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70-732: "The religious practice involves a music-centered worship service, in which collective singing and drumming accompany spirit possession and animal sacrifice (typically goats, sheep, and fowl)." Trinidad Orisha's beginnings and development in the Caribbean "can be traced back to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when Africans were brought to the island to work on colonial sugar plantations ." Over time, as local religions were suppressed under colonial rule, Orisha practitioners disguised places of worship using Christian paraphernalia , which eventually began to be used in some ceremonies. Some Catholic elements were adopted, and as globalization continued and cross-cultural engagement intensified,

140-443: A Phrygian princess and seduced him, only to later reveal herself as a goddess and inform Anchises that she will bear him a son named Aeneas and warns him not to tell anyone that he lay with a goddess. Anchises does not heed this speaking taboo and later brags about his encounter with Aphrodite, and as a result, he is struck in the foot with a thunderbolt by Zeus. Thereafter, he is lame in that foot so that Aeneas has to carry him from

210-596: A 2021 study, "historical property rights institutions [in Haiti] created high transaction costs for converting land to cane production", relative to the other Caribbean countries. As a result, Haiti lost its place as the leading sugar producer in the world. After the end of slavery in Saint Domingue at the turn of the 19th century, with the Haitian Revolution , Cuba became the most substantial sugar plantation colony in

280-438: A chapter about taboos of the people of Gabon. As an example, it was considered a misfortune for twins to be born, and they would be subject to many rules not incumbent on other people. According to Joseph Campbell , taboos are used in religion and mythology to test a person's ability to withhold from violating a prohibition given to them. Should one fail the test and violate a taboo, they will be subsequently punished or face

350-427: A cleft in the earth and abducted Persephone as she was gathering flowers in a field. When Demeter , Persephone's mother, finds out of her daughter's abduction, she forbids the earth to produce (or she neglects the earth) and, in the depth of her despair, causes nothing to grow. Zeus , pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish, forced Hades to return Persephone. It

420-420: A particular culture or organization. Taboos are often meant to protect the individual, but there are other reasons for their development. An ecological or medical background is apparent in many, including some that are seen as religious or spiritual in origin. Taboos can help use a resource more efficiently, but when applied to only a subsection of the community they can also serve to suppress said subsection of

490-594: A shrine. Sugar plantations in the Caribbean Sugar plantations in the Caribbean were a major part of the economy of the islands in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Most Caribbean islands were covered with sugar cane fields and mills for refining the crop. The main source of labor, until the abolition of chattel slavery, was enslaved Africans . After the abolition of slavery, indentured laborers from India, China, Portugal and other places were brought to

560-612: A stag and turned his dogs upon him. Actaeon was torn apart and ravaged by his loyal dogs who did not recognize their former master. Possibly the most famous eating taboo (if not taboo, in general) is in the story of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions . In the Judeo-Christian telling, found in Genesis 3 , Adam and Eve are placed in the Garden of Eden by God and are told not to eat from

630-641: A strong code of taboos, known as fady , constantly change and are formed from new experiences. Each region, village or tribe may have its own fady . The word taboo gained popularity at times, with some scholars looking for ways to apply it where other English words had previously been applied. For example, J. M. Powis Smith , in his book The American Bible (editor's preface 1927), used taboo occasionally in relation to Israel's Tabernacle and ceremonial laws, including Exodus 30:36 , Exodus 29:37 ; Numbers 16:37–38 ; Deuteronomy 22:9 , Isaiah 65:5 , Ezekiel 44:19 and Ezekiel 46:20 . Albert Schweitzer wrote

700-440: A thing is forbidden. The term was translated to him as "consecrated, inviolable, forbidden, unclean or cursed". Tapu is usually treated as a unitary, non- compound word inherited from Proto-Polynesian * tapu . It also exists in other Oceanic languages outside Polynesian, such as Fijian tabu , or Hiw (Vanuatu) toq . Those words descend from an etymon * tabu in the ancestral Proto-Oceanic language , whose meaning

770-629: A tree lest they die, but Eve is promptly tempted by a serpent (often identified as Satan in disguise) to eat from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil because they will surely not die, rather, they might become "like God ". Eve violates the eating taboo and eats from the forbidden fruit of the tree, shortly giving some fruit to her companion, Adam. After eating the forbidden fruit, Adam and Eve are aware of their nakedness and cover themselves with fig leaves and hide from God. God realizes that they are hiding and interrogates them about having eaten from

