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100-579: Ripanj is located some 25 kilometers south of Belgrade, on the southern slopes of the Avala mountain, in the valley of the Topčiderka river. It is the southernmost settlement in the municipality, on the northern side of the Lipovica woods, near the tripoint of the municipalities of Voždovac, Barajevo and Sopot . It is believed that settlement got its name from the large rock in the vicinity, called Ripa. Slopes of

200-472: A basement, semi-basement, a ground floor and the first floor. The building consists of three tracts, the most important and the most representative of which was set up sidelong, on the corner of the Gračanička Street and Kralja Petra Street, thus creating in front of it a triangular square. From the backyard side there was a wing set up in the shape of the letter G, which along with the classroom tract makes

300-596: A daughter and left Belgrade and designing for good. Nevertheless, Jelisaveta Načić managed to give Belgrade a real architectural masterpiece – the building of King Petar I Elementary School, which at the time was called "Elementary School in the vicinity of the Orthodox Cathedral". Although very young when she designed it (very soon after her graduation), she managed to create a mature, well-composed, functional and aesthetically well-designed achievement, and certainly one of her most important works. The construction of such

400-537: A huge building in the Belgrade of that time with mainly ground-floored objects, was complex and expensive enterprise, financed by the Municipality of Belgrade with 280.000 dinars . For this project, the Municipality hired its own architect, Јеlisaveta Načić, and Belgrade constructors and craftsmen took part in the construction: the construction undertaker Nikola Vitorović, cabinetwork was done by Voja St. Janković`s workshop,

500-462: A national ski center, and by 1936 there were ski pistes and a 20 m (66 ft) ski jumping hill . A special bus line was organized from Slavija to the ski structures on the mountain. The first local, Serbian competition after World War II was also held here, in 1946. The usual route was the one starting at the logger's cabin and ending all the way to the foothills above Ripanj. The tracks were quite crude. Despite low altitude, construction of

600-422: A population of 10,533 in 1961 and 10,673 in 1971. Brđani, in 1977, and Bošnjaci, in 1979, were abolished as a separate statistical entities, becoming part of the village of Ripanj again, which, since then corresponds to the area and population of the former municipality. Ripanj is still statistically classified as a rural settlement (village). Population has been stagnating for the last several decades, according to

700-545: A project of naturally cleaning the lake water using floating islands , through the process of phytoremediation . The process was tested for the purposes of cleaning the highly polluted Topčiderka river, but was applied for the first time at Trešnja. First group of floating islands was placed on the lake surface in May 2019. They were removed in September 2019 and replaced with the new group of 50 plant islands in 2020. Constant testing of

800-455: A quarantine. The patients were first placed in the mountaineering camp "Čarapićev Brest", which was adapted into the ad-hoc hospital. The patients were later relocated closer to the main road, in the "1000 Ruža" motel. The 1st Air Defense Missile Battalion, one of the " Neva " battalions of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade , is located in Zuce, on the eastern slopes of Avala. Settlements near

900-540: A small inner courtyard. The elementary school "King Petar I" is shaped according to all postulates of the academic architecture, with the Art Nouveau elements, which are reflected in the interior more than on the facades. The facades facing the street are done in three, that is, in two girths, with the dividing wreaths between the floor and with the large roof wreath ending in the attic with balustrade. The representative entrance protruding bay with tall arched windows of

1000-475: Is 150 m (490 ft) long, 30 m (98 ft) wide and up to 5 m (16 ft) deep and populated with the Prussian carp , common carp and asp . One side of the lake is surrounded with the oak wood and the other with the conifers. Popular among the visitors in the 1970s and 1980s, Trešnja is largely neglected today. A motel on the shore was burned in a fire in the late 2000s and left in ruins. The shore

1100-551: Is an elementary school in Belgrade , Serbia . The original school was founded in 1718 and is the oldest surviving cultural and educational institution in Serbia, predating the foundations of the Gymnasium of Karlovci (1796), Great School (modern Belgrade University ; 1808), Matica Srpska (1826) and Society of Serbian Scholarship (modern Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts ; 1841). It

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1200-441: Is built of serpentinite , limestone and magmatic rocks , which are injected in the shape of cone ( laccolith ). Other peaks include Ladne vode (340 m (1,120 ft)), Zvečara (347 m (1,138 ft)), Sakinac (315 m (1,033 ft)). The Avala had deposits of ores , most notably lead and mercury 's ore of cinnabarite and mining activities which can be traced to the pre- Antiquity times. Other metals mined on

1300-519: Is located in Ripanj. A small camping ground, it is situated on the slopes in the Avala mountain. As a large and elongated settlement, stretched along the road and railway (there are five railway stations within the Ripanj area), it developed outer boroughs or comprised the formerly separate settlements. Some of the largest are: Trešnja is the easternmost settlement of Ripanj, a popular picnic area located north of

