphorylation and activation of LP was a result of the action of phosphorlyase kinase . This series also investigated the inactivation of liver phosphorylase and characterized an enzyme they initially called LP-inactivating enzyme, which functions by cleaving the phosphate group. This enzyme was later renamed liver phosphorylase phosphatase. These papers also characterized LP in terms of molecular weight and other factors. During their analysis, they found

722-452: The experiment without sucrose they were able to see more effective results. Secondly, Sutherland initially believed that there was something vital about the intact cell, and that disrupting its structure would not produce any hormonal effect. However, after some debate, Rall had convinced Sutherland to use liver homogenates. Once they had witnessed nearly a doubling of the rate of LP activation, they knew this belief in that keeping cells intact

760-638: The head of the Anatomy Department, E.V. Cowdry, and being evaluated by a committee, Trotter was finally promoted to full professor of Gross Anatomy, becoming the first woman to hold that rank at Washington University. In 1948, Trotter was granted a 14-month leave of absence from Washington University, to work with the U.S. Army's Graves Registration Service , at the Central Identification Laboratory at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. Her job

798-484: The help of his co-workers, made several discoveries concerning the mechanism of glycogen metabolism that, years later, led him to his discovery of the biological activity of cyclic AMP. Cori's laboratory had previously established the basic mechanism of glycogen metabolism, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Sutherland helped to identify the importance of liver phosphorylase (LP) in

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836-519: The identification of cyclic adenosine monophosphate , or cyclic AMP, and its role as a secondary messenger . In 1963, Sutherland became professor of anatomy at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville . His position allowed him to devote more time to his research. He continued his work on cyclic AMP, receiving financial support from the Career Investigatorship awarded to him by

874-413: The importance of LP, Sutherland moved his research efforts to Western Reserve University. There, he worked in collaboration with Ted Rall, Walter D Wosilait, and Jacques Berthet to publish a series of papers in the Journal of Biological Chemistry , "The Relationship of Epinephrine and Glucagon to Liver Phosphorylase", which was released in four parts. These four papers document the purification of LP and

912-553: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trotter_Prize&oldid=933219404 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mildred Trotter Trotter was born in Monaca, Pennsylvania . She received her B.A. in zoology and physiology from Mount Holyoke College in 1920. She

950-431: The original tube. Berthet not only demanded this step of the procedure be done through careful aspiration, he also critiqued the lack of specificity during centrifugation with respect to suspension height, rpm and time. The willingness of Sutherland and his associates to modify their experimental procedures and mistaken assumptions allowed them to make the discoveries that they made. Sutherland married Mildred Rice in 1937,

988-409: The process of glycogenolysis . Of the three basic enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, he found that LP was rate-limiting, meaning that the progression of glycogen metabolism is dependent on this enzyme. LP would become the subject of his research for the next several years, and it was through experimentation on LP and hormone interaction that his most renowned discovery was made. After identifying

1026-406: The pursuit of a Bachelor of Science degree. In order to pay for tuition, he worked throughout his undergraduate years as a medical staff assistant at a local hospital. Sutherland graduated in 1937, at the age of 21. He was then accepted to Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , where he developed a strong mentorship with Carl Ferdinand Cori . In 1942, Sutherland graduated with

1064-502: The same year that he graduated from Washburn College . In 1944, during World War II , Sutherland was called into service as a battalion surgeon under General George S. Patton, and was later sent to Germany , where he served as a staff physician in a military hospital until 1945. He had two sons and a daughter with Mildred Rice. In 1962, Sutherland divorced his first wife. A year later, when he became professor of physiology at Vanderbilt University, Sutherland married Claudia Sebeste Smith,

1102-464: The success of this experiment was the use a homogenate of liver cells rather than intact liver cells, as they had been doing in their previous experiments. The general consensus among researchers at that time was that the study of hormones was only possible using intact cells; this was the first instance that a hormone pathway was studied using a cell homogenate. Sutherland and his co-authors were able to observe similar effects in liver homogenate to what

1140-613: The unexpected result that LP activation increased with the addition of 5-AMP, which is a precursor of cAMP; however, this was not known at the time. The fourth paper published in this series, "The Relationship of Epinephrine and Glucagon to Liver Phosphorylase: IV Effect of Epinephrine and Glucagon on the Reactivation of Phosphorylase in Liver Homogenates", was published in 1956. In this paper, Sutherland and associates furthered their investigation of epinephrine and glucagon. The key to

1178-483: Was a founding member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists and their first woman president (1955-1957). She was president of the Missouri State Anatomical Board from 1957 to 1967, and president of the St. Louis Anatomical Board from 1941 to 1948 and from 1949 to 1967. At age 86, Trotter had a disabling stroke. At her wish, her body was donated after her death on August 23, 1991, to

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1216-487: Was an American pharmacologist and biochemist born in Burlingame, Kansas . Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine , via second messengers , namely cyclic adenosine monophosphate , or cyclic AMP. Sutherland was born on November 19, 1915, in Burlingame , Kansas . The second youngest of six children, he

1254-461: Was crucial to studying the effects of hormones was not necessarily true, at least in this case. Finally, Sutherland had decided to ignore Jacques Berthet's request to conduct the same experiment using proper lab technique, specifically the Lehninger Hard Pour, where the supernatant material was decanted by pouring the liquid into another test tube once the particulate fraction reached the top of

1292-617: Was hired by the Washington University in St. Louis as a researcher in the School of Medicine and Department of Anatomy. Her work contributed to her degree. She received a Master's in 1921, and a Ph.D. in anatomy in 1924, whereupon she became an instructor of anatomy. She accepted a National Research Council Fellowship in Physical Anthropology for the 1925–26 academic year, and studied at Oxford University in England, with Arthur Thomson . As

1330-445: Was observed in whole liver slices. More importantly, they were able to observe this response in two stages. This stage response was characterized by the particulate fraction producing an unknown heat stable factor in the presence of the hormones epinephrine and glucagon. This factor then stimulates the formation of liver phosphorylase in a fraction of the homogenate where the hormones are not present. This unknown heat stable factor, which

1368-408: Was produced in the presence of hormones and ultimately led to the secondary formation of liver phosphorylase, was later termed cyclic AMP. Even though the discovery of cyclic AMP and the idea of second messengers were of great importance to the world of medicine, Sutherland's findings were actually achieved through strenuous trial and error. First of all, Sutherland and Ted Rall were convinced that

1406-407: Was raised by his mother, Edith M. Hartshorn, and his father, Earl W. Sutherland. Though his father, who was originally from Wisconsin , had attended Grinnell College for two years, he ultimately led an agrarian lifestyle that took him to both New Mexico and Oklahoma before settling down in Burlingame to raise a family. Edith, a Missouri native, had some training in nursing at what was called

1444-458: Was to help identify the remains of U.S. servicemen and servicewomen. Her laboratory identified 94 percent of the remains analyzed. Frustrated with the lack of recorded data for predicting height and age, she collected her own measurements, building a substantial database of information. Trotter's work with Goldine C. Gleser in 1952 created statistical regression formulae for the calculation of stature estimates from human long bones, based on

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