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840-550: A triple-roller sugar mill and a set of copper cauldrons (used for turning sugar cane into molasses , i.e. sugar cane juice used in rum production). This technology, although originating in Sicily had spread to the New World and had been improved to aid the sugar plantations in other ways, bringing their expert knowledge of technologies in cultivating rum from the sugar cane and working as merchants, supplying them with African slaves to work

910-439: Is a social group 's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people. Such prohibitions are present in virtually all societies. Taboos may be prohibited explicitly, for example within a legal system or religion , or implicitly, for example by social norms or conventions followed by

980-560: Is derived from the Yoruba language . The one supreme god in Trinidad Orisha is Oludumare , the Yoruba supreme being who created the aye, the world of the living, visible to us, and the orun, the invisible spiritual world of the gods, spirits, and ancestors. Orisha spirits, also referred to as gods, are the messengers of Oludumare, communicating through possession during spiritual rituals such as

1050-448: Is lowest in pitch is called the bo or congo . The lead drum is called "center drum," "big drum," or bembe . The smallest drum, highest in pitch, is called umele . The first two drums are played with a single stick plus hand combination, while the umele is played with a pair of sticks. All of the sticks are curved at the end, and resemble a shepherd's staff or crook. The language of the songs has been referred to as "Trinidad Yoruba" and

1120-554: Is sacred or forbidden based on moral judgment , religious beliefs, or cultural norms . The English term taboo comes from tapu in Oceanic languages , particularly Polynesian languages , with such meanings as "prohibited" or "forbidden". That root tapu is reflected, among others, by Tongan or Māori tapu , and by Hawaiian kapu . Its English use dates to 1777 when the British explorer James Cook visited Tonga , and referred to

1190-443: Is the feast. Lasting for two to four days during the season of sacrifice and thanksgiving, the large ceremonial gatherings, often involving up to 100 people, are characterized by spirit possession , animal sacrifice , and nearly constant drumming and singing. The ceremony happens throughout the night, ending with a communal meal each morning around dawn. The ritual concludes on Saturday night, and an outdoor pilgrimage usually follows

1260-604: The Slave Trade Act , prohibiting the trade of slaves in the British Empire. This act extended to the Caribbean plantations under British control. Without the labor influx of slaves through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the system became harder to maintain. Years later, in 1838, more than half a million people in the Caribbean were emancipated from slavery as a result of the 1833 Emancipation Bill. Slavery on Plantations in

1330-499: The Tongans ' use of the term taboo for "any thing that is forbidden to be eaten, or made use of". Having invited some of the Tongan aristocracy to dinner aboard his ship, Cook wrote: Not one of them would sit down, or eat a bit of any thing. . . . On expressing my surprise at this, they were all taboo, as they said; which word has a very comprehensive meaning; but, in general, signifies that

1400-560: The Tree of Life and become immortal "like Him". In Islam , the story of Adam and Eve is quite different, though it contains an eating taboo: the Quran mentions that Adam ( Arabic : آدم ), as the successive authority of earth by decree of Allah, is placed in a paradisal garden (not Jannah nor the Garden of Eden ) therein along with his wife (unnamed in the Quran, though the Hadith gives her

1470-679: The divine world , convinces him and Eve to eat it. A looking taboo can be found in the Judeo-Christian telling of the story of Lot found within the Book of Genesis . In Genesis 19 , two angels in the form of men arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited by Lot to spend the night at his home. The men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and demanded Lot that he bring his two guests out so that they might "know" them; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters, who had not "known" man, but they refused. As dawn

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1540-500: The pedophilia taboo to ephebophilia ; prohibitions on alcohol , tobacco , or psychopharmaceutical consumption (particularly among pregnant women ), also sexual harassment and sexual objectification are increasingly becoming taboo in recent decades. Incest itself has been pulled both ways, with some seeking to normalize consensual adult relationships regardless of the degree of kinship (notably in Europe) and others expanding

1610-481: The 17th century in the Lesser Antilles, many of the islands in the Lesser Antilles suffered ecological losses after the introduction of monoculture for sugar plantations. On the Caribbean island Nevis in particular, the island was nearly deforested during the mid-1600s and much of the topsoil quality deteriorated as a result of a large influx of plantations. Although these nations have taken measures to mitigate

