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102-555: The term tropicália (tropicalismo) has multiple connotations in that it played on images of Brazil being that of a "tropical paradise". Tropicalia was presented as a "field for reflection on social history". The movement was begun by a group of musicians from Bahia notably Caetano Veloso , Gilberto Gil , Gal Costa , Tom Zé , and the poet-lyricist Torquato Neto . Later the group moved from Salvador (the capital of Bahia) to São Paulo where they met with collaborators Os Mutantes and Rogério Duprat among others. They went on to produce

204-610: A spit of land separating the Bay of All Saints from the Atlantic. Once a stronghold of supporters of direct rule of Brazil by the Portuguese monarchy, and dominated by agricultural , slaving , and ranching interests, Bahia is now a predominantly working-class industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP. Bahia

306-409: A barrage of psychedelic music, played at high volume, and Veloso further outraged the students with his overtly sexual stage movements. The crowd reacted angrily, shouting abuse at the performers and booing loudly, and their fury was only exacerbated by the surprise appearance of an American pop singer, John Dandurand , who joined Veloso on stage and grunted incoherently into the microphone. After such

408-522: A chance to speak up about their experiences. Oiticica, for example, was one who moved to New York and published a magazine article titled, “Mario Montez, Tropicamp”. The names for the titles that were used related to the risky and systematic aims during the times of tropicalia. These magazines also told the stories of others who were in the United States and home in Brazil. By tropicalia going underground, there

510-603: A dozen telenovela titles and pilots were censored. Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil were arrested December 27, 1968—days after AI-5 was announced—under the false accusation of having performed a parody of the Brazilian National Anthem to the tune of "Tropicália" at the Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro. They joined a number of Brazilian artists who lived in exile during the military dictatorship. Some artists responded to

612-500: A furious improvised monologue, haranguing the students for their behaviour and denouncing what he saw as their cultural conservatism. He was then joined by Gilberto Gil, who came on stage to show his support for Veloso, and as the tumult reached a crescendo, Veloso announced he was withdrawing from the competition, and after deliberately finishing the song out of tune, the tropicalistas defiantly walked offstage, arm-in-arm. On December 27, 1968, Veloso and Gil were arrested and imprisoned by

714-471: A half years. Modern critic Roberto Schwarz addresses tropicália's hand in solidifying the idea of the absurd as a permanent evil of Brazil, and its issues with an ideological mentality. However, the approaches of the movement were ever-shifting and did not stick to one central idea. Throughout the 1940s until her death in 1955, the singer and actress Carmen Miranda made Hollywood musicals and performed live. Before first appearing on Broadway in 1939, she had

816-407: A later tropicália concert in the same year, during a performance by Caetano Veloso, a riot erupted in the auditorium between tropicalists and supporters of nationalist-participant music. The nationalists were primarily college students, and the uproar culminated with screams and hurling garbage at Veloso. The nationalist-participant group's resistance of the movement was nothing new, but this incident

918-438: A major song prize at the previous year's festival, when he was backed by an Argentinian rock band, and although his unconventional performance caused some initial consternation, he managed to win over the crowd and was feted as a new star of Brazilian popular music. By late 1968, however, Veloso was fully immersed in the tropicalia experiment, and his performances, which were expressly intended as provocative art "happenings", caused

1020-413: A near-riot. In the first round of the competition on 12 September, Veloso was initially greeted by enthusiastic applause, but the mood quickly changed when the music started. Veloso came on dressed in a bright green plastic tunic, festooned with electrical wires and necklaces strung with animal teeth, and his backing band Os Mutantes were also dressed in similarly outlandish attire. The ensemble launched into

1122-471: A new precedent for artistic hybridization allowing for a diversity of sounds and styles in those who were inspired by the movement. In 2021, scientists named a species of Brazilian tree frog , Scinax tropicalia after this movement. Tropicalia introduced two very unusual movements to modern Brazil – antropofagia and concretism  [ pt ] . In addition to this was pop music from abroad that helped inaugurate postmodernism in Brazil. In spite of

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1224-446: A powerful negative reaction, Veloso was unsure whether to appear in the second round on 15 September, but his manager convinced him to go on, and this chaotic performance was recorded live and later released as a single. The students in the audience began hissing as soon as Veloso's name was announced, even before he had even taken the stage. Wearing the same green costume (minus the wires and necklaces), Veloso came on with Os Mutantes amid

1326-409: A storm of catcalls, and the group launched into a provocative new song Veloso had written for the occasion, "É Proibido Proibir" (" It is Forbidden to Forbid "), the title of which he had taken from a photo of a Parisian protest poster, which he had seen reproduced in a local magazine. The booing and jeering was soon so loud that Veloso struggled to be heard over the din, and he again deliberately taunted

