Misplaced Pages

#642357

57-566: Tribiano ( Lombard : Tribian [triˈbjãː] ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Milan . As of 31 December 2004 it had a population of 2512 and an area of 7.0 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi). Tribiano borders the following municipalities: Paullo , Mediglia , Mulazzano , Colturano , Dresano . Since 1861 (year of Italian Unification)

114-568: A bundle of three ears of wheat, each surmounted by a star, with the word " Trebianum " on its head, all in gold. Divided into two colored parts on the left side in yellow and in the opposite side in blue. In the center there is the coat of arms of Tribiano adorned with branches and leaves of various types. The territory is arranged in such a way as to flank the main traffic routes of the Milanese south-east, and extends over an area of 4,150 km in length and almost 3 km in width. A historic town with

171-713: A close linguistic link with Gaul and Raetia , west and north to the Alps . From the late Middle Ages , the group adopted various characteristics of the Italo-Dalmatian languages of the south. As a result, the Gallo-Italic languages have characteristics of the Gallo-Romance languages to the northwest (including French and Franco-Provençal ), the Occitano-Romance languages to the west (including Catalan and Occitan ) and

228-420: A dash to prevent them from being confused with a long vowel: a-a in ca-àl "horse". Western long /aː/ and short /ø/ tend to be back [ ɑː ] and lower [ œ ] , respectively, and /e/ and /ɛ/ may merge to [ ɛ ] . There have been contemporary attempts to develop alternative spelling systems suitable for use by all variants of Lombard. Among these, there is the attempt to develop

285-450: A linguistic minority. In Italy, that is the same as for most other minority languages, which have been for a long time incorrectly classed as corrupted regional dialects of Italian . However, Lombard and Italian belong to different subgroups of the Romance language family, and Lombard's historical development is not related to Standard Italian , which is derived from Tuscan . Historically,

342-456: A mainly agricultural economy, around the 1960s, around 70 factories / industries were installed on the territory, which ensure work for thousands of workers from neighboring municipalities. The landscape is typical of the Po Valley, with fields surrounded by canals, ditches and canals, suitable for irrigation, long avenues rendered ethereal by the rows of poplars, plane trees and willows that line

399-478: A standard language, authors in the 13th and 14th language created Franco-Lombard , a mixed language including Old French , for their literary works. The Lombard variety with the oldest literary tradition (from the 13th century) is that of Milan , but Milanese , the native Lombard variety of the area, has now almost completely been superseded by Italian from the heavy influx of migrants from other parts of Italy (especially from Apulia , Sicily and Campania ) during

456-736: A traditional Milanese character from the commedia dell'arte , presents himself in court (Lombard on the left, Italian translation on the right): «E mì interrogatus ghe responditt. Sont Meneghin Tandœuggia, Ciamæ par sora nomm el Tananan, Del condamm Marchionn ditt el Sginsgiva; Sont servitor del sior Pomponi Gonz, C'al è trent agn che'l servj» E io interrogatus risposi: Sono Meneghino Babbeo chiamato per soprannome il Ciampichino del fu Marchionne detto il Gengiva; sono servitore del signor Pomponio Gonzo che servo da trent'anni — Meneghino appears in court in "The False Philosopher" (1698), act III, scene XIV The 17th century also saw

513-408: A unified spelling (lomb. urtugrafia ünificada), which has not taken root due to the excessive complexity and lack of intuitiveness (as well as the lack of adaptability to the Italian keyboard) of the system, which uses symbols such as ç for /z/ and /ʧ/, or ə for unstressed /a/, /ə/ and /e/, as well as the obligation to mark the vowel length, despite the elimination of the accents on the first grapheme of

570-658: Is a golf course and the well-known company Vortice. San Barbaziano  [ it ] was a fief of the counts Melzi and of the Alari, the same ones who had the fief of Tribiano until its extinction. It is named for its parish church dedicated to Saint Barbatianus . This article on a location in the Province of Milan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lombard language Switzerland Brazil The Lombard language (Lombard: lombard , lumbard , lumbart or lombart , depending on

627-730: Is also more widely spoken than these two languages, thus the borders of Piedmontese have reached the western alps watershed that is the border with France. The speaking area of Ligurian or Genoese cover the territory of the former Republic of Genoa , which included much of nowadays Liguria, and some mountain areas of bordering regions near the Ligurian border, the upper valley of Roya river near Nice , in Carloforte and Calasetta in Southern Sardinia , and Bonifacio in Corsica . Emilian