1400-428: Is located in the afforested valley, rich in big game ( mouflon , roe deer , fallow deer ), which was turned into an official fenced hunting ground which spreads between the altitudes of 200 to 300 m (660 to 980 ft). The surrounding area, which covers an area of 117 ha (290 acres), comprises a small artificial pond, two cold water springs, a restaurant, weekend-settlement and a car camping park. The pond

1500-405: Is located. The stone pit was privately owned, but was confiscated by the state after World War II and stopped operating before 1960. In the process of restitution after 2000, the quarry was returned to the surviving owners, but they live abroad so the quarry is still not operational. It is the only known location of kersantite in Serbia, a rare type of greenish granite . For decades, kersantite

1600-509: Is protected. Other species include common buzzard , stock dove , common kestrel , and Eurasian scops owl . A section of the mountain is organized as a game hunting ground. In the Middle Ages , the town of Žrnov or "Avalski Grad" (Avala town) was located on top of Avala. In 1442. it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire , which built a new town in Žrnov's place as a counter-fortress to

1700-586: Is unkempt so as the access paths to the lake while the quality of water hasn't been tested for years, though a crayfish , known to live only in the non-polluted waters, lives in the lake. The lake is still visited by the fishermen and has a reputation of a lover's lane . One of the classical works of Serbian filmmaking, The Marathon Family by Slobodan Šijan , was partially filmed on the lake in 1981. Public transportation line, bus No 408, connects Trešnja with Belgrade. In order to make water less polluted, Belgrade administration and Forestry Institute jointly organized

1800-572: The Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos . Within the complex, the log church was built from 2013 to 2017. Walls are made of silicate bricks , coated with white pine wood. The church covers 100 m (1,100 sq ft) and contains two thrones made of cooked walnut wood . Both host icons, of the Bogorodica Trojeručica, and of Saint Maria Gatchinska  [ ru ] . One of only three officially designated campsites in Belgrade by 2018

1900-626: The Maršala Birjuzova street. In 2017 Dr. Milutin Tadić, professor at the University of Belgrade's Geography Faculty donated a wall sun clock which was placed on this building. The clock shows hours and seasons. On 22 October 2018, the school ceremonially celebrated its 300th anniversary with the festivity held in the Dom Sindikata . It was a part of the wider, several weeks longer celebration. First

2000-470: The NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999. Its total reconstruction began in 2006 and was officially opened at a ceremony on 21 April 2010. The new tower is almost the exact replica of the destroyed one, including the unique three-feet base. Belgrade's General Urbanistic Plan (GUP) for the 2001–2021 period defines the mountain as a sports and recreation area. During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak , Avala functioned as

2100-518: The Ralja river , on the northern slopes of the 310 m (1,020 ft) high Koviona hill, along the Belgrade- Kragujevac road. It is 32 km (20 mi) south-east of Belgrade and closer to Vrčin in the municipality of Grocka than to Ripanj and the village of Mala Ivanča is just south of it. Parts of the settlement, forest and the lake belong to Mala Ivanča in the municipality of Sopot. It

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2200-431: The ski resort , with sports and recreational venues and a cable car have been proposed in 1994 and 2005. In October 2018, city government announced plans to set a 550 m (1,800 ft) long piste . The construction of the complex, which is planned to be operational over the entire year thanks to the artificial snowing system (skiing specifically from November to February), should start in 2019. The piste will start in

2300-646: The April 2022 campaign for the local elections in Belgrade, favored formation of the municipality, but also of several others. Avala is well connected with Belgrade and other parts of Serbia via roads, highway and railroads. Avalski drum ("Avala road") is an extension of the Boulevard of the Liberation, which directly connects the mountain to downtown Belgrade (via neighborhoods of Selo Rakovica , Jajinci , Banjica , Voždovac, Autokomanda , Karađorđev Park and Slavija ). On

2400-570: The Archangel and Main Post Office Building . As the buildings began to deteriorate over time, city authorities showed interest in the quarry, not only for the repairs but also for future construction. For now, when some deteriorated kersantite feature has to be replaced, the artificial stone is used (as in the case of the pedestal of the Play of Black Horses). Geologists suggested to the city to obtain

2500-449: The Avala to get fenced and protected that way. He also banned construction of houses on the mountain itself. In the early 20th century, plans were made for further forestation of the mountain. In his last visit to Serbia in 1903, Austro-Hungarian naturalist Felix Philipp Kanitz noted that the mountain would become "another exceptional excursion area", after the Topčider park. Remains of