1428-426: A successful career in Brazil throughout the 1930s and was known as the "Queen of Samba". Yet after she gained international success in the United States, many Brazilians regarded her elaborate costume and performance as a caricature of Brazilian culture. In Caetano Veloso's 1968 song "Tropicália", the musician references Carmen Miranda whose vulgar iconography were an inspiration. Caetano Veloso has said Carmen Miranda

1530-564: A total of 604 thousand tons, 3,6% of the national production. Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil The 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil engaged in censorship of media, artists, journalists , and others it deemed " subversive ", "dangerous", or " immoral ". The political system installed by the 1964 coup d'état also set out to censor material that went against what it called moral e bons costumes ('morality and good manners'). The government prohibited

1632-500: A very diversified fauna . The name of the area refers to the cultivation of the palm oil , or Elaeis guineensis , likely imported from West Africa. It is connected to Salvador and the southern part of the state by ferryboats and the BA-001 highway, the second ecological highway along the Bahian coast, which connects the southern coastline and the extreme southern part of the state. It includes

1734-411: A working-class neighborhood that was home to thousands of Afro-Brazilians. Since 1992, however, the overwhelming majority of these people have been forcibly removed and replaced by boutiques, NGO headquarters, government offices, folkloric representations, monuments, and amenities for tourists. In 2004, Bahia comprised 4.9% of the economic activity of Brazil and it has the biggest GDP of the states of

1836-521: Is also home to groups known as "blocos-afros", including Olodum , Timbalada , and Ilê Aiyê . Additionally, groups such as Novos Baianos , Chiclete com Banana , Camisa de Vênus , Banda Eva , BaianaSystem are based in Bahia. The first well-known rock'n roll singer in Brazil was also from Bahia. Born Raul Seixas , he was known as "Maluco Beleza" or "Peaceful Lunatic" (being "beleza (beauty)" in this manner means to be either "in peace" or "tranquil"). During

1938-653: Is an introduction to the style. Other compilations include The Tropicalia Style (1996), Tropicália 30 Anos (1997), Tropicalia: Millennium (1999), Tropicalia: Gold (2002), and Novo Millennium: Tropicalia (2005). Yet another compilation, Tropicalia: A Brazilian Revolution in Sound , was released to acclaim in 2006. A 2012 documentary film, Tropicália , was made on the subject and artists in general; directed by Brazilian filmmaker Marcelo Machado, where Fernando Meirelles served as one of its executive producers. Bahia Bahia ( Portuguese: [baˈiɐ] )

2040-672: Is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean . The Bay of All Saints is the largest bay on the Brazilian coast. Under the Brazilian Empire , it was bounded on the north by the Rio Real and by the Jequitinhonha on the south, but Bahia now comprises an irregular shape bound by other states of Brazil , some of which were formed from it. In the north, it is now bordered (from east to west) by Sergipe , Alagoas , Pernambuco and Piauí . In

2142-453: Is considered a turning point in the process of Brazil's re-democratization. The military regime promulgated a narrative that Herzog had committed suicide, but evidence indicated that the suicide had been staged, leading to public protest against the military government and its methods of covering up torture , including a weeklong strike by 30,000 university students and professors. The January 1977 Manifesto dos Intelectuais 'Petition of

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2244-503: Is more arid and its predominate vegetation the cerrado . The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the cowboys' habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass. The Chapada Diamantina National Park is home to picturesque chapadões . The Coconut Coast, in the north of Bahia, corresponds to a total of 193 km (120 mi) of coastline, where coconut groves, dunes, rivers, swamps and fresh water lagoons are abundant as well as

2346-622: Is one of the 26 states of Brazil , located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro ) and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of Salvador (formerly known as "Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos", literally "City of the Saint Savior of the Bay of All the Saints"), on

2448-513: Is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance to Witch's broom . In 2018, the Northeast was in third place among the regions that most produce sugar cane in the country. Brazil

2550-419: Is the 2nd largest producer of cotton in Brazil, losing only to Mato Grosso. In 2019, it harvested 1.5 million tonnes of the product. In soy , Brazil produced close to 120 million tons in 2019, being the largest world producer. In 2019, the Northeast produced close to 10.7 million tons, or 9% of the Brazilian total. The largest producer in the Northeast was Bahia (5.3 million tons). In

2652-512: Is the world's largest producer, with 672.8 million tons harvested this year. The Northeast harvested 45.7 million tons, 6.8% of national production. Alagoas is the largest producer, with 33.3% of Northeastern production (15.2 million tons). Pernambuco is the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 22.7% of the total in the region (10.3 million tons). Paraíba has 11.9% of northeastern production (5.5 million tons) and Bahia, 10.24% of production (4.7 million tons). Bahia