SECTION 10

#1732897792643

684-716: Is called Greater Lombardy after them, and in other parts of the Italian Peninsula after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . Lombardic acted as a linguistic superstratum on Lombard and neighboring Gallo-Italic languages since the Germanic Lombards did not impose their language by law on the Gallo-Roman population, but they rather acquired the Gallo-Italic language from the local population. Lombardic left traces, mostly in lexicon and phonetics, without Germanicising

741-544: Is no comparable institution in Italy. In December 2004, it released a dictionary in five volumes, covering all Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas. Today, in most urban areas of Italian Lombardy, people under 40 years old speak almost exclusively Italian in their daily lives because of schooling and television broadcasts in Italian. However, in rural areas, Lombard is still vital and used alongside Italian. A certain revival of

798-685: Is no shortage of translations of great literary classics; in fact, there are numerous versions in Lombard of works such as Pinocchio, The Betrothed, The Little Prince, the Divine Comedy and – in religious literature – of the Gospels. Lombard is considered a minority language that is structurally separate from Italian by both Ethnologue and the UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages . However, Italy and Switzerland do not recognize Lombard-speakers as

855-550: Is self-evident and so the Lombard language is classified as a Gallo-Italic language (from the ancient Roman name for the Celts, Gauls ). Roman domination shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which is called Cisalpine Gaul ("Gaul, this side of the mountains") by the Romans, and much of the lexicon and grammar of the Lombard language have their origin in Latin . However, that influence

912-468: Is similar to Milanese and the varieties of the neighbouring provinces on the Italian side of the border. There is extant literature in other varieties of Lombard like La masséra da bé , a theatrical work in early Eastern Lombard, written by Galeazzo dagli Orzi (1492–?) presumably in 1554. Standard Italian is widely used in Lombard-speaking areas. However, the status of Lombard is quite different in

969-669: Is spoken in the historical-cultural region of Emilia , which forms part of Emilia-Romagna , but also in many areas of the bordering regions, including southern Lombardy, south-eastern Piedmont, around the town of Tortona , province of Massa and Carrara in Tuscany and Polesine in Veneto, near the Po delta . With Romagnol , spoken in the historical region of Romagna , forms the Emilian-Romagnol linguistic continuum . Gallo-Piceno ( gallo-italic of

1026-609: The Canton of Ticino and the Canton of Graubünden ) are Western, and both Western and Eastern varieties are found in the Italian areas. The varieties of the Alpine valleys of Valchiavenna and Valtellina ( Sondrio ) and upper- Valcamonica (Brescia) and the four Lombard valleys of the Swiss canton of Graubünden have some peculiarities of their own and some traits in common with Eastern Lombard but should be considered Western. Also, dialects from

1083-655: The Piedmontese provinces of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and Novara , the Valsesia valley ( province of Vercelli ), and the city of Tortona are closer to Western Lombard than to Piedmontese. Alternatively, following the traditional classification, the varieties spoken in parts of Sondrio , Trentino , Ticino and Grigioni can be considered as Alpine Lombard , and those spoken in southern Lombardy such as in Pavia, Lodi, Cremona and Mantova can be classified as Southern Lombard . Lacking

1140-516: The Swiss Italian-speaking broadcasting company in Lombard. Moreover, it is common for people to answer in Lombard in spontaneous interviews. Even some television advertisements have been broadcast in Lombard. The major research institution working on Lombard dialects is in Bellinzona , Switzerland ( CDE – Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia , a governmental (cantonal) institution); there

1197-467: The microstates of Monaco and San Marino . They are still spoken to some extent by the Italian diaspora in countries with Italian immigrant communities. Having a Celtic substratum and a Germanic , mostly Lombardic , superstrate , Gallo-Italian descends from the Latin spoken in northern part of Italia (former Cisalpine Gaul ). The group had for part of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages

SECTION 20

#1732897792643

1254-462: The province of Catania that developed large Lombard communities during this period, namely Randazzo , Paternò and Bronte . However, the Northern Italian influence in the local varieties of Sicilian are marked. In the case of San Fratello, some linguists suggested that the nowadays dialect has Provençal as its basis, having been a fort manned by Provençal mercenaries in the early decades of

