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52-496: A trimaran (or double-outrigger ) is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls (or "floats") which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Most modern trimarans are sailing yachts designed for recreation or racing; others are ferries or warships . They originated from the traditional double-outrigger hulls of the Austronesian cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia ; particularly in

104-408: A crew of five in the maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT set the absolute (wind or mechanically powered) time for the fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing between Dec 2016 and Jan 2017. Their average speed was 26.85 knots (30.71 MPH) over a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles (48,915 kilometres; 30,394 miles). In early 2020, the same boat won a race retracing

156-416: A main hull connected to outrigger floats on either side by a crossbeam, wing, or other form of superstructure—the traditional Polynesian terms for the hull, each float and connector are vaka , ama and aka , respectively (although trimarans are not traditionally Polynesian, since they instead use single-outrigger and catamaran configurations). The first double- outrigger boats were developed by

208-686: A multihull vessel can be narrower than that of a monohull with the same displacement and long, narrow hulls, a multihull typically produces very small bow waves and wakes , a consequence of a favorable Froude number . Vessels with beamy hulls (typically monohulls) normally create a large bow wave and wake. Such a vessel is limited by its "hull speed", being unable to "climb over" its bow wave unless it changes from displacement mode to planing mode. Vessels with slim hulls (typically multihulls) will normally create no appreciable bow wave to limit their progress. In 1978, 101 years after catamarans like Amaryllis were banned from yacht racing they returned to

260-458: A narrow hull needs. While the aft sponsons act as trimaran sponsons do, the front sponsons do not touch the water normally; only if the ship rolls to one side do they provide added buoyancy to correct the roll. BMT Group , a shipbuilding and engineering company in the UK , has proposed a fast cargo ship and a yacht using this kind of hull. Multihull designs may have hull beams that are slimmer at

312-444: A normal monohull space in a marina . Several mechanisms allow the amas or outriggers to be stored compactly: Trimaran safety features include amas with multiple sealed partitions, controls that all run to the cockpit , a collision bulkhead , partial or full cockpit coverings or windshields, and drain holes in the cockpit that can adequately drain the cockpit quickly, among other things. Trimaran capsizes are more likely to be of

364-444: A number of existing advance technologies into a single, unique platform; a wave-piercer trimaran hull from, constructed exclusively of infused vinylester carbon fibre cored sandwich materials for all structural elements, with external "stealth" geometry and features intended to reduce detection. The KRI Klewang (625) caught fire because of an electrical short-circuit in the engine room during a maintenance period on September 28, 2012, and

416-408: A payload of 1,000 tonnes. It further found that such a trimaran configuration was superior to a catamaran for roll and lateral force in a beam sea and superior in suppressing motion sickness resulting from a head sea. The negative considerations for trimarans, compared with catamarans or monohulls are: Between 2005 and 2020, Austal had built 14 aluminum high-speed trimaran ships, 11 of which were for

468-460: A port of refuge, or cargo craft of 500 gross tonnage no more than eight hours from a port of refuge. All passengers are provided with a seat and there are no enclosed sleeping berths. The demand for high-speed ferries started in the late 1970s for ferries built mostly in Norway. Ultimately, two Australian shipyards came to prominence, Incat and Austal. They were initially built by many shipyards, but by

520-462: A proa can either be on the lee or windward side, or in a tacking proa, interchangeable. However, more recently, proas tend to keep the outrigger either to leeward or to wind which means that instead of tacking, a "shunt" is required, whereby the bow becomes the stern, and the stern becomes the bow. A catamaran is a vessel with twin hulls. Commercial catamarans began in 17th century England. Separate attempts at steam-powered catamarans were carried out by

572-408: A sailing vessel refers to putting all the components in place to allow it to function, including the masts, spars, sails and the rigging. Theophrastus in his History of Plants ( c. 300 BCE) states that the rigging on King Antigonus ' fleet was made from papyrus reed . Rigging is divided into two classes, standing , which supports the mast (and bowsprit), and running , which controls