2754-602: The Beagle . In 1835, Bahia was the site of an urban slave revolt , the Malê Revolt of 1835 by the predominantly Muslim West African slaves at the time. The term malê was commonly used to refer to Muslims at the time from the Yoruba word imale . The revolt is particularly notable as the greatest slave rebellion in the history of the Bahia. Under the Empire , Bahia returned 14 deputies to

2856-563: The Afro-Brazilian Museum in Salvador. In the interior of the state, there is the traditional culture of the vaqueiros among agricultural communities. From the 1550s onward, in Bahia, these farmers were integral to the process of expansion away from the coasts of Brazil. There is a World Heritage Site in Salvador . Pelourinho was once Salvador's principal red-light district as well as

2958-527: The Empire of Brazil , as members in the local elite remained loyal to the Portuguese crown after the rest of the country proclaimed independence under Pedro I on 7 September 1822. Control of the province was disputed in several battles, mostly in Pirajá, before the Portuguese were fully expelled on 2 July 1823. It became a Brazilian state in 1889. Charles Darwin visited Bahia in 1832 on his famous voyage on

3060-518: The First Brazilian Republic ( República Velha ) the biggest name in the state's politics was José Joaquim Seabra, also known as J. J. Seabra; the Vargas era and the subsequent re-democratization period saw the rise of Juracy Magalhães and Otávio Mangabeira , respectively. During the military dictatorship , the governorship of Antônio Carlos Magalhães (also known by his initials, ACM) marked

3162-661: The Governor , the Legislative Assembly and the Court of Justice of the State of Bahia , respectively. Elected terms last four years, with state and federal elections being held simultaneously. The governor of the state is limited to two consecutive terms. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 63 state deputies. At the federal level, Bahia is represented by three senators and 39 federal deputies . Municipal elections are held two years after

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3264-666: The Poço Encantado . Many of the sites are protected by the National Park of the Diamantina Tableland and the Environmental Preservation Area Serra do Barbado and Marimbus, Iraquara. Bahia's climate is tropical. It has the longest coastline of the country: 1,103 km long (685 miles; north coast: 143; Bay of All Saints: 124; and southern: 418). With 68% of its territory located in the semi-arid zone,

3366-649: The capoeira (martial art emerged in Quilombo dos Palmares , located in the state of Alagoas ), African-derived music such as samba (especially Brazilian samba precursor, the samba-de-roda), afoxé , and axé , and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa. Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians. Among the noted musical figures born in the state are Dorival Caymmi , Joao Gilberto , Gilberto Gil , Raul Seixas , Pepeu Gomes , Margareth Menezes , Daniela Mercury , Carlinhos Brown , Ivete Sangalo , and Pitty . The city of Salvador

3468-517: The 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. António Vieira , who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory. One of Brazil's most prominent writers of the 20th century, Jorge Amado , was born in the southeastern Bahian city of Itabuna , and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon ; Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands ; and Tieta,

3570-416: The 18th centuries and contains a number of historic towns, such as Cachoeira , dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of African slaves : more than a third of all slaves taken from Africa were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country. The state was the last area of the country to join

3672-494: The 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis , which served as the movement's manifesto. Tropicália was not only an expression in analyzing and manipulating culture but also a mode of political expression. The tropicália movement came to fruition at a time when Brazil's military dictatorship and left-wing ideas held distinct but prominent amounts of power simultaneously. The tropicalists' rejection of both sides' version of nationalism (the military's conservative patriotism and

3774-429: The 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian abolitionist poet and playwright Castro Alves , a native of the recôncavo city of Cachoeira , penned his poem, Navio negreiro , about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian Romanticism and a central anti-slavery text. Other notable Bahian writers include playwright and screenwriter Dias Gomes , Gregório de Matos , who wrote during

3876-506: The Cacao Coast. Highway BA-001 links the municipalities, nearly always bordering the coastline. The most important locations at Cacao Coast are: Itacaré, Ilhéus, and Olivença. The Discovery Coast preserves, virtually intact, the landscape seen by the Portuguese fleet described in the first pages of the history of Brazil . There are approximately 150 km (93 mi) of beaches, inlets, bays, cliffs, numerous rivers and streams surrounded by

3978-525: The Expo 98 Round the World Rally, which consider the bay an important stop along the route. The islands of the bay are a separate attraction. Some are privately owned, others were declared a state heritage and transformed into Environmental Protection Areas or ecological stations. Other islands are the patrimony of 12 municipalities located around the bay. Only a few are uninhabited and many have small communities where