1680-719: The British merchants joined with the West Indian sugar planters. The British and West Indies shared profits and needs. This organization was the first sugar-trading organization which had a large voice in Parliament . In the 1740s, Jamaica and Saint Domingue (Haiti) became the world's main sugar producers. They increased production in Saint Domingue by using an irrigation system that French engineers built. The engineers also built reservoirs , diversion dams , levees , aqueducts , and canals . In addition, they improved their mills and used varieties of cane and grasses. According to

1750-430: The Caribbean involved a series of interconnected relationships and power dynamics between the enslaved and the more elite population on the island. Women were integral in the social dynamic of the plantations and in the labor itself. "There was a gendering of health, wealth and energy on sugar plantations. The majority of field slaves were women and the majority of women worked in the field.". Women were heavily involved in

1820-513: The Caribbean to work in the sugar industry. These plantations produced 80 to 90 percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe , later supplanted by European-grown sugar beet . The Portuguese introduced sugar plantations in the 1550s off the coast of their Brazilian settlement colony, located on the island of Sao Vincente. As the Portuguese and Spanish maintained a strong colonial presence in

1890-425: The Caribbean world, massive demographic changes occurred. Indigenous populations began dying at unprecedented rates due to the influx of old-world diseases brought by colonists. Estimates of these population losses vary from 8.4 million to 112.5 million. This extreme diminishment of native populations cleared room for plantation construction and lessened the conflicts between Europeans and indigenous peoples. Although

1960-469: The Caribbean, outperforming the British islands. In the 19th century, sugar dominated Martinique , Grenada , Jamaica , Saint Croix , Barbados , the Leeward Islands , Saint Domingue , Cuba , as well as many other islands that had been run by French , British , or Spanish owners. During the late 19th and 20th centuries, the sugar cane industry came to dominate Puerto Rico 's economy, both under

2030-537: The Caribbean, the Iberian Peninsula amassed tremendous wealth from the cultivation of this cash crop. Other imperial states observed the economic boom catalyzed by the plantation system. They began colonizing the remaining American territories, hoping to capitalize on the lucrative cultivation and trade of natural resources. Sugar was the most important crop throughout the Caribbean, although other crops such as coffee , indigo , and rice were also grown. Sugar cane

2100-492: The Caribbean. Imperial powers forcefully displaced West African peoples to cultivate sugar using slave labor. By exploiting labor and the natural world, imperial conflicts arose in the Caribbean vying for political and economic control. For example, conflicts among the English, Spanish, French, Dutch, and various indigenous peoples manifested for territorial gain; regarding the region's political ecology, these European states exploited

2170-520: The Spiritual Baptist or Nigerian fashion. Drummers – mostly men – "dress as they choose, typically in jeans and t-shirts, some even wearing baseball caps as they play." While not completely taboo for women to be ceremonial drummers, it is rare and generally frowned upon due to social convention. It is also agreed that women should not enter a shrine or touch a drum during her menstrual period , and in many places should cover their head before entering

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2240-513: The colonial rule of Spain and under the United States . After slavery, sugar plantations used a variety of forms of labour including workers imported from colonial India and Southern China working as indentured servants on European owned plantations ( coolie ). In the 20th century, large-scale sugar production using wage labour continued in many parts of the region. The Europeans forced the indigenous peoples of various Caribbean islands to provide

2310-426: The community. A taboo acknowledged by a particular group or tribe as part of their ways aids in the cohesion of the group, helps that particular group to stand out and maintain its identity in the face of others and therefore creates a feeling of "belonging". The meaning of the word taboo has been somewhat expanded in the social sciences to strong prohibitions relating to any area of human activity or custom that

2380-547: The consequences of their actions. Taboos are not societal prohibitions (such as incest); rather, the use of taboo in these stories relates to its original meaning of "prohibition": for example, a character could be prohibited from looking, eating, and speaking or uttering a certain word . An example of an eating taboo in Greek mythology could be found in the tale of the rape of Persephone . Hades , who had fallen in love with Persephone and wished to make her his queen, burst through

2450-540: The degrees of prohibited contact (notably in the United States ). Although the term taboo usually implies negative connotations, it is sometimes associated with enticing propositions in proverbs such as forbidden fruit is the sweetest . In medicine, professionals who practice in ethical and moral grey areas , or fields subject to social stigma such as late termination of pregnancy , may refrain from public discussion of their practice. Among other reasons, this taboo may come from concern that comments may be taken out of