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624-421: Is a canoe with a slender outrigger ("ama") attached by two or more struts ("akas"). This craft will normally be propelled by paddles. Single-outrigger canoes that use sails are usually inaccurately referred to by the name " proa ". While single-outrigger canoes and proas both derive stability from the outrigger, the proa has the greater need of the outrigger to counter the heeling effect of the sail. The outrigger on

676-759: Is supported fore and aft by a series of stays that lead forward. These lines are countered in tension by backstays, which are secured along the sides of the vessel behind the shrouds. Running rigging is the cordage used to control the shape and position of the sails. Materials have evolved from the use of Manilla rope to synthetic fibers, which include dacron , nylon and kevlar . Running rigging varies between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. They have common functions between them for supporting, shaping and orienting sails, which employ different mechanisms. For supporting sails, halyards (sometimes haulyards), are used to raise sails and control luff tension. On gaff-rigged vessels, topping lifts hold

728-541: The Austronesian Expansion (c. 3000 to 1500 BC) which allowed Austronesians to colonize maritime Southeast Asia , Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Madagascar , and Polynesia . These Austronesian vessels are still widely used today by traditional fishermen in Austronesian regions in maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar; as well as areas they were introduced to by Austronesians in ancient times like in

780-697: The Austronesian people and are still widely used today by traditional fishermen in maritime Southeast Asia . It developed from the more ancient single-outrigger boats as a way to deal with the problem of the instability of the latter when tacking leeward . Double-outrigger boats, however, did not develop among Austronesians in Micronesia and Polynesia (although it exists in western Melanesia ), where single-outrigger boats and catamarans are used instead. Warships with double-outriggers were used widely in Maritime Southeast Asia since ancient times up until

832-850: The East African coast and in South Asia . Greek sources also describe large third-century BC catamarans, one built under the supervision of Archimedes , the Syracusia , and another reportedly built by Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt , the Tessarakonteres . Modern pioneers of multihull design include James Wharram (UK), Derek Kelsall (UK), Tom Lack (UK), Lock Crowther (Aust), Hedly Nicol (Aust), Malcolm Tennant (NZ), Jim Brown (USA), Arthur Piver (USA), Chris White (US), Ian Farrier (NZ), LOMOcean (NZ), Darren Newton (UK), Jens Quorning (DK) and Dick Newick (USA). A single-outrigger canoe

884-596: The Golden Gate Yacht Club on February 14, 2010, off Valencia , Spain. The team beat the giant catamaran Alinghi 2–0 in the best-of-three series, becoming the first American syndicate to win the cup since 1992. The large rigid wing sail of the USA 17 trimaran provided a decisive advantage and the trimaran won the America's Cup by a considerable margin in each race. Earthrace broke the world record for circumnavigating

936-471: The Philippines and Eastern Indonesia , where it remains the dominant hull design of traditional fishing boats. Double-outriggers are derived from the older catamaran and single-outrigger boat designs. The word "trimaran" is a portmanteau of "tri" and "(cata)maran", a term that is thought to have been coined by Victor Tchetchet , a pioneering, Ukrainian-born modern multihull designer. Trimarans consist of

988-489: The early modern period , with examples like the karakoa , lanong kora kora , knabat bogolu , and the Borobudur ships . These were often referred to by Europeans during the colonial era as " proas ", a general term which can also refer to single-outriggers and even to native ships without outriggers. Recreational sailing catamarans and trimarans gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s. Amateur development of

1040-503: The 1960s is down to the added space, speed, shallow draft, and lack of heeling underway. The stability of a multihull makes sailing much less tiring for the crew, and is particularly suitable for families. Having no need for ballast for stability, multihulls are much lighter than monohull sailboats; but a multihull's fine hull sections mean that one must take care not to overload the vessel. Powerboats catamarans are increasingly used for racing, cruising and as workboats and fishing boats. Speed,

1092-564: The Channel Islands. Prospects for trimaran ferries picked up in 2017 when Fred. Olsen Express ordered two 118-metre trimarans for their Canary Islands services, named Bajamar Express and Bañaderos Express . In 2018 a Japanese company ordered an 83-metre trimaran ferry. The first use of trimaran hull designs in modern navies was in the RV Triton , a Research Vessel for the Royal Navy . She