2600-454: The Avala were already inhabited in Neolithic . The location is an old mining area as it is known that already Romans were extracting mercury and silver and the tradition was later continued by the medieval Saxon miners. One of the major Serbian industrialists in the early 20th century, Đorđe Vajfert , also owned several mining fields. The mercury extraction from the Avala mountain ended in

2700-500: The Belgrade city fort, and renamed it "havale", which originally comes from Arabic and means "obstacle" or "shelter". Archeologist Miloje Vasić believed that the vast mines of cinnabarite (mercury-sulfide) on Avala were crucial for the development of the Vinča culture , on the banks of the Danube circa 5700 BC. Settlers of Vinča apparently melted cinnabarite and used it in metallurgy. Mining

2800-578: The Law on mines was issued by the Despot Stefan Lazarević in 1412. In this period, the cinnabarite was used for fresco paintings and was exported to Greece. Mining activities ceased by the 1960s, when the last two mines, Šuplja Stena and Crveni Breg, were closed. Šuplja Stena ("Hollow Boulder") was a mercury mine while in Crveni Breg ("Red Hill"), lead, zinc, silver and gold were extracted. Crveni Breg

2900-587: The Little Serbo-Slavic School, with a teacher ( daskal ) Stevan, who held classes in the metropolitan's home. The school was funded by the Metropolitanate of Belgrade , city administration and pupil's parents. From 1809 the school was placed on the ground floor of the Great School (which by 1905 developed into the University of Belgrade) and became known as a Little School. The schools were located in

3000-583: The Play of Black Horses statues in front of the House of the National Assembly of Serbia and buildings of Belgrade Cooperative , Elementary School King Petar I , Cathedral Church of St. Michael the Archangel and Main Post Office Building . As the buildings began to deteriorate in time, city authorities showed interest in the quarry, not only for the repairs but also for the future construction. For now, when some deteriorated kersantine feature has to be replaced,

3100-555: The Vranovac, a tributary to the Bolečica. A small artificial lake near the village of Pinosava was created on the western slope of the mountain. The settlements in the area are notorious for problems with shortages of drinking water during summer. The mountain has been protected since 1859 as a natural monument , or, by the modern standards, "sight of the exquisite values". That year, Serbian ruling prince Miloš Obrenović issued an order for

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3200-432: The artificial stone is used (as in the case of the pedestal of the Play of Black Horses). Geologists suggested to the city to obtain the ownership over the land on which the pit is located and to reopen it. City government announced in 2012 that it will unilaterally explore the pit until it gets reopened and inspected it in 2013. They found still existing large amounts of already cut kersantite and that locals illegally extract

3300-419: The auditorium on the first floor dominates the main façade. On the sides, the dynamics was achieved with the protruding bay highlighted with the triangular sills above the windows on the first floor and some calmly shaped gaps of the ground floor. The yard facades are more modest. The stylistic processing in the interior is first of all noticeable in the profiling of all supporting and protuberant elements and in

3400-399: The auxiliary objects of the church yard were built, which were used as classrooms until the old school building was constructed in 1844. This property, assigned to the school by the municipality, offered all the conditions for the construction of the modern school with spacious schoolyard. It was necessary, since the number of students constantly grew. For example, the population in Belgrade in

3500-520: The boundaries by her employment as well. For two years she worked as a technical apprentice in the Ministry of Construction, and she spent her entire career in the engineering-architectural department of the Belgrade Municipality – a precedent, since the jobs in the public service were reserved for men, and only for those who served military service. Along with Draga Ljočić , she paved the way to

3600-432: The building of the bobsled on rails track, zip-line , mini golf course, artificial climbing rock, children playground and an adventure park . Projected price is €5 million. As the project includes cutting of the mountain forest, the opposition to the project amounted and no works began before 2020. Elementary School King Petar I King Petar I Elementary School ( Serbian : Основна школа "Краљ Петар Први" )

3700-554: The building of the modern Museum of Vuk and Dositej . Little School had only three classes. By 1815, the school was moved close to the Cathedral Church, with only one teacher. By 1819 it had two and in 1829 three teachers. Among the teachers were Vuk Karadžić , Dositej Obradović , Jovan Miodragović , Pavle Šafarik . The area around the Cathedral Church in Belgrade is an almost unique area in Belgrade, since there are few places which were unchanged for more than two centuries. This

3800-487: The central heating and the electrical installations were done by the undertaker company „Andra Ristić and comp.“, the masonry was the work of the „Ripanj granite industry“, so the school near the Orthodox Cathedral was almost completely the product of domestic industry. The building was constructed on the sloping ground of the highest part of Sava slope, by the most modern construction procedures, and it consists of

