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52-569: Barbus treurensis The Treur River barb ( Enteromius treurensis ) or simply Treur barb is a species of cyprinid fish. It is endemic to northern Mpumalanga , South Africa . Exotic fish like smallmouth bass , brown and rainbow trout were introduced to the Blyde, which reduced its range to upper catchments of the Blyde River system. It disappeared from the Treur River in the 1960s, but during

104-728: A test 6 mm (0.24 in) across. Patiriella parvivipara is the smallest starfish , at 5 mm (0.20 in) across. The smallest vertebrate (and smallest amphibian) known is Brachycephalus pulex , a Brazilian flea toad, with a minimum adult snout–vent length of 6.45 millimetres (0.254 in). Brachycephalus dacnis is similarly tiny, with a minimum adult length of 6.95 millimetres (0.274 in). Other very small frogs include: The two species Microhyla borneensis (males: 10.6–13 mm (0.42–0.51 in); females: 16–19 mm (0.63–0.75 in)) and Arthroleptella rugosa (males: 11.9–14.1 mm (0.47–0.56 in); females: 15.5 mm (0.61 in)) were once

156-492: A few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to

208-404: A host cell to replicate and synthesize new products. Some hold that, because viruses do have genetic material and can employ the metabolism of their host, they can be considered organisms. Also, an emerging concept that is gaining traction among some virologists is that of the virocell , in which the actual phenotype of a virus is the infected cell, and the virus particle (or virion ) is merely

260-485: A level of uncertainty, as the available material often (or even usually) is incomplete. The smallest known extinct non-avian dinosaur is Anchiornis , a genus of feathered dinosaur that lived in what is now China during the Late Jurassic Period 160 to 155 million years ago. Adult specimens range from 34 cm (13 in) long, and the weight has been estimated at up to 110 g (3.9 oz). Parvicursor

312-500: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron   1 supports

364-444: A reproductive or dispersal stage, much like pollen or a spore. The smallest viruses in terms of genome size are single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) viruses. Perhaps the most famous is the bacteriophage Phi-X174 with a genome size of 5,386 nucleotides . However, some ssDNA viruses can be even smaller. For example, Porcine circovirus type 1 has a genome of 1,759 nucleotides and a capsid diameter of 17 nm (1.7 × 10  mm). As

416-426: A total body length of only 85 micrometres (0.0033 in). Another candidate is Stygotantulus stocki , with a length of 94 micrometres (0.0037 in). The smallest sea cucumber , and also the smallest echinoderm , is Psammothuria ganapati , a synaptid that lives between sand grains on the coast of India. Its maximum length is 4 mm (0.16 in). The smallest sea urchin , Echinocyamus scaber , has

468-434: A whole, the viral family geminiviridae is about 30 nm (3.0 × 10  mm) in length. However, the two capsids making up the virus are fused; divided, the capsids would be 15 nm (1.5 × 10  mm) in length. Other environmentally characterized ssDNA viruses such as CRESS DNA viruses, among others, can have genomes that are considerably less than 2,000 nucleotides. The smallest RNA virus in terms of genome size

520-479: Is Madame Berthe's mouse lemur ( Microcebus berthae ), found in Madagascar , with an average body length of 9.2 cm (3.6 in). The smallest cetacean , which is also (as of 2006) the most endangered, is the vaquita , a species of porpoise. Male vaquitas grow to an average of around 135 cm (53 in); the females are slightly longer, averaging about 141 cm (56 in) in length. Zamia pygmaea

572-413: Is 491 Kbp nucleotides long. Pelagibacter ubique is one of the smallest known free-living bacteria, with a length of 370 to 890 nm (0.00037 to 0.00089 mm) and an average cell diameter of 120 to 200 nm (0.00012 to 0.00020 mm). They also have the smallest free-living bacterium genome: 1.3 Mbp , 1354 protein genes, 35 RNA genes. They are one of the most common and smallest organisms in

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624-599: Is a cycad found in Cuba, and the smallest known gymnosperm . It grows to a height of 25 cm (10 in). Duckweeds of the genus Wolffia are the smallest angiosperms . Fully grown, they measure 300 by 600 μm (0.30 by 0.60 mm) and reach a mass of just 150 μg . The smallest known dicotyledon plant is the Himalayan dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium minutissimum ). Shoots grow up to 5 mm (0.20 in) in height. Nanobes are thought by some scientists to be

676-462: Is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family , including the carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to

728-559: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund

780-399: Is discovered, for example: Psilorhynchus Probarbinae Parapsilorhynchini Labeonini Garrini Torinae Smiliogastrinae Cyprinini Rohteichthyini Acrossocheilini Spinibarbini Schizothoracini Schizopygopsini Barbini Smallest organisms#Fish Given the incomplete nature of scientific knowledge , it is possible that the smallest organism

832-415: Is important to consider other self-replicating genetic elements, such as obelisks , ribozymes , satelliviruses and viroids . Several species of Myxozoa (obligately parasitic cnidarians ) never grow larger than 20 μm (0.020 mm). One of the smallest species ( Myxobolus shekel ) is no more than 8.5 μm (0.0085 mm) when fully grown, making it the smallest known animal. The shell of

884-474: Is phage BZ13 strain T72 at 3,393 nucleotides length. Viruses using both DNA and RNA in their replication ( retroviruses ) range in size from 7,040 to 12,195 nucleotides. The smallest double-stranded DNA viruses are the hepadnaviruses such as hepatitis B , at 3.2 kb and 42 nm (4.2 × 10  mm); parvoviruses have smaller capsids, at 18–26 nm (1.8 × 10 –2.6 × 10  mm), but larger genomes, at 5 kb. It

