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20-549: It was discovered during an archaeological expedition in the 1930s, it was one of the objects from the Trialeti culture that were excavated from Kurgan barrows in Trialeti, and has been dated to the 18th-17th centuries BCE . The outside of the cup is decorated with two processional friezes, the lower depicts nine deer, stags and hinds walking clockwise around the cup. The upper frieze has twenty two masked men bearing cups processing in

40-407: A military confrontation took place between Georgia and Iran . In addition, Martqopi served as a cultural center too. The names of the famous Georgian poets and writers Nikolos Cherkesishvili (17th-18th century), Ioan Khobulashvili (18th century), Stefane Djorjadze (18th century), and others are associated with the village. Precious Parthian coins (100 BC-200 AD) were found in the territory of

60-592: A historical context, their impressive accumulation of wealth in burial kurgans, like that of other associated and nearby cultures with similar burial practices, is particularly noteworthy. This practice was probably a result of influence from the older civilizations to the south in the Fertile Crescent . The Trialeti–Vanadzor pottery style is believed to have developed into the Late Bronze Age Transcaucasian ceramic ware found throughout much of what

80-565: Is now eastern Turkey. This pottery has been connected to the expansion of the Mushki. Martqopi Martqopi ( Georgian : მარტყოფი ) is a village in Gardabani Municipality of Georgia . It is located on the left side of Ialno range , in the gorges of the rivers Alikhevi and Tevali, and is at an altitude of 770 meters. It is 55 kilometers from Gardabani and 12 kilometers from Vaziani (the nearest railway station). According to

100-726: Is very similar to that in the other areas of the Near East. In particular, similar ceramics are known as Urmia ware (named after Lake Urmia in Iran). Also, similar pottery was produced by the Sevan-Uzerlik culture, and the Karmir Berd-Sevan culture. The site at Trialeti was originally excavated in 1936–1940 in advance of a hydroelectric scheme, when forty-six barrows were uncovered. A further six barrows were uncovered in 1959–1962. Martqopi kurgans are somewhat similar, and are contemporary to

120-745: The Hayasa-Azzi confederation mentioned in Hittite texts, and the Mushki mentioned by the Assyrians . The earliest Shulaveri–Shomu culture existed in the area from 6000 to 4000 BC. The Kura–Araxes culture followed after. The flourishing stage of the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture began near the end of the third millennium BC. During the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1500 BC), in addition to

140-632: The Kars Province of Turkey, and tr:Sos Höyük IV in Erzurum Province resemble those of Trialeti. Sos Höyük IV may have been associated with Hayasa-Azzi. At that time, there was already strong social differentiation indicated by rich mound burials. There are parallels to the Early Kurgan culture. Cremation was practised. Painted pottery was introduced. Tin-based bronze became predominant. Geographical interconnectedness and links with other areas of

160-642: The Tree of Life . Others interpret an Egyptian influence, describing the men as wearing masks similar to those of the priests of the Egyptian god Osiris . The cup is now in the collection of the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi . This Georgian history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trialeti culture The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture , previously known as

180-547: The Trialeti–Kirovakan culture , is named after the Trialeti region of Georgia and the city of Vanadzor , Armenia . It is attributed to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture emerged in the areas of the preceding Kura–Araxes culture . Some scholars speculate that it was an Indo-European culture. It developed into the Lchashen–Metsamor culture . It may have also given rise to

200-635: The 2014 census, the village is populated by 7397 residents. The region of Martqopi played a big role during the third millennium BC. It is distinguished by many rich burial Kurgans , representing the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. In 1625, Martqopi was a battlefield for a military confrontation between the Georgian Kingdom of Kartli and Safavid Iran . The Georgians, led by General Giorgi Saakadze , annihilated an Iranian detachment of Shah-Abbas I . Martqopi territory

220-500: The Early Kurgan period was around the mid of the 3rd millennium -- somewhat between the 27th to 24th century BC. There appears to be a new abundance of metals in this period. Arsenical coppers were dominating the record, while copper and tin-bronzes were represented to a rather limited degree. The launch of tin bronze production in South Caucasia is associated with the appearance of the so-called Early Kurgans, whereas artifacts of

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240-511: The Near East are seen in many aspects of the culture. For example, a cauldron found in Trialeti is nearly identical to the one from Shaft Grave 4 of Mycenae in Greece. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture shows ties with the highly developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean, but also with cultures to the south and east. Trialeti-Vanadzor painted monochrome and polychrome pottery

260-465: The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, three other geographically overlapping material culture horizons predominate in the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and eastern Anatolia: Karmir Berd (a.k.a. Tazakend), Karmir Vank (a.k.a. Kizil Vank, Van-Urmia), and Sevan-Uzerlik (a.k.a. Sevan-Artsakh). Black-burnished and monochrome painted wares vessels from the cemeteries of Ani and Küçük Çatma (Maly Pergit), both in

280-521: The area. They represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. The Martqopi Culture may be dated before 2550 BC. This Early Kurgan period, known as Martqopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as a transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age. The earliest group belongs to the Kurgans or barrows of the Martqopi/Ulevari and Samgori valleys (east of Tbilisi), and

300-661: The earliest among the Trialeti culture . The somewhat later Kurgans are of the Bedeni type. They are represented by the Kurgans of the Bedeni plateau (near Trialeti), and also those of the Alazani valley (in Kakheti, eastern part of East Georgia). This stage of the Early Bronze Age seems to represent the final stage of the Kura–Araxes culture . According to recent dating, the transition to

320-529: The earliest among the Trialeti kurgans. Together, they represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. This Early Kurgan period, known as Martkopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as a transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture was known for its particular form of burial. The elite were interred in large, very rich burials under earth and stone mounds, which sometimes contained four-wheeled carts. Also there were many gold objects found in

340-515: The graves. These gold objects were similar to those found in Iran and Iraq . They also worked tin and arsenic. This form of burial in a tumulus or "kurgan", along with wheeled vehicles, is the same as that of the Kurgan culture which has been associated with the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . In fact, the black burnished pottery of especially early Trialeti kurgans is similar to Kura-Araxes pottery. In

360-399: The opposite direction to the deer. They are heading towards a seated man with a raised cup. Between him and the procession are a couple of animals and two other objects, and behind him is a tree. There are various speculations as to the meaning and cultural influences of the friezes. The Encyclopaedia Iranica considers the animals to be depicted in the Hittite tradition, and the tree to be

380-493: The village. In Martqopi ruins of the cupola church are still preserved. It was built in 1810 by the bishop of Rustavi Stefane II. Some other family castles from the 18th century can also be found here. Near the village is Ghvtaeba monastery complex dating back to the 5th—6th centuries. Close to the village in the Ulevari Valley archaeologists discovered bronze-age graves. Several rich burials Kurgans have been discovered in

400-663: Was inhabited from the 1st to the 2nd century. Till the 6th century, its name was Akriani. It is considered that the name “Martqopi” comes from one of the Thirteen Assyrian Fathers – Anton Martqopeli (martomkopeli in Georgian means someone who is living alone). A cathedral was established at the older monastery in the 13th century, which since the 15th century became a center of Sadrosho (an administrative unit in feudal Georgia mainly used for army mobilizing). In 1625 in Martqopi

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