2520-464: The earth wherein they will be provided habitation and provision, for a while, and “There you will live, there you will die, and from there you will be resurrected.” In the Gnostic telling of this story, the taboo is a plot by the archons to keep Adam in a state of ignorance by preventing him from eating the fruit, which allows him to attain gnosis after the serpent, who is viewed as representative of

2590-439: The end, Hermes is sent to retrieve her but, because she had tasted the food of the underworld, she was obliged to spend a third of each year (the winter months) there, and the remaining part of the year with the gods above. With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus, Persephone's time in the underworld becomes half the year. The most notable looking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice . Orpheus ,

2660-559: The environment as this industry grew in Caribbean countries. These included the destruction of forests, water pollution, and loss of fertility and erosion of soils. These problems were seen on various different scales in the Dominican Republic in the 16th century; the Lesser Antilles in the 17th century; Jamaica and Haiti in the 18th century; and Cuba and Puerto Rico in the 19th century. In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived on

2730-417: The environment's resources to such an extent that sugar production stagnated. Due to the loss of trees, needed for timber in the sugar refinement process, European imperial powers began competing and fighting over the Caribbean during the middle 17th century. This process would not have been possible without the invention of windmills to produce sugar more efficiently. Following European settlers' entry into

2800-525: The feast on Sunday. Flag planting is also an important element of the religion. Shrines and houses usually display long poles with colored fabric on the ends, with different colors representing different orishas . A red flag, for example, represents Ogun, while red and white represents Shango. "It is reminiscent of a ritual sequence described in the Holy Odu OfunAjitena, which calls for the ritual raising of different colored flags at specific times of

2870-487: The feast. Yoruba categorizes the orisha into several categories: While not Christian, many Orisha spirits are equated with Christian saints . Orishas include: Eshu was seen as the most powerful god who emanated all the other gods in some Orisha traditions. Eshu created, merged with, and exists in the spiritual cosmology where the gods Ogun, Shango, Shakpana, Ọya, Oshun, and Yemọja (and other gods on her level) exist, being as respectively powerful compared to each other in

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2940-872: The first public synagogue in the Americas there in 1636; the Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue . Further north in the Caribbean, the Protestant Kingdom of England was beginning to challenge the interest of the Catholic powers in the region such as the Spanish Empire and the Kingdom of France , taking control of a number of islands, including Jamaica and Barbados . One of these men, Colonel James Drax who had interests in Barbados, visited Dutch Brazil in 1640 and purchased

3010-642: The flames of Troy. Another, albeit lesser-known, speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Actaeon . Actaeon, whilst on a hunting trip in the woods, mistakenly and haplessly happened upon the bathing Artemis . When Artemis realized that Actaeon had seen her undressed, thus desecrating her chastity , she punished him for his luckless profanation of her virginity's mystery by forbidding him from speech. Whether it be due to forgetfulness or outright resistance, Actaeon defied his speaking taboo and called for his hunting dogs . Due to his failure in abiding by his speaking taboo, Artemis turned Actaeon into

3080-553: The humans, nymphs , and gods learnt about his sorrow and grief and wept with him. On the gods' advice, Orpheus traveled to the Underworld wherein his music softened the hearts of Hades and Persephone, who agreed to allow Eurydice to return with him to earth on one condition: he should guide her out and not look back until they both had reached the upper world. As he reached the upper world, Orpheus looked back toward Eurydice in his eagerness to reunite with her, tragically forgetting about

3150-747: The impacts of the sugar revolution, in some there are still traces of what the environmental historian of the Caribbean and Latin America, Reinaldo Funes Monzote, describes as a "serious deterioration" of the natural environment, with socio-economic consequences. The impacts concerning irrigation and pollution of water runoff are seen as the most profound issues in sugar cane cultivation. Taboo 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias A taboo , also spelled tabu ,

3220-540: The islands' population were of European descent. In 1680, the median size of a plantation in Barbados had increased to about 60 slaves. Over the decades, the sugar plantations began expanding as the transatlantic trade continued to prosper. In 1832, the median-size plantation in Jamaica had about 150 slaves, and nearly one of every four bondsmen lived on units that had at least 250 slaves. For about 100 years, Barbados remained

3290-532: The labor of the plantations and were also having children and going to work in the fields at the same time. The Newton Slave Burial Ground showed the evidence of this brutality towards enslaved women, " which may point towards greater levels of interpersonal abuse or even domestic violence for women". The brutality towards enslaved women is reflected in the archaeological evidence on the Newton Burial Ground. The sugar cane industry had an adverse impact on

