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36-469: Between September 1941 and September 1942, the German SS and police trained 2,500 Trawniki men known as Hiwi Wachmänner (guards) at the special training camp at Trawniki outside of Lublin ; by the end of 1944, 5,082 men were on active duty. Trawnikimänner were organized by Streibel into two SS Sonderdienst battalions . Some 1,000 Hiwis are known to have run away during field operations. Although

72-686: A major part in Operation Reinhard , the Nazi plan to exterminate Jews . They also served at extermination camps and played an important role in the annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (see the Stroop Report ), among others. In 1941 Himmler instructed SS officer Odilo Globocnik to start recruiting mainly Ukrainian auxiliaries among the Soviet POWs, due to ongoing close relations with

108-673: A prison interview with Kazimierz Moczarski , published in his original Polish edition of the Conversations with an Executioner : Trawniki personnel was also used in the August 1943 suppression of the Białystok Ghetto Uprising , as well as the lesser-known Mizocz Ghetto uprising of October 1942 among similar others. In other locations, the lists compiled by the local Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung enabled them to quickly and precisely identify their Jewish targets. The Trawniki training camp

144-623: A selection. In December that year 1,200 prisoners were transported to Germany. The men were sent to Buchenwald , the women to Dachau (all perished). However, the much needed foundry camps were revived in the second half of 1944 with around 10,000 new workers sent in from Łódź, Kielce, Radomsk and Skarżysko-Kamienna. On 15 and 16 January 1945, ahead of the Soviet advance, about 3,000 prisoners were sent to Germany; all perished. The remaining 5,200 Jews employed in Częstochowa slave-labor camps were liberated by

180-605: A study of the Trawniki men serving at death camps, claimed that there was little sign of any attraction to National Socialism among them. He claimed that most of the guards volunteered in order to leave the POW camps and/or because of self-interest. On the other hand, the Holocaust historian Christopher R. Browning wrote that Hiwis "were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist and hence almost invariably anti-Semitic sentiments ." Despite

216-660: The Hiwis , saw the Christian Poles as equal opportunity offenders. When they got too drunk to show up in Aleksandrów , Major Wilhelm Trapp ordered the release of prisoners rounded up for mass execution. The SS-Gruppenführer Jürgen Stroop who was in charge of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the methodical destruction of the Ghetto itself – responsible for the massacre of over 50,000 Polish Jews – later remarked in

252-744: The Holocaust freight trains – men, women and children – to Treblinka extermination camp : around 40,000 victims in total. Righteous Among the Nations who helped Częstochowa Ghetto's Jews included Helena Sitkowska , the Koźmiński family the Klewicki family, and the Sikora family. Jan Brust from Żegota was shot in the first half of 1944 for delivering food to the Jewish inmates of the slave labour facility. Other members of

288-626: The Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland shooting everyone unable to move or attempting to flee, while the Trawnikis conducted large-scale civilian massacres in the same locations. Auxiliaries were not allowed to wear German uniforms or insignia, carry German weapons, or use German ranks. This was mostly for political reasons. The racial policies of Nazi Germany regarded Slavs as subhuman and not deserving to be treated as German soldiers. There

324-473: The Operation Reinhard extermination camps Trawniki Hiwi men served as the Sonderkommando guard units (between 70 and 120 depending on location) and were selected to act as the gas chambers operators. They came under the jurisdiction of the relevant camp commandant. Almost all of the Trawniki guards were involved in shooting, beating, and terrorizing Jews. The Russian historian Sergei Kudryashov, who made

360-550: The occupied territory . From there, the Hiwi shooters were deployed to all major killing sites of the Final Solution . It was their primary purpose of training. They took an active role in the extermination of Jews at Belzec , Sobibor , Treblinka II , Warsaw (three times), Częstochowa , Lublin , Lvov , Radom , Kraków , Białystok (twice), Majdanek as well as Auschwitz , not to mention Trawniki concentration camp itself, and

396-679: The Brust family in Częstochowa helped to aid and shelter Jews, and after the war received the Righteous award. Those who survived the main thrust of ghetto liquidation (about 5,000–6,000 slave workers and their families) were put in the so-called Small Ghetto for the Hugo Schneider munitions factory. There, 850 Jews were executed. Soon, a clandestine Jewish Fighting Organisation was formed by Mordechaj Zilberberg, Sumek Abramowicz and Heniek Pesak among others. The organization consisted of 300 members. When

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432-709: The Germans and the foreign SS troops". In Saurel's account Ukrainians are not mentioned at all, and probably fall under the category of "and so on". The Trawniki-men were assembled at a training facility adjacent to the Trawniki concentration camp built for the Jews deported from the Warsaw Ghetto . The complex (serving dual purpose in 1941–43) was set up in the industrialized village of Trawniki about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Lublin with rail lines in all directions in