3900-460: The church, is also made of wood. The church contains epitrachelion of Saint Nectarios of Aegina and pillow of Saint Petka . Annually, from July 1 until July 10, a traditional camp of Serbian mountaineers is held on the Avala. Among other mountaineering activities, there are competitions in: The first skiing competition in Yugoslavia was held on Avala in 1929. In 1934, Belgrade was declared

4000-554: The classification was newly introduced, the school is listed as No. 1 on the list of cultural monuments. Alumni include scientists, philosophers, royals, actors, athletes, revolutionaries, painters: Мihailo Petrović Alas , King Peter I of Serbia , Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac , Moša Pijade , Pavle Savić , Dejan Udovičić , Ivo Lola and Јurica Ribar , Vladeta Jerotić , Svetozar Gligorić , Ružica Sokić , Nikola Simić , Minja Subota , Zoran Slavnić, Dragan Kapičić and others. The school has its own hymn, composed by Minja Subota, with

4100-402: The construction and the development of this school make the school specific and valuable. For many years, this school has been the most reputable school in Serbia. In 1871, when the teacher notebooks ( dnevnik ) were introduced, the teachers fiercely protested claiming it is a "major waste of time, an additional expense and damage, without any benefits". In 2017, the electronic notebooks replaced

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4200-546: The construction of the elementary school in the vicinity of the Cathedral Church began. Teacher Stevan Todorović introduced gym classes, for the first time in Serbia. The first basketball match in Belgrade was played in the schoolyard in 1923. Later on, the students of this school, Zoran Slavnić and Dragan Kapičić , as well as many other students, became excellent basketball players of the Yugoslav basketball national team. Many important people, who through their work contributed to

4300-454: The eastern slopes being in the municipality of Grocka , and the southernmost extension in the municipality of Sopot . It is possible that in the future the entire area of Avala would create a separate municipality of Belgrade, named Avalski Venac . Avala is a low type of the Pannonian island mountain , though it is actually the northernmost mountain in Šumadija . Until 600,000 years ago, when

4400-669: The employment of women in public sector. Since her career was interrupted by the World War I , and Načić for a short time managed to finish many designs, she was innovative and brave in her projects, and she managed to try working in different fields of her profession. She was pretty successful in urbanism and designing of private, public and sacral structures. After the imprisonment in the concentration camp in Nezsider, Hungary (today Neusiedl am See , Austria), where she met an Albanian poet and revolutionary, Luka Lukai, she got married, gave birth to

4500-541: The field in the protected downhill of Avala. The field was a recorded habitat of Caspian whipsnake . Illegal construction of the complex of houses, without any permits, began in January 2021. Inspections closed it, but the construction continued before it was halted. Demolition of the complex began in August 2022. Avala is known for its diverse plant life, despite not being a tall mountain. There are over 600 plant species living on

4600-522: The first half of the 19th century, when the school was erected, was 8,450, and in 1900 even 69,769, one third of whom lived in this urban quarter. Apart from the number of the population, that is, the students, the construction of the new building was influenced by the other needs of the modern school system, and the old building was not satisfactory at all. The first modern school buildings in Belgrade were erected in Dorćol and Palilula in 1894, and ten years later

4700-411: The frames of the walls. Completely geometrized decorative elements appear, as well as the stylistic elements of classical origin. The equipment of the school "King Petar I", as far as the hygienic and teaching conditions are concerned, was the reflection of the most modern achievements of that time. The school had a plumbing installations with English toilets, electrical lighting, central heating system and

4800-559: The growth substrate. City planned to protect the forest in Trešnja in the 1960s. A decree was adopted in 1970 but never took effect, being suppressed by the new law on forests. Avala Avala ( Serbian Cyrillic : Авала , pronounced [âv̞ala] ) is a mountain in Serbia , overlooking Belgrade . It is situated in the south-eastern corner of the city and provides a great panoramic view of Belgrade, Vojvodina and Šumadija , as

4900-446: The immediate vicinity of the tower and end at the logger's cabin. Due to the altitude and the climate, the north-western slope, in the direction of Pinosava, is chosen. The track has been labeled as the "blue", which means it is of and intermediate level of difficulty. Phase I includes the construction of the piste, ski lift , training trail, snowmaking cannons, decorative lights, parking lots and special machinery. Phase II comprises

5000-511: The installation which enabled the ventilation of the rooms. The doors and the windows of a typical appearance and dimensions at a short distance provide for a very good lighting of the rooms, as well as the backyard windows on the shaded sides. The building managed to avoid the fate of almost all other representative buildings in Belgrade as it wasn't damaged in World War I while in World War II it

5100-677: The medieval Žrnov were removed in 1934 to make way for the Monument to the Unknown Hero . The destruction of Žrnov, which was demolished with dynamite, caused massive discontent among the citizens of Belgrade. In the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , the mountain was declared a national park , in 1936. In 1946, by the ukaz of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Serbia , Avala was reduced to