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1144-764: The US Navy. In 2020, they had 11 trimarans under construction or under order. In addition to shipyards in Australia and the US, the company had shipyards in Vietnam and the Philippines. In 2005 Austal delivered the 127-metre trimaran (417 ft) Benchijigua Express to Spanish ferry operator Fred Olsen, S.A. for service in the Canary Islands . Capable of carrying 1,280 passengers and 340 cars, or equivalents, at speeds up to 40 knots, this boat

1196-508: The bulk of the charter business) and Australia. Multihulls are less common in the US, perhaps because their increased beam require wider dock/slips. Smaller multihulls may be collapsible and trailerable, and thus suitable for daybooks and racers. Until the 1960s most multihull sailboats (except for beach cats) were built either by their owners or by boat builders; since then companies have been selling mass-produced boats, of which there are more than 150 models. Rigging Rigging comprises

1248-461: The crossbeams (or "akas"). Small beachable catamarans, such as the Hobie Cat , also have only a trampoline between the hulls. Catamarans derive stability from the distance between the hulls—transverse clearance—the greater this distance, the greater the stability. Typically, catamaran hulls are slim, although they may flare above the waterline to give reserve buoyancy. The vertical clearance between

1300-564: The design waterplane and the bottom of the bridge deck determines the likelihood of contact with waves. Increased vertical clearance diminishes such contact and increases seaworthiness , within limits. A trimaran (or double-outrigger) is a vessel with two outrigger floats attached on either side of a main hull by a crossbeam, wing, or other form of superstructure. They are derived from traditional double-outrigger vessels of maritime Southeast Asia. Despite not being traditionally Polynesian, western trimarans use traditional Polynesian terms for

1352-399: The end of 2023. A French manufacturer, Tera-4, produces motor quadrimarans which use aerodynamic lift between the four hulls to promote planing and reduce power consumption. Design concepts for vessels with two pair of outriggers have been referred to as pentamarans. The design concept comprises a narrow, long hull that cuts through waves. The outriggers then provide the stability that such

1404-463: The experimental ship RV Triton and the Independence class of littoral combat ships (US). Some multihulls with four (quadrimaran) or five (pentamaran) hulls have been proposed; few have been built. In 2018 a Swiss entrepreneur sought funding to build a sail-driven quadrimaran called Manta that would use solar power to scoop plastic from the ocean. Manta was still under development as of

1456-598: The first of these ships. Littoral combat ships built by Lockheed are of a monohull design. First launched on August 31, 2012, at Bali Strait, 63M Carbon Fibre Composite Trimaran Fast Missile Boat (Indonesian: Kapal Cepat Rudal [KCR]) named Klewang-class fast attack craft (Klewang- means a traditional Indonesian single edge sword), was the first stealth trimaran of the Indonesian Navy built by North Sea Boats at Banyuwangi , East Java , Indonesia. Designed by New Zealand Naval Architects LOMOcean Marine this ship combined

1508-453: The globe in a motorized boat in 2008 in just under 61 days. The trimaran configurations has also been used for both passenger ferries and warships. The Australian shipbuilding company, Austal , investigated the comparative merits of trimaran ships, catamarans and monohulls. It found that there was an optimum location for the outer hulls in terms of minimizing wave generation and consequent power requirements for operating at high speeds with

1560-531: The hull ( vaka ), the floats ( ama ), and connectors ( aka ). The word trimaran is a portmanteau of tri and (cata)maran , a term that is thought to have been coined by Victor Tchetchet , a pioneering modern multihull designer, born in Ukraine (at that time part of the Russian Empire ). Some trimaran configurations use the outlying hulls to enhance stability and allow for shallow draft, examples include

1612-413: The large-diameter line run around them, whilst multiple holes allow smaller line— lanyards —to pass multiple times between the two and thereby allow tensioning of the shroud. In addition to overlapping the mast below, the top mast and topgallant mast are supported laterally by shrouds that pass around either a platform, called a " top ", or cross-wise beams, called " crosstrees ". Each additional mast segment