1311-621: The "arabesques" in the Accademia dei Facchini della Val di Blenio, a Milanese academy founded in 1560. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Ossola native Giovanni Capis published the Varon milanes de la lengua de Milan (eng. "Varrone Milanese on the language of Milan"), a sort of etymological dictionary was published. An example of a text in ancient Milanese dialect is this excerpt from Il falso filosofo (1698), act III, scene XIV, where Meneghino ,

1368-573: The Asti, Milanese and French dialects mixed with barbaric Latin") composed at the end of the 15th century. The Florentine humanist Leonardo Salviati , one of the founders of the Accademia della Crusca , an important Italian linguistic academy operating to this day, published a series of translations of a Boccaccian tale into various vernaculars (including Bergamo and Milanese) explicitly in order to demonstrate how ugly and awkward they were compared to Tuscan. At

1425-604: The Italo-Dalmatian languages to the north-east , central and south Italy ( Venetian , Dalmatian , Tuscan , Central Italian , Neapolitan , Sicilian ). For this there is some debate over the proper grouping of the Gallo-Italic languages. They are sometimes grouped with Gallo-Romance, but other linguists group them in Italo-Dalmatian. Most Gallo-Italic languages have to varying degrees given way in everyday use to regional varieties of Italian . The vast majority of current speakers are diglossic with Italian. Among

1482-456: The Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects. The varieties of the Italian provinces of Milan , Varese , Como , Lecco , Lodi , Monza and Brianza , Pavia and Mantua belong to Western Lombard , and the provinces of Bergamo , Brescia and Cremona are dialects of Eastern Lombard . All varieties spoken in the Swiss areas (both in

1539-543: The Lombard language was widely and actively discredited in Italian literary circles. Tuscan writers and humanists such as Luigi Pulci and Benedetto Dei recorded aspects of the language spoken in Milan in the form of parodies; similarly, the Asti-born writer Giorgio Alione parodied Milanese in his Commedia e farse carnovalesche nei dialetti astigiano, milanese e francese misti con latino barbaro (eng. "Comedy and carnival farces in

1596-535: The Lombard language. One of the most important writers of the period was the Bergamo-based abbot Giuseppe Rota , author of a substantial (unpublished) Bergamo-Italian-Latin vocabulary and of several poetic works in the Orobic idiom, which he always called "lingua". In this period the linguistic characteristics of Lombard were well recognizable and comparable to the modern ones, except for some phonetic peculiarities and

1653-593: The Marches or gallico-marchigiano ) is spoken in the province of Pesaro and Urbino and in the northern part of the province of Ancona ( the Marches ). Once classified as a dialect of Romagnol, now there is a debate about considering it a separated Gallo-Italic language. Varieties of Gallo-Italic languages are also found in Sicily , corresponding with the central-eastern parts of the island that received large numbers of immigrants from Northern Italy, called Lombards , during

1710-638: The Norman conquest (bearing in mind that it took the Normans 30 years to conquer the whole of the island). Other dialects, attested from 13th and 14th century, are also found in Basilicata , more precisely in the province of Potenza ( Tito , Picerno , Pignola and Vaglio Basilicata ), Trecchina , Rivello , Nemoli and San Costantino . Gallo-Italic languages are often said to resemble Western Romance languages like French, Spanish, or Portuguese, and in large part it

1767-412: The Swiss and Italian areas and so the Swiss areas have now become the real strongholds of Lombard. In the Swiss areas, the local Lombard varieties are generally better preserved and more vital than in Italy. No negative feelings are associated with the use of Lombard in everyday life, even with complete strangers. Some radio and television programmes, particularly comedies, are occasionally broadcast by

Tribiano - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-586: The ancient Ligures . However, available information about the ancient language and its influence on modern Lombard is extremely vague and limited. That is in sharp contrast to the influence left by the Celts , who settled in Northern Italy and brought their Celtic languages and culturally and linguistically Celticised the Ligures. The Celtic substratum of modern Lombard and the neighbouring languages of Northern Italy

1881-622: The canton of Ticino , and some southern valleys of the canton of the Grisons . Piedmontese refers to the languages spoken in the region of Piedmont and the north west corner of Liguria . Historically, the Piedmontese-speaking area is the plain at the foot of the Western Alps , and ends at the entrance to the valleys where Occitan and Franco-Provençal are spoken . In recent centuries, the language has also spread into these valleys, where it