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5200-573: The mine stoppe working until being partially revived by the Celts. Pots with mercury were discovered in Šuplja Stena, but not the smelting artefacts or slag . A vast number of potteries discovered in Vinča was internally glazed with cinnabarite, with some quartz and phyllosilicates . Examination showed that it matches materials from Avala. Vinča developed c.5700 BC, Vladimir Milojević claim the production for certain from 2000 BC to 750 BC without being able to say when

5300-577: The mine was opened in 1886. Lead, zinc and silver were mined. It was intermittently operational till 1901 when it was purchased by the Belgian company from the previous Serbian owners. Operational again from 1902, it was sold to the French owners in 1906. It worked until 1941, and in this period 18,800 tons of ore was extracted. It was reopened in 1948 and closed in 1953. 55,000 tons of ore was extracted in this period, containing lead, zinc, silver, gold and copper. Along

5400-528: The mining began. Remains from both the Neolithic and the last Ice Age are also discovered in the cave. It is still debated whether Šuplja Stena is a natural cave or was completely dug for the mining purposes. Remains of the Neanderthal culture were discovered in it. In his 1943 Prehistoric mine Šuplja Stena on Avala hill near Belgrade (Serbia) , Vladimir Milojčić said that the "cave is old as Avala", formed by

5500-540: The most important road in the southern outskirts of Belgrade, which connects all the southern sections of the city. It is also a projected route of the future Belgrade beltway which would continue through the Bolečica river valley and the projected Vinča - Omoljica bridge over the Danube into Vojvodina. Railroads also run on both sides of the mountain. Eastern branch is a section of the Belgrade-Niš railroad. It runs through

5600-400: The motion was dropped. On the mountain itself, there are several springs, of which Sakinac is best known. Despite being the only mountain in the area, Avala is not a source of many rivers. The Topčiderka river, originating in the woods of Lipovička šuma on the south-west, flows on the western slopes of Avala, while the river Bolečica flows on the eastern slopes. Other minor flows include

5700-474: The mountain are not much populous. They include Ripanj (on the south, the largest one, with a population of 10,084 by the 2022 census of population), Pinosava (on the west, 3,239), Zuce (on the north-east, 1,915), Beli Potok (on the north, 3,717), all in the municipality of Voždovac, and Vrčin (on the east, 8,601), in the municipality of Grocka. A movement for creation of the new Belgrade's municipality called Avalski Venac originated in 1996. A motion for

5800-400: The mountain include silver, gold and zinc. At the Šuplja Stena localities, seven quartz - carbonate veins with minerals and cinnabarite ore were discovered (Šuplja Stena, Dževerov Kamen, Dževerov Potok, Rupine, Kamenik-Spomenik, Kamenik and Prečica), with 13 additional between Šuplja Stena and Topčiderka river. Avala is also a location where the mineral avalite , named after the mountain,

5900-736: The mountain include: Special attractions of the Avala are several monuments. They include: Small church dedicated to the Saint Despot Stefan Lazarević was built in the immediate vicinity of the Avala Tower and Monument to the Unknown Hero. The foundations were consecrated by the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church , Irinej , in 2015. Made of white pine and designed by deacon Miroslav Nikolić, it covers only 50 m (540 sq ft). The bell tower , built next to

6000-402: The mountain, Avalski drum divides in three: Sub-Avalan settlements are directly connected to Belgrade by the bus lines of the city's public transportation, with terminus in the Belgrade's neighborhood of Trošarina . The Belgrade–Niš highway , a section of one of the major European roads, European route E75 , runs east of the mountain, through Vrčin. North of the mountain runs Kružni put ,

6100-454: The mountain, but after the joint attack of Yugoslav Partisans and Red Army, Belgrade was liberated on 20 October 1944. In 1965, a 202-metre-high (663 ft) Avala TV Tower was constructed, one of the tallest structures in the Balkans , by the architects Uglješa Bogunović , Slobodan Janjić and M. Krstić. It had a restaurant look-out on 120 m (390 ft). The tower was destroyed during

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6200-781: The mountain. Some of them are protected by the law as natural rarities, like certain types of laburnum , box tree , black broom , common holly and martagon lily . The area is also abundant in medicinal herbs , like the early-purple orchid and belladonna . Almost 70% of Avala is forested, or 5.01 square kilometres (1.93 sq mi). Thus, the meadow plant communities are rare. Other protected plant species include common yew and oregano . High woods mostly consist of durmast oak , Turkey oak , hornbeam , beech , linden , black pine , black locust and other trees. Almost 100 species of birds live on Avala, including strictly protected Eurasian sparrowhawk , European honey buzzard and European green woodpecker . Total of 21 bird species