4080-495: The Goat Girl , all of which became internationally renowned films. Other notable authors from Bahia include the fiction writers João Ubaldo Ribeiro and historic writer Euclides da Cunha , who wrote " Os Sertões ". In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and Argentinian native Hector Julio Páride Bernabó, also known as Carybé (1911–1997). Fine examples of his work are visible in

4182-720: The Intellectuals' led by Lygia Fagundes Telles , with over a thousand signatures against the dictatorship, was delivered to the Ministry of Justice in Brasília and broke the momentum of the censors. On October 13, 1978, Constitutional Amendment No. 11 revoked the AI-5, effective January 1, 1979. Zuenir Ventura estimates that in the decade in which the AI-5 was in effect, approximately 500 films, 450 theatrical plays , 200 books, dozens of radio programs , 100 magazines , over 500 song lyrics, and

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4284-550: The North and Northeast. The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 48.5%, followed by the service sector at 40.8%. Agriculture represents 10.7% of GDP (2004). Bahia exports: chemicals 22.4%, fuel 17.5%, mineral metallics 13%, paper 9.4%, cacao 5.6%, vehicles 4.8%, soybean 4.5% (2002). In addition to important agricultural and industrial sectors, the state also has considerable mineral and petroleum deposits. In recent years, soy cultivation has increased substantially in

4386-411: The Northeast were Ceará and Bahia. In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Maranhão was the 7th largest producer in the country, with 681 thousand tons. Ceará was 9th, with 622 thousand tons. Bahia was 10th with 610 thousand tons. In total, the northeast produced 3,5 million tons. Bahia was the fourth largest producer of oranges in Brazil in 2018, with

4488-653: The Paraguaçú and Subaé) and bathes the first capital of Brazil and the largest in the Northeast , Salvador, and more than ten municipalities. It is the largest navigable bay in Brazil and one of the most favorite spots for nautical sports, due to its regular breezes, medium annual temperature of 26 °C (79 °F) and sheltered waters. The bay offers various leisure options, with hundreds of vessels of all different types, especially saveiros, schooners, motor boats, jet ski that criss-cross its crystalline waters on maritime excursions to

4590-595: The Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal, Caraíva, Trancoso, Arraial d'Ajuda, the environmental protection areas of Santo Antônio and Coroa Vermelha, to the mouth of the Rio João de Tiba as far as the Rio Jequitinhonha are among the various ecological trips available. The geographical center of Bahia is the Diamantina Tableland ( Chapada Diamantina ) region. It is a mountainous region with diversified topography. 90% of

4692-412: The State presents diversified climates and an average rainfall that varies from 363 to 2,000 mm (14.3 to 78.7 in) per year, depending on the region. The Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral sighted Monte Pascoal ("Easter Mountain") near Itamaraju and landed at what is now Porto Seguro on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, claiming the territory for Portugal . In 1549, Portugal established

4794-402: The attention and suspicion of the military, who feared tropicália's influence of protest in the cultural realm. Near the end of 1968, tropicália experienced a shift to a more overt association with international countercultures and movements, most notably that of African-American Black Power in the United States. The movement was becoming increasingly leftist, and pushed for artistic output. At

4896-476: The beach, follow trails in the rainforest and bathe on completely deserted beaches such as Garapuá. Along the southern coast of Bahia, the Cacao Coast preserves ecological sanctuaries with dozens of kilometers of beaches shaded by dense coconut groves, the Atlantic Forest , large areas of wetland vegetation and cacao plantations . Walking along paths in the forest or along the beaches, horseback riding along

4998-404: The beginning of the military dictatorship, between the coup in 1964 and Institutional Act Number Five in 1968, censorship involved confiscation initiatives with physical coercion by poorly trained agents at random checkpoints . Throughout the dictatorship, the hierarchical structure of organs involved in censorship went through transformations. The Serviço de Censura de Diversões Públicas

5100-499: The city of Salvador on a hill facing the Bay of All Saints . The city and surrounding captaincy served as an administrative capital of Portugal's colonies in the Americas until 1763. It remained the religious capital of Brazil's Roman Catholic hierarchy, with its archbishop serving as the national primate until 1907. Salvador holds the country's oldest cathedral and first medical college (1810), and an engineering school

5202-477: The climate of censorship and repression by cleverly disguising subversive messages in their work. Notable examples include Geraldo Vandré 's 1968 " Pra Não Dizer que Não Falei das Flores " as well as Chico Buarque 's 1970 " Apesar de Você    [ pt ] " and 1973 " Cálice    [ pt ] ." Some newspapers adopted strategies—such as printing excerpts from Luís de Camões 's 16th-century Os Lusíadas or cake recipes calling for