3360-464: The language surrounding these laws , it can be seen how the policy makers, and society as a whole, find these acts to be immoral. Common taboos involve restrictions or ritual regulation of killing and hunting; sex and sexual relationships; reproduction; the dead and their graves; as well as food and dining (primarily cannibalism and dietary laws such as vegetarianism , kashrut , and halal ) or religious ( treif and haram ). In Madagascar ,

3430-582: The looking taboo given to him by Hades, and since Eurydice had not crossed into the upper world, she vanishes back into the Underworld, this time forever. A speaking taboo in Greek myth can be found in the story of Anchises , the father of the Trojan warrior Aeneas . Aphrodite had fallen in love with the mortal Anchises after Zeus persuaded Eros to shoot her with an arrow to cause these emergent feelings. One interpretation recounts that Aphrodite pretended to be

3500-661: The name Ḥawwā’, Arabic: حواء ); such a paradise this garden was, that they would never go hungry nor unclothed, nor would they ever thirst or be exposed to the sun's heat. Allah took a promise from Adam: ˹Allah said,˺ “O Adam! Live with your wife in Paradise and eat from wherever you please, but do not approach this tree, or else you will be wrongdoers.” Iblis , angered at his expulsion from Jannah for refusing to bow to Adam at his inception, decided to trick Adam and his wife into being shunned by Allah, just as he was. Allah had warned Adam and his wife about Iblis, telling them that he

3570-477: The northern coast of Hispaniola and Spanish colonization began to establish itself. By the late 16th century, demand and production for sugar, one of the central exports of the island, had increased. Much of the indigenous population suffered from disease and famine, and many pre-colonial smaller-scale farms were replaced by larger-scale farms. These farms required more land and moist soil close to water sources, resulting in deforestation and water pollution. During

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3640-487: The only two universal taboos that formed the basis of civilization. Although cannibalism , in-group murder , and incest are taboo in the majority of societies, exceptions can be found, such as marriages between brothers and sisters in Roman Egypt . Modern Western societies do not condone such relationships. These familial sexual activities are criminalised, even if all parties are consenting adults. Through an analysis of

3710-470: The order of the list. The gods give power to stools used in worship that exist in a similar hierarchy, which in turn give power to a divine "Palais" and perogun shrines. Babalú-Ayé and Ọlọrun ground this cosmology and give it stability, while aṣẹ exists on the bottom of it, while still being extremely powerful and an enabling force behind it that connects to Babalú-Ayé, Ọlọrun, and Eshu. The main Orisha event

3780-477: The physical labor necessary for the production of sugarcane. The indigenous populations of the Caribbean were decimated by illness after initial colonization and were left with few numbers. In order to continue production for the crop, Europeans introduced African slaves to the island through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade . The time at which this happened varies from island to island. Sugarcane harvesting during

3850-432: The plantations, helping to make Barbados the sugar capital of the Caribbean and the rum capital of the world. By 1706, the laws against Jews owning sugar plantations in Barbados were dropped, by which time Jewish involvement in rum production was reduced to a nominal status. During the colonial period, the arrival of sugar culture deeply impacted the society and economy in the Caribbean. It not only dramatically increased

3920-433: The ratio of slaves to free men, but it increased the average size of slave plantations. Early sugar plantations made extensive use of slaves because sugar was considered a cash crop that exhibited economies of scale in cultivation; it was most efficiently grown on large plantations with many workers. People from Africa were imported and made to work on the plantations. For example, prior to 1650 more than three-quarters of

3990-456: The religion adopted increasingly diverse practices and beliefs from around the world, entangling into the syncretic religion it is today. Trinidad Orisha practice involves call-and-response singing accompanied by a trio of drums. Orisha drums are double-headed bi-tensorial cylinders derived from Yoruba bembe drums (similar to the Cuban Iyesá drums and Venezuelan Fulía drums). The drum that

4060-461: The richest of all the European colonies in the Caribbean region. The colony's prosperity remained regionally unmatched until sugar cane production expanded in larger colonies, such as Saint-Domingue and Jamaica. As part of the mass sugar industry, sugar cane processing gave rise to related commodities such as rum , molasses , and falernum . The West India Interest was formed in the 1740s, when