6300-473: The official censuses of population: Ripanj is still largely agricultural settlement. The electrotechnics factory "Elektrosrbija" is located in Ripanj, so as the three "Minel" factory departments. Ripanj is located in the northern, low Šumadija and the neighboring plateau is named after the settlement (Ripanj plateau), south of the Pinosava plateau. A railway Belgrade- Niš (both parallel lines) passes next to

6400-404: The ownership over the land on which the pit is located and to reopen it. The Belgrade City government announced in 2012 that it will unilaterally explore the pit until it gets reopened and inspected it in 2013. Large amounts of already cut kersantite were found. Locals have been illegally extracting the stone and crushing it to use as road cover. After the political change in Belgrade in late 2013,

6500-451: The paper ones. Ivan Meštrović sculptured the Pobednik monument in the school gym, which is today used as the festivity hall. Erected in 1928, Pobednik is today the most representative landmark of Belgrade. A bust of king Peter was placed on the small square, right from the school's main entrance. It was erected in 2011. The stone plinth was carved by Branimir Radisavljević, while the bust

6600-597: The part of Belgrade architecture in general. The building of the elementary school "King Petar I" represents an important achievement not only in the architecture of school buildings, but in Belgrade architecture in general. According to the Decision made by the Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade no. 278/7 from 25 December 1965, the building was designated as a cultural monument . As

6700-471: The place of the south-west tract of the present school, with the access to the Kralja Petra Street occupying one half of the present roadway. When the regulation and the weight of the street was changed in the early 20th century, several lots were joined forming the proper-shaped lot which became the school property. Part of this lot was donated by the nearby Cathedral Church. It was the parcel on which

6800-511: The recreation of the municipality of Ripanj appeared in 2002. The idea was to split municipality of Voždovac of its distant, suburban settlements in the area of the Avala: Ripanj, Beli Potok, Pinosava and Zuce. Later, a motion for Vrčin to split from the municipality of Grocka and creation of a joint sub-Avalan municipality also appeared. If created, the new municipality would have a population of 27,556 in 2022. In September 2007 an official motion

6900-485: The road to Mladenovac there is the Ciganlija mine, with numerous smaller horizontal pits covered with overgrowth. Next to the mine is Zavljak stream, where remains of the slag dated to Antiquity were discovered. The slag contains lead, zinc, copper and silver. The ore in Šuplja Stena was rediscovered in 1882, and in 1883 survey began with digging of the "Jerina" horizontal pit. By 1886, horizontal pit "Prečica" with smelters,

7000-559: The school, was the first woman to graduate in architecture in Serbia and belonged to the first generation of architects educated in Serbia at the newly-founded Department of Architecture at the Technical Faculty of the Great School . She graduated in 1900. The fact that she enrolled to the university was a huge rarity in a country where, in the late 19th and early 20th century, only 7 percent of women were literate. Јеlisaveta Načić moved

7100-516: The second half of the 20th century. The village got its first school in 1824, the same year when the first church was built. The small, wooden church ( crkva-brvanara ) was later replaced with the large Church of the Holy Trinity in 1892. There was a spring of mineral water in the village. The water was sour ( kisela voda ). It was located in the Tupovac locality which doesn't exist anymore. The spring

7200-453: The settlement and the tunnel south of Ripanj is named the "Ripanj tunnel". Former mine, Crveni Breg ("Red Hill"), is located in the northernmost section of Ripanj. Lead, zinc, silver and gold were extracted from the Roman period until 1953 when the mine was closed. It has seven levels, out of which four are flooded, and the stalactites are being formed inside. By 2009 upper level was prepared for

7300-595: The social and cultural situation in Serbia at the beginning of the 20th century. There is even an older predecessor of the school, called a Little Greek School. During the 1718-1739 Austrian occupation of northern Serbia it was to be closed by the Austrian authorities in 1718, but the Belgrade Metropolitan Mojsije Petrović took it over in order for the Serbian children to have a school. It was mentioned as

7400-460: The status of the "public property of general benefit" and placed under direct management of the Government of Serbia . Despite being officially protected for almost 150 years, it was only in 2007 that preservation plans for the mountain were made. That way, Avala entered a circle of protected green areas of Belgrade , which also included the mountain of Kosmaj, the island of Veliko Ratno Ostrvo and

7500-506: The stone and crush it to cover the roads with it. After the political change in Belgrade in the late 2013, the motion was dropped. In the hamlet od Drobnjaci, there is a new monastery  [ sr ] dedicated to the Bogorodica Trojeručica . Construction began in 2012 and the foundations were consecrated on 1 April 2015. Monastery is built from wood and since 2016 it hosts a copy of the Bogorodica Trojeručica icon, sent from