936-471: Is the smallest mammal by mass, weighing about 1.8 g (0.063 oz) on average. The smallest mammal that ever lived, the shrew-like Batodonoides vanhouteni , weighed 1.3 grams (0.046 oz). The Kitti's hog-nosed bat ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ), also known as the bumblebee bat, from Thailand and Myanmar is the smallest mammal , at 29–33 millimetres (1.1–1.3 in) in length and 2 grams (0.071 oz) in weight. The smallest member of

988-507: Is undiscovered. Furthermore, there is some debate over the definition of life , and what entities qualify as organisms; consequently the smallest known organisms (microrganisms) may be nanobes that can be 20 nanometers long. The genome of Nasuia deltocephalinicola , a symbiont of the European pest leafhopper, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus , consists of a circular chromosome of 112,031 base pairs. The genome of Nanoarchaeum equitans

1040-546: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae  – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of

1092-519: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of

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1144-847: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150   AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from

1196-536: The common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating

1248-540: The golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however,

1300-558: The zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it

1352-510: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of

1404-628: The 1970s it was rediscovered in the upper Blyde River, an area that received National Heritage status in 1985. It was reintroduced to the Treur and upper Blyde rivers, where it now flourishes. It occurs alongside the Natal mountain catfish ( Amphilius natalensis ), that occurs here as an isolated population in the Limpopo system. This Barbinae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae

1456-452: The 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of

1508-691: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such

1560-475: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within

1612-561: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information

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1664-518: The cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and

1716-407: The fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are

1768-434: The genus Ostreococcus are the smallest free-living eukaryote . The single cell of an Ostreococcus measures 800 nm (0.00080 mm) across. The Erebor lineage of Microheliella maris is the smallest known heliozoan with an average cell body diameter of 2.56 μm. Some biologists consider viruses to be non-living because they lack a cellular structure and cannot metabolize by themselves, requiring

1820-568: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio

1872-456: The lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as

1924-547: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced

1976-582: The nut clam Condylonucula maya grows 0.54 mm (0.021 in) long. The smallest water snail (of all snails) is Ammonicera minortalis in North America, originally described from Cuba. It measures 0.32 to 0.46 mm (0.013 to 0.018 in). The smallest land snail is Acmella nana . Discovered in Borneo , and described in November 2015, it measures 0.7 mm (0.028 in). The previous record

2028-495: The ocean, with their total weight exceeding that of all fish in the sea. Mycoplasma genitalium , a parasitic bacterium which lives in the primate bladder, waste disposal organs, genital, and respiratory tracts, is thought to be the smallest known organism capable of independent growth and reproduction . With a size of approximately 200 to 300 nm , M. genitalium is an ultramicrobacterium , smaller than other small bacteria, including rickettsia and chlamydia . However,

2080-457: The order Carnivora is the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ), with an average body length of 114–260 mm (4.5–10.2 in). It weighs between 29.5–250 g (1.04–8.82 oz) with females being lighter. The smallest known member of the rodent order is the Baluchistan pygmy jerboa , with an average body length of 3.8 cm (1.5 in). The smallest member of the primate order

2132-443: The salamander Thorius arboreus was 17 mm (0.67 in). The smallest turtle is the speckled padloper tortoise ( Homopus signatus ) from South Africa . The males measure 6–8 cm (2.4–3.1 in), while females measure up to almost 10 cm (3.9 in). Nemicolopterus was the smallest pterosaur, it reached about 25 cm (9.8 in) in wingspan. Sizes of non-avian dinosaurs are commonly labelled with

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2184-536: The smallest known frogs from the Old World . In general these extremely small frogs occur in tropical forest and montane environments. There is relatively little data on size variation among individuals, growth from metamorphosis to adulthood or size variation among populations in these species. Additional studies and the discovery of further minute frog species are likely to change the rank order of this list. The average snout-to- vent length ( SVL ) of several specimens of

2236-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like

2288-418: The specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in

2340-507: The vast majority of bacterial strains have not been studied, and the marine ultramicrobacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain RB2256 is reported to have passed through a 220 nm (0.00022 mm) ultrafilter . A complicating factor is nutrient-downsized bacteria, bacteria that become much smaller due to a lack of available nutrients . Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of microbe 200 to 500 nm (0.00020 to 0.00050 mm) in diameter. It

2392-538: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places

2444-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,

2496-434: Was Hadrocodium with a skull of 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in length and a body mass of 2 g (0.071 oz). The smallest marsupial is the long-tailed planigale from Australia. It has a body length of 110–130 millimetres (4.3–5.1 in) (including tail) and weighs 4.3 grams (0.15 oz) on average. The Pilbara ningaui is considered to be of similar size and weight. The Etruscan shrew ( Suncus etruscus ),

2548-420: Was discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland by Karl Stetter . A thermophile that grows in near-boiling temperatures, Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligatory symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus ; it must be in contact with the host organism to survive. Guinness World Records recognizes Nanoarchaeum equitans as the smallest living organism. Prasinophyte algae of

2600-592: Was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and

2652-412: Was initially seen as one of the smallest non-avian dinosaurs known from an adult specimen, at 39 cm (15 in) in length, and 162 g (5.7 oz) in weight. However, in 2022 its holotype was concluded to represent a juvenile individual. Epidexipteryx reached 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length and 164–220 g (5.8–7.8 oz) in weight. The smallest Mesozoic mammaliaform

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2704-455: Was that of Angustopila dominikae from China, which was reported in September 2015. This snail measures 0.86 mm (0.034 in). Maximites was the smallest known ammonoid . Adult specimens reached only 10 mm (0.39 in) in shell diameter. The smallest arthropods are crustaceans in the class Tantulocarida . The single smallest species may be Tantulacus dieteri , with

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