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1664-464: The load of a large down wind sail or in strong wind. Rigging parts include swageless terminals , swage terminals , shackle toggle terminals and fail-safe wire rigging insulators. Whereas 20th-century square-rigged vessels were constructed of steel with steel standing rigging, prior vessels used wood masts with hemp-fiber standing rigging. As rigs became taller by the end of the 19th century, masts relied more heavily on successive spars, stepped one atop

1716-429: The middle of the 20th century. However, success required better materials and more developed hydrodynamic technologies. During the second half of the 20th century catamaran designs flourished. Catamaran configurations are used for racing, sailing, tourist and fishing boats. The hulls of a catamaran are typically connected by a bridgedeck, although some simpler cruising catamarans simply have a trampoline stretched between

1768-664: The modern sailing trimaran started in 1945 with the efforts of Victor Tchetchet , a Ukrainian émigré to the US, who built two trimarans made of marine plywood , which were about 24 feet (7.3 metres) long. He is credited with coining the term, "trimaran." In the 1950s and 60s, Arthur Piver designed and built plywood kit trimarans, which were adopted by other homebuilders, but were heavy and not sea-kindly by modern standards. Some of these achieved ocean crossings, nonetheless. Other designers followed, including Jim Brown , Ed Horstman , John Marples , Jay Kantola , Chris White , Norman Cross , Derek Kelsall and Richard Newick , thus bringing

1820-433: The orientation of the sails and their degree of reefing . Configurations differ for each type of rigging, between fore-and-aft rigged vessels and square-rigged vessels. Standing rigging is cordage which is fixed in position. Standing rigging is almost always between a mast and the deck , using tension to hold the mast firmly in place. Due to its role, standing rigging is now most commonly made of steel cable. It

1872-498: The other to form the whole, from bottom to top: the lower mast , top mast , and topgallant mast . This construction relies heavily on support by a complex array of stays and shrouds. Each stay in either the fore-and-aft or athwartships direction has a corresponding one in the opposite direction providing counter-tension. Fore-and-aft the system of tensioning start with the stays that are anchored in front of each mast. Shrouds are tensioned by pairs of deadeyes , circular blocks that have

1924-400: The pitchpole type than a roll to one side due to their higher sideways stability and speeds. Capsized trimarans are harder to turn upright after they have turtled than monohull boats. While some capsized trimarans righted by sideways rotation may suffer heavy damage to mast and rigging, many modern and ancient trimarans are explicitly designed for this method of righting. Harnesses pulling on

1976-605: The same folding system later adopted also on Quorning Dragonfly) and like trimarans. Modern western-built trimarans typically do not use Austronesian rigging like tanja or crab claw sails . Instead they use a standard Bermuda rig . Trimarans are also typically significantly wider. In addition, trimaran floats are much more buoyant than those of outrigger canoes to support a large sailplan. They contribute to drag when heavily immersed, and their level of immersion indicates when to reef . In terms of performance, an objective comparison by Doran (1972) in terms of maximum progress against

2028-515: The sport. This started with the victory of the trimaran Olympus Photo , skippered by Mike Birch in the first Route du Rhum . Thereafter, no open ocean race was won by a monohull. Winning times dropped by 70%, since 1978. Olympus Photo's 23-day 6 hr 58' 35" success dropped to Gitana 11's 7d 17h 19'6", in 2006. Around 2016 the first large wind driven foil-borne racing catamarans were built. These cats rise onto foils and T-foiled rudders only at higher speeds. The increasing popularity of catamaran since

2080-530: The stable working platform, safety, and added space are the prime advantages for power cats. "The weight of a multihull, of this length, is probably not much more than half the weight of a monohull of the same length and it can be sailed with less crew effort." Racing catamarans and trimarans are popular in France, New Zealand and Australia. Cruising cats are commonest in the Caribbean and Mediterranean (where they form

2132-423: The stern toward the bow, or from the bow toward the stern of capsized trimarans have been shown to be able to successfully turn them end-over-end. Several design features reduce the chance of pitch-pole capsize; these include having wing nets with an open weave designed to reduce windage and decks and nets that shed water easily. The best way to avoid capsize is to reduce sail in heavy weather. Thomas Coville holds