1938-518: The constitution of the province of Lodi (1992) the municipality of Tribiano decided not to be part of it, thus remaining in the province of Milan . During World War I and the World War II , many male citizens from Tribiano went to fight at the front and in the different military corps. There is a dedicated monument in Papa Giovanni Paolo II ( Pope John Paul II ) square. In blue, it has

1995-559: The decades following the Norman conquest of Sicily (around 1080 to 1120). Given the time that has lapsed and the influence from the Sicilian language itself, these dialects are best generically described as Southern Gallo-Italic . The major centres where these dialects can still be heard today include Piazza Armerina , Aidone , Sperlinga , San Fratello , Nicosia , and Novara di Sicilia . Northern Italian dialects did not survive in some towns in

2052-582: The digraph (aa and not àa). Some examples are presented below: (IPA) /fjøl/ (east.) Gallo-Italic Although most publications define Venetian as part of the Italo-Dalmatian branch, both Ethnologue and Glottolog group it into the Gallo-Italic languages. The languages are spoken also in the departement of Alpes-Maritimes in France and in Ticino and southern Grisons , both in Switzerland , and

2109-510: The edges. Tribiano runs along the Addetta canal , a branch of the Muzza Canal , which divides the town from North-East to South-West. Famous for its small church dedicated to Saints Gervasio and Protasio. A feud that was owned by various hands but with the veto to preserve and care for the land and the church. It too was a fiefdom, but it became a county only in the year 1668. In the hamlet there

2166-448: The emergence of the first bosinade : popular poems written on loose sheets and posted in the squares or read (or even sung) in public; they were widely diffused until the first decades of the 20th century. Milanese literature in the 18th century was quickly developing: some important names which emerged in that period include Domenico Balestrieri , who was associated the famous poet Giuseppe Parini . The latter wrote some compositions in

2223-459: The local language in its structure and so Lombard preserved its Romance structure. From the 15th century onwards, literary Tuscan began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars such as Lombard, even regardless of the fact that Lombard itself began to be heavily influenced by the Tuscan vernacular. Prior to that, the Lombard language was widely used in administrative spheres. Among those who favoured

2280-467: The most prominent advocate of Lombard language was Bortolo Belotti , a lawyer, historian and minister in the liberal governments of the time. The Lombard language became known outside its linguistic borders thanks to I Legnanesi, a theatre company that performed comedies in the Legnanese dialect and which is the most famous example of travesti theatre in Italy. In their comic shows the actors propose to

2337-609: The neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of Piedmont and the extreme western side of Trentino , and in Switzerland in the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden . The language is also spoken in Santa Catarina in Brazil by Lombard immigrants from the Province of Bergamo , in Italy . The most ancient linguistic substratum that has left a mark on the Lombard language is that of

Tribiano - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-522: The orthography; pronunciation: [lũˈbaːrt, lomˈbart] ) belongs to the Gallo-Italic group within the Romance languages . It is characterized by a Celtic linguistic substratum and a Lombardic linguistic superstratum and is a cluster of homogeneous dialects that are spoken by millions of speakers in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland . These include most of Lombardy and some areas of

2451-503: The population had a big increase, mostly in the 2000s, due an increase of people moving in Tribiano. Since 1861 the population went to 785 people, 864 in 1951, to 1193 in 1991 and 3623 in 2021. The foundation of Tribiano dates back to Roman times. At the time it was a small agricultural village called Trebianus , which was crossed by an important Roman road , the Via Regina , which connected

2508-694: The presence of a remote past tense, replaced almost fully by the past perfect tense by 1875. The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of Carlo Porta , recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him some of the highest peaks of expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee , La guerra di pret and Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert . Milanese poetic production assumed such important dimensions that in 1815

2565-520: The public satirical figures of the typical Lombard court; founded in Legnano in 1949 by Felice Musazzi, Tony Barlocco and Luigi Cavalleri, it is among the most famous companies in the European dialect theatre scene. The 21st century has also seen the use of Lombard in contemporary music, such as in the musical pieces of Davide Van De Sfroos and in the translations into Lombard of the works of Bob Dylan. There

2622-610: The rapid industrialization after the Second World War . Ticinese is a comprehensive denomination for the Lombard varieties that are spoken in Swiss canton Ticino (Tessin), and the Ticinese koiné is the Western Lombard koiné used by speakers of local dialects (particularly those diverging from the koiné itself) when they communicate with speakers of other Lombard dialects of Ticino , Grigioni or Italian Lombardy . The koiné