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5304-766: The coast, boat trips up the vast number of rivers are some of the options that the region offers. Here one can find Environmental Protection Areas at Itacaré/Serra Grande and the Lagoa Encantada in Ilhéus , the Biological Reserve of Una and the Ecological Reserve of Prainha at Itacaré. From the Morro de Pernambuco to Canavieiras, there are 110 km (68 mi) of beaches, with reefs , inlets , coconut grove and an infinite number of estuaries of rivers which extend throughout

5406-474: The corrupting influences of Western capitalist popular culture. The politico-artistic tensions between leftist students and the tropicalistas reached a climax in September 1968, with Caetano Veloso's watershed performances at the third International Song Festival, held in the auditorium of Rio's Catholic University, where the audience not surprisingly included a large contingent of left-wing students. Veloso had won

5508-519: The falling-outs and violence, there is a permanence of tradition in Oswald's antropofagia, who at one point of time conflicted with the idea of Romantic Indianism of the nineteenth century. These ideas were and still are seen in theaters and people's notions that involved a relationship that tied back to a longer history of poetic creations. Moreover, members of tropicalia who were not arrested or tortured, voluntarily escaped into exile in order to get away from

5610-500: The general assembly and 7 senators; its own provincial assembly consisted of 36 members. In the 19th century, cotton , coffee , and tobacco plantations joined those for sugarcane and the discovery of diamonds in 1844 led to large influx of "washers" ( garimpeiros ) until the still-larger deposits in South Africa came to light. A smaller boom hit Caetité in 1872 upon the discovery of amethysts there. The cattle industry of

5712-503: The globe. Tom Zé, a tropicalista who had largely faded into obscurity at the end of the movement, saw a resurgence of critical and commercial interest in the 1990s. Tropicalismo has been cited as an influence by rock musicians such as David Byrne , Beck , the Bird and the Bee , Arto Lindsay , Devendra Banhart , El Guincho , Of Montreal , and Nelly Furtado . In 1998, Beck released Mutations ,

5814-653: The government of the state of Bahia oscillated between two parties, the Partido da Frente Liberal (PFL, now the Democrats ) and the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). The Workers' Party (PT) was elected to the governorship in 2007 and has held it ever since, through five successive elections (2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022). As a federative unit of Brazil, Bahia has its own three branches of government (executive, legislative, judiciary), which are operated by

5916-435: The ineffectual bourgeois anti-imperialism) was met with criticism and harassment. The dissolution of the movement by the early 1970s gave rise to a new wave of soloists and groups identifying as “post-tropicalist”. The movement has inspired many artists nationally and internationally. Additionally, tropicalia continues to be a main feature in the original Bahian group and their fellows’ work. A dominant principle of tropicália

6018-556: The interior led to the development of Feira de Santana before collapsing in a series of droughts. Historically, Bahia's politics and that of the country have been closely intertwined, initially due to Salvador's status as the first capital of Brazil. During the imperial period , several prime ministers originated from Bahia; during the early years of the Republic, Bahia produced some noteworthy national figures, such as Ruy Barbosa , Cezar Zama, and Aristides Spínola, amongst others. During

6120-657: The islands, and boat races. Events and sport activities occur throughout the year, beginning on 1 January, with the Procession of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes greeting the New Year. All Saints' has also been traditionally the venue for rowing contests at the Enseada dos Tainheiros, in Salvador and now the bay is included in the routes of the great international regattas , such as the Ralley Les Iles du Soleil, regatta Hong Kong Challenge and

6222-562: The leader in the country. However, the sector has been suffering strong competition and losing market to Indonesia, the Philippines and India, the world's largest producers, who even export coconut water to Brazil. In addition to climatic problems, the low productivity of coconut palms in the Northeast Region is the result of factors related to the variety of coconut harvested and the technological level used in coastal regions. In these areas,

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6324-432: The leftists with his sexualised stage actions. Within a short time the performers were being pelted with fruit, vegetables, eggs and a rain of paper balls, and a section of the audience expressed their disapproval by standing up and turning their backs to the performers, prompting Os Mutantes to respond in kind by turning their backs on the audience. Infuriated by the students' reaction, Veloso stopped singing and launched into

6426-512: The maritime region ( Recôncavo ) radiating from the Bay of All Saints, the site of sugar and tobacco cultivation; and the Planalto , which includes the sertão region of Bahia's far interior. The state has the Diamantina Tableland ( Chapada Diamantina ), which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. The rain falls regularly in the eastern section. The western area

6528-502: The military government over the political content of their work. After two months, the two were released and subsequently forced to seek exile in London , where they lived and resumed their musical careers until they were able to return to Brazil in 1972. In 1993, Veloso and Gil released the album Tropicália 2 , celebrating 25 years of the movement and commemorating their earlier musical experiments. Tropicália's controversy can be traced to