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2184-614: The system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat 's masts and sails. Standing rigging is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays . Running rigging is rigging which adjusts the position of the vessel's sails and spars including halyards , braces , sheets and vangs . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition "rigging" derives from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing , "to clothe". The same source points out that "rigging"

2236-477: The tea clipper route from Hong Kong to London in just under 32 days – one-third the time it took the clippers to sail the route. Hydroptère , an experimental sailing hydrofoil trimaran, briefly reached 56.3 knots (104.3 km/h; 64.8 mph) near Fos-sur-Mer , but capsized and turtled shortly thereafter. Competing with a giant trimaran the BMW Oracle Racing team won the 2010 America's Cup for

2288-486: The trimaran cruiser to new levels of performance and safety. Following the homebuilt movement, production models became available. Some trimarans in the 19–36-foot lengths (5.8–11.0 m) are designed as "day-sailers" which can be transported on a road trailer. These include the original Farrier – Corsair folding trimarans, such as the F-27 Sport Cruiser – and original John Westell swing-wing folding trimaran (using

2340-434: The turn of the century only two companies were still building larger vessels of over 70 metres and 3,000 Gross Tons . While Incat has specialized in wave-piercing catamarans, Austal has developed high-speed trimarans. In 2010 Austal built the 102 metre Hull 270, although they were unable to find a buyer for the ship until it was sold to Condor Ferries in 2015 when it was named HSC Condor Liberation and began operating to

2392-602: The water surface ("waterplane") than underwater. This arrangement allows good wave-piercing, while keeping a buoyant hydrodynamic hull beneath the waterplane. In a catamaran configuration this is called a small waterplane area twin hull , or SWATH. While SWATHs are stable in rough seas, they have the drawbacks, compared with other catamarans, of having a deeper draft, being more sensitive to loading, and requiring more power because of their higher underwater surface areas. Triple-hull configurations of small waterplane area craft had been studied, but not built, as of 2008. Each hull of

2444-478: The wind, maximum speed, and speed downwind concluded that both the traditional double-outrigger vinta of the Philippines and the single-outrigger wa of the Caroline Islands , respectively, are still superior to the modern trimaran. Several manufacturers build trimarans in which the floats can be removed, repositioned, or folded near to the main hull. This allows them to be trailerable and/or to fit in

2496-503: The world record of 49 days and 3 hours for sailing solo around the world in the trimaran Sodebo Ultim , finishing on December 25, 2016. The previous record was set by Francis Joyon on January 20, 2008. The 51-year-old Frenchman circled the planet alone in 57 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes, 6 seconds in a trimaran. He beat British sailor Ellen MacArthur 's record set in February 2005 for which she spent just over 71 days at sea. Francis Joyon and

2548-491: Was a total loss. 43-meter Ocean Eagle trimarans from CMN wharf with design from Nigel Irens und Prolarge based on the Ocean Adventurer concept will provide coastal protection for Mozambique. Multihull Single-outrigger boats , double-canoes ( catamarans ), and double-outrigger boats ( trimarans ) of the Austronesian peoples are the direct antecedents of modern multihull vessels. They were developed during

2600-512: Was built as a technology demonstrator ship for the Royal Navy's Future Surface Combatant, and has been used to prove the viability of the hull form. Since 2007 the ship has been used by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service 's Customs Marine Unit . Littoral combat ships built by General Dynamics at Bath Iron Works are of a trimaran design. USS Independence (LCS-2) is

2652-426: Was historically made of the same materials as running rigging, only coated in tar for added strength and protection from the elements. Most fore-and-aft rigged vessels have the following types of standing rigging: a forestay , a backstay , and upper and lower shrouds (side stays). Less common rigging configurations are diamond stays and jumpers. Both of these are used to keep a thin mast in column especially under

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2704-550: Was the longest aluminum ship in the world at the time of delivery. A modern warship, the RV Triton was commissioned by British defence contractor QinetiQ in 2000. In October 2005, the United States Navy commissioned for evaluation the construction of a General Dynamics litoral combat ship trimaran designed and built by Austal. High-speed craft are governed by a code that applies to those designed for international passenger voyages that are shorter than four hours from

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