7600-422: The street. The representative entrance protruding bay with arched gaps, topped with the attic with balustrade dominates the main facade. Shaped according to the postulates of the academic architecture with the art nouveau elements, which reflect in the interior more than on the facades, the elementary school building represents the important creation not only in relation to the creation of the school buildings, but as

7700-475: The surrounding area on all sides is mostly lowlands. It stands at 511 metres (1,677 ft) above sea level , which means that it enters the locally defined mountain category just by 11 m (36 ft). Avala is located 16 km (9.9 mi) south-east of downtown Belgrade. The entire area of the mountain belongs to the Belgrade City area, the majority of it being in the municipality of Voždovac , with

7800-457: The surrounding low areas were flooded by the inner Pannonian Sea , Avala was an island, just as the neighboring mountains (Kosmaj, Fruška Gora , etc.), thus earning its geographical classification. However, Avala remains an "island mountain" as the area around it, Pinosava plateau of the northern Low Šumadija, is low and mostly flat. In the north it extends into the woods of Stepin Lug . The mountain

7900-633: The surviving owners, but they live abroad so the quarry is still not operational. It is the only known location of kersantite in Serbia, a worldwide rare type of greenish granite . For decades, kersantite was used for the Belgrade buildings, including some of the most representative ones. Features built with this stone include the fountain between the Novi Dvor and Stari Dvor , bordure of the Hotel Bristol , Small Staircase in Kalemegdan Park , pedestal of

8000-594: The tunnel under the Avala at Beli Potok and then through Včrin. Western branch runs through Ripanj and the long "Ripanj tunnel" (though not under the Avala), and continues into western Serbia and further into Montenegro , as part of the Belgrade–Bar railway . Avala is a traditional picnic resort for Belgraders, but its capacities are not being used much. In 1984 number of tourists was only 15,700 despite over 1.5 million of inhabitants in Belgrade. Some attractions and capacities on

8100-408: The visitors, being cleaned and lighted for some 300 m (980 ft) but the project of turning it into the tourist attraction failed. Ripanj is location of the closed Tešićev Majdan ("Tešić Quarry"). The stone pit was privately owned, but was confiscated by the state after World War II and stopped operating before 1960. In the process of the restitution after 2000, the quarry was returned to

8200-443: The volcanic activity and elevation of the terrain. The cave was first used by the wild animals and later by the prehistoric peoples, with animal and human remains, and prehistoric mining artefacts have been discovered. However, geographer Dragan Petrović in his work on the caves of Šumadija, lists caves on the present Belgrade's territory, but makes no mention of Šuplja Stena. In Medieval Serbia mining on Avala began in c.1420, after

8300-407: The water showed that the project was successful as the water in the vicinity of the island was cleaner, moving from the very bad, fourth category regarding pathogen bacteria, into the first, excellent category. The islands are made of edible canna , common reed , yellow iris , Siberian iris , common water-plantain and purple loosestrife . No chemicals are applied and the mineral wool is used as

8400-540: The woods of Stepin Lug, with the forests of Košutnjak and Topčider to be added next. Protected areas of Avala spread over 48,913 hectares (120,870 acres) Some areas within the mountain are additionally protected., including the "Complex of mountain beech, oak, maple and elm", which is in the first level of protection. It is located in the valley of the Vranovica stream, close to the "Čarapićev Brest" visitors' complex. In early September 2020, unknown persons began clearing

8500-578: Was a key point during the Belgrade Offensive in October 1944, a fighting for the liberation of Belgrade in World War II. Germans halted their mechanized units along the Smederevo road, at Mali Mokri Lug , continued equipped with the light weapons and spread over Avala. German units were commanded by lieutenant general Walter Stettner , who was killed during the battle. Germans also had a 7th SS division at

8600-665: Was active on the mountain at 3000 BC. However, it is still contested when people began mining on Avala, from the Neolithic , to the earnest mining by the Celtic Scordisci , prior to Roman conquest. There are three major mines, Šuplja Stena, Crveni Breg and Ciganlija, the first being the most explored. Vasić also claimed that Vinča hosted a Ionian trade colony from the Aegean around 6000 BC, and that Ionian seamen discovered primitive mine in Šuplja Stena. The Ionians continued to mine cinnabarite and with their final departure from Vinča,

8700-437: Was also finished. During this period, numerous pits and shafts were dug, with 7 km (4.3 mi) being dug only in 1891. From 1884 to 1889 it was majority owned by Đorđe Vajfert , when he sold it to an English firm, but continued to manage works. The ore was exported to Vienna , London and China . Though officially closed in 1893, the mine was extracting ore only from 1887 to 1891. From 1889 to 1890 some 30 tons of mercury