6630-420: The movement. The movement also utilized Carmen Miranda , a Brazilian/Portuguese international star, who in Brazil had come to be viewed as inauthentic. The use of Carmen Miranda's image and motifs became synonymous with the movement. Veloso in particular would imitate the icons gestures and mannerisms during performances. This usage was intentionally done as a means to address the concept of "authenticity". Miranda

6732-562: The municipalities of Valença, Cairu and the International attractions of Morro de São Paulo, Camamu , Taperoá, Igrapiúna, Ituberá and Maraú. The mouth of the Rio Una , in the form of a delta , contains 26 islands, the largest of which is Ilha de Tinharé , where the Morro de São Paulo is located. At Boipeba and Cairú, which are part of the archipelago of Tinharé, the diversity of the ecosystems enables visitors to practice water sports , walk along

6834-425: The natives live on fishing and tourism. All have common characteristics, such a calm sea, dense vegetation, especially coconuts and bananas , as well as vestiges of the Atlantic Forest . Of the 56 islands, the most important are Itaparica , Madre de Deus, Maré, Frades, Medo, Bom Jesus dos Passos. The Dendê Coast, south of Salvador , is surrounded by verdant vegetation, clear waters, islands, bays, coral reefs and

6936-464: The new wave of American and British psychedelic music of the period - most notably the work of the Beatles - also put them at odds with Marxist-influenced students on Brazil's left, whose aesthetic agenda was strongly nationalistic, and oriented towards 'traditional' Brazilian musical forms. This leftist faction vigorously rejected anything - especially tropicalismo - which they perceived as being tainted by

7038-561: The northwest, it is bordered by Tocantins . In the southwest, it borders Goiás , and in the south it is bordered (from east to west) by Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais . The state is crossed from west to east by many rivers , but the most important is the São Francisco , which starts in Minas Gerais and runs through western Bahia before emptying into the Atlantic between Sergipe and Alagoas . Formerly plied by paddlewheel steamers ,

7140-423: The politics of Bahia for three decades, with one brief defeat in 1980 by Waldir Pires . Despite this defeat ACM later occupied many other public offices; he died in 2007 while serving as senator. ACM's wide-reaching influence in the state's politics has been dubbed "Carlismo", and is considered an example of a larger phenomenon called coronelismo ("colonel-ism"). After the end of military rule in Brazil in 1985,

7242-575: The presence of the Atlantic Rain Forest . The Green Road, a road that connects Mangue Seco in the far north to Praia do Forte, crosses this region maintaining a critical distance from the areas of environmental preservation. For this reason, the route is sometimes more than 10 km (6.2 mi) from the beach. At Praia do Forte, the road meets the Coconut Road (Estrada do Côco) leading to Salvador, passing through spots, which are now integrated in

7344-528: The production and circulation of such material. In addition to foreign books and authors , especially those social and political in nature, about 140 books by Brazilian authors were forbidden by the state in that period, covering both fiction and non-fiction. Among these Brazilian authors there were Érico Veríssimo , Jorge Amado , Darcy Ribeiro , Rubem Fonseca , Caio Prado Júnior , Celso Furtado , Ignácio de Loyola Brandão , Dalton Trevisan , Maria da Conceição Tavares , Olympio Mourão Filho , and others. At

7446-422: The production of cocoa , for a long time, Bahia led the Brazilian production. Today, it is disputing the leadership of national production with the state of Pará. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity

7548-559: The production of maize , in 2018 Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world, with 82 million tons. The Northeast produced about 8.4% of the country's total. Bahia was the largest producer in the Northeast, with 2.2 million tons. In 2018, the South Region was the main producer of beans with 26.4% of the total, followed by the Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The largest producers in

7650-809: The prohibition of 8 plays in February 1968 and the March of the One Hundred Thousand in June of that year. On December 13, 1968, the Institutional Act Number Five was announced in the name of "authentic democratic order [...] (and) the combat of subversion and of the ideologies contrary to the traditions of our people", creating conditions under which disclosure of information, manifesting opinions, and cultural and artistic production were subjected to censorship. The death of journalist Vladimir Herzog in 1975

7752-544: The river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons. The Sobradinho Dam created one of the largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex and the Itaparica or Luiz Gonzaga Dam . Bahia's geographical regions comprise the Atlantic Forest ;

7854-481: The rivers of the Paraguaçu, Jacuípe, and Rio das Contas basins have their source here. There are thousands of kilometers of clear waters that spring from these mountains and descend in cascades and waterfalls to plateaus and plains, forming natural pools. The vegetation mixes cactus species of the caatinga dry lands with rare examples of the mountain flora , especially bromeliads , orchids and "sempre vivas" (member of