2679-406: The regional languages of Italy, they are the most endangered, since in the main cities of their area ( Milan , Turin , Genoa , Bologna ) they are mainly used by the elderly. Within this sub-family, the language with the largest geographic spread is Lombard , spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy , in eastern Piedmont and western Trentino . Outside Italy it is widespread in Switzerland in

2736-404: The rise of the figure of the playwright Carlo Maria Maggi, who normalised the spelling of the Milanese dialect and who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of Meneghino. A friend and correspondent of Maggi was Francesco De Lemene, author of La sposa Francesca (the first literary work in modern Lodi dialect) and of a translation of Gerusalemme liberata . Moreover, the 17th century saw

2793-633: The river port of Cremona (modern Cremona ) with Mediolanum ( Milan ). Later it was part of the Lodi area and its diocese . In the Napoleonic age (1809) Paullo became a hamlet of Tribiano. After the Second Italian War of Independence , following the enactment of the Rattazzi Decree (1859), the municipality was assigned to the province of Milan . Despite the historical ties with the Lodi area, at

2850-589: The same time, the 15th century saw the first signs of a true Lombard literature: in the eastern parts of Lombardy, the Bergamo-born Giovanni Bressani composed numerous volumes of satirical poetry and the Brescia-born Galeazzo dagli Orzi wrote his Massera da bé , a sort of theatrical dialogue; in the west of the region area, the Mannerist painter Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo lead the composition of

2907-451: The scholar Francesco Cherubini published an anthology of Lombard literature in four volumes, which included texts written from the seventeenth century to his day. In the first part of the 20th century, the greatest exponent of Lombard literature was the Milanese lawyer Delio Tessa , who distanced himself from the Portian tradition by giving his texts a strong expressionist tone. In Bergamo,

SECTION 50

#1732897792643

2964-521: The sounds that are used in all Lombard dialects. alveolar In Eastern Lombard and Pavese dialect /dz/ , /z/ and /ʒ/ merge to [ z ] and /ts/ , /s/ and /ʃ/ merge to [ s ] . In Eastern Lombard , the last sound is often further debuccalized to [ h ] . In Western varieties , vowel length is contrastive ( Milanese andà "to go" and andaa "gone"), but Eastern varieties normally use only short allophones . Two repeating orthographic vowels are separated by

3021-406: The strengthening of Tuscan influences over Lombard culture was the Duke of Milan Ludovico il Moro; during his reign he brought numerous men of culture from the Republic of Florence to the Sforza court, the most famous of whom was certainly Leonardo da Vinci. At the same time, however, Lancino Curzio still wrote some works in Milanese dialect at the Sforza court. Between the 15th and 16th centuries,

3078-461: The use of Lombard has been observed in the last decade. The popularity of modern artists singing their lyrics in Lombard dialects (in Italian rock dialettale , the best known of such artists being Davide Van de Sfroos) is also a relatively-new but growing phenomenon involving the Swiss and the Italian areas. Lombard is spoken in Campione d'Italia , an exclave of Italy that is surrounded by Swiss territory on Lake Lugano . The following tables show

3135-638: The vast majority of Lombards spoke only Lombard, as "Italian" was merely a literary language, and most Italians were not able to read or write. After the Italian economic miracle , Standard Italian arose throughout Italy and Lombard-speaking Switzerland, wholly- monolingual Lombard-speakers became a rarity as time went by, but a small minority may still be uncomfortable speaking Standard Italian. Surveys in Italy find that all Lombard-speakers also speak Italian, and their command of both two languages varies according to their geographical position as well as their socio - economic situation. The most reliable predictor

3192-412: Was found to be the speaker's age. Studies have found that young people are much less likely to speak Lombard as proficiently as their grandparents. In some areas, elderly people are more used to speaking Lombard than Italian even though they know both. Lombard belongs to the Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine) group of Gallo-Romance languages , which belongs to the Western Romance subdivision. Traditionally,

3249-432: Was not homogeneous since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics. The Germanic Lombardic language also left strong traces in modern Lombard, as it was the variety of Germanic that was spoken by the Germanic Lombards (or Longobards), who settled in Northern Italy, which

#642357