8800-450: Was closed in 1953 and has traces of the usage from the Roman period. It has seven levels, out of which four are flooded, and the stalactites are being formed inside. By 2009 the upper level was prepared for visitors, having been cleaned and lighted for some 300 m (980 ft), but the project of turning it into a tourist attraction failed. The survey of the Crveni Breg began in 1870, and

8900-464: Was damaged on 20 October 1944, the very day Belgrade was liberated from the German occupation. In the post-war period, after 1950, all the installations were modernized. The school furniture was replaced with a more modern one. Based on its functional and aesthetic values the elementary school building is considered as its most important part. It was conceived as two-storey building with three facades facing

9000-465: Was found. A greenish mineral, chromian , magnesian or potassic alumosilicate (variety of the mineral illite ), it was discovered by Serbian chemist Sima Lozanić who established its formula. Optically examined by the Israeli mineralogist Tamir Grodek who classified it as a member of the mica mineral group. On the southern slopes, in the area of Ripanj, the closed Tešićev Majdan ("Tešić Quarry")

9100-420: Was officially numbered as the 300th generation. It was projected for 1,000 pupils but in the past several decades, the numbers are smaller than that. The school had 555 pupils in 2017 and 584 in 2018. The school is today organized in two buildings. The school building is for the "junior classes" (I-IV, 7–10 years) and has classes only in morning shifts. "Senior classes" (V-VIII, 11–14 years) go the other building in

9200-454: Was recorded in the 1892 papers published by the state government. Ripanj used to be a separate municipality which originally comprised only the village of Ripanj. It had a population of 7,475 in 1948 and 8,255 in 1953. In 1956, Brđani and Bošnjaci were detached from the settlement of Ripanj into separate settlements, but within the municipality. Ripanj was then annexed to the municipality of Voždovac, but if it had continued to exist it would have

9300-482: Was sculptured by Dušan Jovanović Đukin. The original plinth was deemed too low, so during the complete renovation in 2020, the plinth's height was elevated. The school changed its name several times. Among others, it was called "King Petar I", and after the World War II "Braća Ribar". In 1993 the name was reverted to "King Petar I": As the first school was established in 1718, the generation 2017/18, with 96 pupils,

9400-435: Was sold. The survey of Šuplja Stena was continued in 1910 and, with interruptions, lasted until 1959, while the preparatory works for the reopening began in 1967. Smelters was built, the production continued in 1968 and until spring 1972 when it was finally closed, the mine produced 80 tons of mercury. Mine in Šuplja Stena is considered one of the best explored one, in geological, chemical, mineralogical and mining sense. Avala

9500-474: Was started by the municipality of Voždovac to create this new municipality, which would also include Resnik from the municipality of Rakovica Supported by the local administration headed by the Democratic Party at the time, it was blocked by the members of the same party on the city level. It was also proposed by the political party G17 Plus in 2010 and Nova Stranka in 2015. Coalition Moramo , during

9600-584: Was the Week of Science, centered on scientists Milutin Milanković , Mihajlo Pupin and Mihajlo Petrović Alas, former student of the school. Second week was dedicated to sports, including the basketball match of the junior teams of KK Crvena Zvezda and KK Partizan , as the first basketball match ever in Belgrade was played in the school. Third week was dedicated to the artist and other culture representatives who used to be school's students. Јеlisaveta Načić, who designed

9700-402: Was the first school in Serbia which introduced the teacher notebooks and gym classes and is the location of the first basketball match played in Belgrade. The present building was built in 1905–1907. It was designed by Jelisaveta Načić , the first Serbian female architect, when she was only 27 years old. It is located at 7 Kralja Petra Street in Belgrade . At the time of its construction, it

9800-536: Was the most modern school building for elementary education not only in Belgrade, but in entire Serbia, and is named the "ornament of the school architecture". Exceptionally representative, which was conditioned by the position in such an important street and in the immediate vicinity of the Cathedral Church , Building of the Patriarchate and Princess Ljubica's Residence , the building is a true representative of

9900-452: Was the venue of the Serbs gathered around the church, cultural and educational institutions, so in the 19th century the elementary school already existed at the place where in the period from 1905 to 1907 the elementary school "King Petar I" was built, designed by Jelisaveta Načić. It was the building with stores in the semi-basement and the school on the ground floor. The old building was located on

10000-412: Was used for Belgrade buildings. Features built with this stone include the fountain between the Novi Dvor and Stari Dvor , the bordure of the Hotel Bristol , Small Staircase in Kalemegdan Park , pedestal of the Play of Black Horses statues in front of the House of the National Assembly of Serbia and buildings of Belgrade Cooperative , Elementary School King Petar I , Cathedral Church of St. Michael

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