7956-462: The semi-extractive cultivation system still prevails, with low fertility and without the adoption of cultural management practices. The three states that have the largest production, Bahia, Sergipe and Ceará, present a yield three times lower than that of Pernambuco, which is in 5th place in the national production. This is because most of the coconut trees in these three states are located in coastal areas and cultivated in semi-extractivist systems. In

8058-587: The state and federal elections. The state capital is the city of Salvador , but once a year the capital is moved to Cachoeira in recognition of the city's importance in the struggle for the independence of Brazil . There are 10,110,100 registered voters, according to data from 2012, making Bahia the state with the fourth highest number of voters in the country. Most voters reside in the capital (and most populous city), Salvador. All 29 parties registered in Brazil have chapters in Bahia. According to IBGE data of 2022, there were 14,141,626 people residing in

8160-449: The state more than doubled from 2004 to 2014, ranking first out of the 26 states of Brazil. In 2014, the state also had the highest number of murders in the country. Religion in Bahia (2010) As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the Yoruba -derived religious system of Candomblé ,

8262-508: The state. During the colonial and imperial periods , Bahia was a center of Brazilian sugarcane production and slave trading . In the 19th century, the Bay of All Saints was also a whaling spot, as some species of whales used the bay as a mating ground. By that time, the province was also growing cotton , coffee , and tobacco with great success. mandioc , rice , beans , and corn , saffron , oranges , mangoes , and other fruit were grown for local consumption. The arid interior

8364-488: The state. The population density was 24.93 inhabitants per square kilometre (64.6/sq mi). Urban population: 67.4% (2006); Population growth: 1.1% (1991–2000); Houses: 3,826,000 (2006). The last National Census in 2022 showed the following numbers: 8,103,964 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (57.3%), 2,772,837 White people (19.60%), 3,164,691 Black people (22.4%), 83,658 Amerindian people (0.6%). According to Instituto Socioambiental , there are 14 Indigenous groups in

8466-437: The state: Atikum, Kaimbé, Kantaruré, Kiriri, Pankaru, Pankararé, Pataxó , Pataxó Hã-ha- hãe, Payayá, Truká, Tumbalalá, Tupinambá , Tuxá and Xukuru-Kariri. Historically, the population was estimated at 1.45 million in the 1870s and was 1.92 million at the time of the 1890 Brazilian census. Bahia has one of the highest crime rates in the country, having four of the ten most violent cities in Brazil. Gun violence in

8568-513: The strawflower family). On the area one, can find the three highest mountains in the state: Pico do Barbado, 2,080 m (6,820 ft) high, Pico Itobira, 1,970 m (6,460 ft), and Pico das Almas, 1,958 m (6,424 ft). Another scenic attraction is the Cachoeira da Fumaça ("Waterfall"), which falls 420 m (1,380 ft); the Gruta dos Brejões, the largest cavern opening of Bahia; and

8670-480: The strict and repressing authorities. Many continuously went back and forth between different countries and cities. Some were never able to settle down. People like Caetano, Gil, and Torquato Neto, spent time in places like London, New York, or Paris. Some, but not all, were allowed to return to Brazil after years had passed. Others, still could only stay for short periods of time. At the same time, underground magazines were expanding and this gave those who were overseas

8772-503: The title of which is a tribute to Os Mutantes. Its hit single, " Tropicalia ", reached number 21 on the Billboard Modern Rock singles chart. Tropicália has morphed not only the Brazilian music scene itself but, the way Brazilian music is viewed. Tropicália expanded what Brazilians view as properly “authentic” and since the '90s broadened the way international audiences experienced and understood Brazilian music. Tropicália created

8874-481: The tropicália movement. Although it was a collaborative project, the main creative forces behind the album were Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil . The album experimented with unusual time signatures and unorthodox song structures, and also mixed tradition with innovation. Politically, the album expressed criticism of the coup d'état of 1964 . Key artists of the movement include Os Mutantes , Gilberto Gil , Gal Costa and Caetano Veloso . According to Maya Jaggi , "Gil

8976-607: The uncertain and unfriendly relationship the members of the movement had with the mass media. The movement's emphasis on art clashed with the media's need for mass appeal and marketability. Tropicália additionally had an image of sensuality and flamboyance. This was a protest to the reinstated oppression of Brazil's military rule in the 1960s, and an additional cause for media pushback. In 1968, tropicália events at clubs, music festivals, and television shows attracted media attention and aroused tension between Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil and their critics. This widespread attention attracted

9078-461: The urban development of the state capital. In this region is located Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport . The largest bay on the Brazilian coast , the Bay of All Saints ( Bahia de Todos os Santos ) has a large number of islands with tropical beaches and vegetation. In its 1,052 square km, it contains 56 islands, receives fresh water from numerous rivers and creeks (especially