4130-454: The son of Apollo , was well-renowned as a legendary musician whose music could move anything and everything, living or not, in the world. While walking among her people in tall grass at her wedding, Eurydice was set upon by a satyr . In her efforts to escape the satyr, Eurydice fell into a nest of vipers and suffered a fatal bite on her heel. Her body was discovered by Orpheus who, overcome with grief, played such sad and mournful songs that all

4200-758: The sugar trade in the Americas was initially dominated by the Portuguese Empire , the Dutch–Portuguese War would cause a shift which would have knock-on effects for the further growth of the sugar trade in the Caribbean and particularly the production of rum (made from sugar cane juice ). In 1630, the Dutch seized Recife near Pernambuco in what is today Brazil (the Dutch called this New Holland after they took over) and this territory included some sugar plantations worked by African slaves who had been brought to

4270-730: The territory earlier. Some of the slave plantation owners were Cristão-Novo , i.e. "New Christian" Sephardic Jews who had been forced to convert to the Catholic Church. As the Portuguese Inquisition was in operation and the Dutch Calvinists were generally more tolerant of Jews, they were happy to side with them over the Catholic Portuguese and remained in the area operating their substantial sugar-orientated slave plantations, now under Dutch sovereignty. They even founded

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4340-532: The time of colonization in the Caribbean was a labor-intensive process. Firstly, it was harvested by hand, and the sucrose inside needed to be harvested quickly to not be spoiled. To extract the juice, it must be chopped, ground, pressed, pounded, or soaked in liquid before it is heated. Once heated, the liquids evaporate until only the crystals remain. Each step is labor-intensive and requires technical knowledge and skill. These tasks were performed by enslaved individuals until emancipation. In 1807, Parliament passed

4410-532: The tree whereupon Adam assigns the blame to Eve and Eve assigns it to the serpent. As a result, God condemns Eve with pain in childbirth and subordination to her husband, he condemns Adam to have to labor on the earth for his food and be reduced into the earth at death, and in the Christian tradition, he condemns all of humanity for this original sin . God then expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden lest they eat from

4480-484: The year in order to be blessed by Olodumare." Common flags displayed are for Shango and Orun. Women in Orisha-Baptist events are required to follow a strict dress code including floor length skirts, long sleeve blouses, and wrapping their hair in head scarves . Men are not held to such standards, though mongwas (Orisha priests) and chantwells (Lead singers in Orisha song performances) typically wear flowing robes in

4550-459: Was reconstructed as "forbidden, off limits; sacred, due to a sentiment of awe before spiritual forces". In its current use in Tongan, the word tapu means "sacred" or "holy", often in the sense of being restricted or protected by custom or law. On the main island, the word is often appended to the end of "Tonga" as Tongatapu , here meaning "Sacred South" rather than "Forbidden South". Sigmund Freud speculated that incest and patricide were

4620-441: Was a "clear enemy". Iblis swore in the name of Allah that he was their sincere advisor, revealed unto Adam and his wife each other's nakedness, and convinced them to eat from the forbidden tree so that they may never taste death. After eating from the tree (thus breaking the eating taboo), Allah removes Adam and his wife from their paradisal garden, telling them that mankind will be condemned with some being enemies with others on

4690-450: Was best grown on relatively flat land near coastal waters, where the soil was naturally yellow and fertile; mountainous parts of the islands were less likely to be used for cane cultivation. The coastal placement of commercial ports gave imperial states a geographic advantage in shipping crops throughout the transatlantic world. Sugar created a unique political ecology , the relationship between labor, profits, and ecological consequences, in

4760-473: Was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away." Whilst fleeing, Lot's wife broke the looking taboo by turning to look back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and

4830-408: Was explained to Demeter that Persephone would be released, so long as she did not taste the food of the dead. Hades complies with the request to return Persephone to Demeter, but first, he tricks Persephone, forcing her to break the eating taboo by giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat. In other interpretations, Persephone is seen eating the pomegranate seeds as a result of temptation or hunger. In

4900-714: Was turned into a pillar of salt as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. Communist and materialist theorists have argued that taboos can be used to reveal the histories of societies when other records are lacking. Marvin Harris explains taboos as a consequence of ecologic and economic conditions. Some argue that contemporary Western multicultural societies have taboos against tribalisms (for example, ethnocentrism and nationalism ) and prejudices ( racism , sexism , homophobia , extremism and religious fanaticism ). Changing social customs and standards also create new taboos, such as bans on slavery ; extension of

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