9180-427: The verdant coconut groves, wetlands and the Atlantic Forest . There are various types of water sports, walks, trips on horseback, surfing and deep sea diving trips available. Recife de Fora, Coroa Alta and Trancoso can be reached in one day schooner excursions. BA-001 and two ferryboat systems over the Rio João de Tiba and Rio Buranhém connect the municipalities with the coast. Trips from Barra do Cai, passing through

9282-500: Was antropofagia , a type of cultural "cannibalism" that encouraged the consumption of disparate influences, both temporal and geographic, as well as categorical, out of which could be created something uniquely Brazilian. It was a blurring of lines and preexisting conceptions of high and low art forms, as well as prestigious and marginalized artistic and political expressions. The idea was originally put forth by poet Oswald de Andrade in his Manifesto Antropófago , published in 1928, and

9384-404: Was a "culturally repulsive object" for his generation. Scholar Christopher Dunn says that by embracing Carmen, Veloso treats her as "an allegory of Brazilian culture and its reception abroad". Many tropicalistas have maintained a presence in Brazilian popular culture, specifically through MPB (Brazilian pop music). Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso are both respectively popular nationally and around

9486-425: Was a unity of the members within the group because people like Oiticica sent these writing to Brazil so that the articles could circulate locally. In 2002, Caetano Veloso published an account of the tropicália movement, Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil . The 1999 compilation Tropicália Essentials , featuring songs by Gilberto Gil , Caetano Veloso , Gal Costa , Tom Zé , and Os Mutantes ,

9588-526: Was developed further by the tropicalistas in the 1960s. While concrete poets were not an initial influence upon the group's works, the two groups, particularly Veloso, Gil, and Augusto de Campos, would go on to share an intellectual partnership in São Paulo. This partnership would help the tropicalistas to form connections with other artists around the city, most notably Rogério Duprat. Helio Oiticica ’s 1967 work “Tropicalia” shares its name and aesthetic with

9690-464: Was established in 1899. Bahia's captaincy was the first to fail, with its lands reverting to the Portuguese crown in 1549. While Portugal was united with Spain , the Dutch West India companies tried to conquer Bahia but was unsuccessful in the area, with Dutch Brazil restricted to the area from Pernambuco Northward. Bahia was a center of sugarcane cultivation from the 16th to

9792-589: Was jailed and tried several times; in May 1965, his arrest prompted a petition signed by about a thousand people working in culture. The constitution of 1967  [ pt ] made censorship an official, centralized activity of the federal government in Brasília . Two protests against the military dictatorship precipitated the AI-5: the Cultura contra Censura protest against

9894-461: Was mostly used for cattle-farming , but this was ruined by a series of droughts caused in part by the custom of starting annual wildfires to improve the grass. Diamonds , gold , and amethysts were panned for in the rivers, while coal was mined on Itaparica . cacao was being farmed by the time of the First World War . It grew more than the national average, due to the fact that the state

9996-577: Was originally established December 26, 1945, under Getúlio Vargas . With the aim of centralizing censorship activities and standardizing directives, the Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas    [ pt ] (DCDP) was created June 2, 1972, as part of the Federal Police of Brazil , subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and Public Security . Ênio Silveira  [ pt ] , editor of Civilização Brasileira  [ pt ] ,

10098-536: Was partly inspired by Jorge Ben Jor , a Rio musician on the fringes of the movement, who mixed urban samba and bossa nova with rhythm and blues, soul and funk." The anarchistic, anti-authoritarian musical and lyrical expressions of the tropicalistas soon made them a target of censorship and repression by the military junta that ruled Brazil in this period, as did the fact some of the collective, including Veloso and Gil, also actively participated in anti-government demonstrations. The tropicalistas' passionate interest in

10200-470: Was previously below the average level. In agriculture , the state stands out in the production of cotton , cocoa , soy and tropical fruits such as coconut , papaya , mango , banana and guarana , in addition to also producing sugar cane , orange , beans and cassava , among others. In 2017, the Northeast Region was the largest producer of coconut in the country, with 74.0% of national production. Bahia produced 351 million fruits, being

10302-423: Was seen as presenting a caricature of what true Brazilian-ness was by Brazilians while international audiences saw her as a representative of Brazil and its culture. This dichotomy provided the means by which the tropicalistas could address the concept of authenticity in such a fashion that it was striking to their audiences. The 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis is regarded as the musical manifesto of

10404-413: Was the tipping point of their opposition. At the nightclub Sucata, tropicália shows became increasingly resistant to Brazil's military-run society. Due to Veloso's refusal to censor the shows to government wishes, the military began to monitor tropicália events. On December 27, 1968, at the peak of government repression, Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil were arrested, detained, and exiled to London for two and

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