468-515: The Germans dealt with unruly crowds of thousands of ghetto inhabitants: as in Międzyrzec , Łuków , Radzyń , Parczew , Końskowola , Komarówka and all other locations. The Trawniki men shot so fast and so wildly that the German policemen "frequently had to take cover to avoid being hit." Ukrainian Hiwis were perceived as indispensable. In Łomazy , the Germans were "overjoyed" to see them coming after

504-569: The Germans moved in to liquidate the Small Ghetto on 26 June 1943 the Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising erupted. Zylberberg committed suicide when the Germans stormed his bunker. 1,500 Jews died in the fighting. On 30 June the resistance was suppressed with additional 500 Jews burned alive or buried beneath the rubble. 3,900 Jews were captured and put to work in labour camps Apparatebau, Warthewerk and Eisenhütte. 400 people were shot following

540-491: The Holocaust, based on Jewish and Polish survivor-testimonies, memoirs, and archives. The long list of at least 234 names of camp guards written out phonetically can be attributed to more than a dozen sources in which they appear. They often feature arbitrary spellings in English and Polish translation (or transliteration from Cyrillic ) based on memory alone, by which the perpetrators could not be legally identified. The following are

576-465: The Reich at the beginning of war, mostly from Płock and Łódź . The ghetto inmates were forced to work as slave labour in the armaments industry, a majority of them in the expanded Polish foundry "Metalurgia" located on Krotka Street (which had been taken over by the German manufacturer HASAG , and renamed Hassag-Eisenhütte AG) as well as in other local factories or workshops. The Nazis began liquidating

612-599: The Soviet Union was that the former claimed lack of awareness and left no live witnesses who could testify against them, while the latter were charged with treason and therefore were doomed from the start. In the U.S. some 16 former Hiwi guards were denaturalized. The notoriety of crimes committed by Trawnikis at the extermination camps of Belzec [ Be ] , Sobibor [ So ] , and Treblinka [ Tr ] during Operation Reinhard have led to many specific names being publicized in postwar literature and by museums of

648-561: The Soviet Union were convicted and some were executed. Most were sentenced to a Gulag , and released under the Khrushchev amnesty of 1955. The number of Hiwis tried in the West was very small by comparison. Six defendants were acquitted on all charges and set free by a West German court in Hamburg in 1976 including commandant Streibel. The main difference between them and the Trawnikis apprehended in

684-472: The Soviet advance, they were reorganized into combat units. This is when they introduced the Rotten ( Rotte ["Chain"] > "File" or "Fire Team") level of organization at a time when the depleted German Army was consolidating into Halbzüge ("half-platoons" or "Sections"). This was perhaps adopted to deter desertion, a big problem towards the end of the war. The guards initially wore their Soviet Army uniforms. In

720-439: The autumn of 1941 they were given the dyed-black Polish Army uniforms worn by the former Selbstschutz forces. In the summer of 1942 they were issued brown Belgian Army uniforms for warm weather wear. The guardsmen tended to wear a mixture of the two. They were usually issued captured enemy weapons but sometimes received German Mauser Kar-98 carbines. Automatic rifles and pistols were issued when on special assignment. At each of

756-494: The completion of their task by the end of 1943. The Soviets entered the completely empty training facility on July 23, 1944. After the war, the Soviet authorities arrested and prosecuted hundreds, possibly as many as one thousand Hiwis who returned home to USSR. The more conservative number of trials given by Kudryashov is over 140 between 1944 and 1987. Those brought to trial in the Soviet Union were tried before both civilian courts and military tribunals. Almost all of those tried in

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792-477: The generally apathetic views of the Trawniki guards, the vast majority faithfully carried out the SS expectations in the mistreatment of Jews. Most Trawniki men had executed Jews already as part of their job training. Similarly to Christopher Browning 's 1992 book Ordinary Men , Kudryashov argued that the Trawniki men were examples of how ordinary people could become willing killers. The Trawniki shooters were assigned to

828-515: The ghetto on 22 September 1942 during Operation Reinhard (the day after Yom Kippur ). The first wave of deportations concluded on the night of 7 October. The action was carried out by German units together with their Ukrainian and Latvian auxiliaries ( Hiwis ), known as Trawniki men , under the command of captain of the Schupo police, Paul Degenhardt. Every day, the Jews were being assembled on Daszyński square for "resettlement" and then transported by

864-469: The influx of POW was dramatically reduced, so Streibel's personnel from the summer of 1942 started to conscript civilians of Ukrainian nationality, generally young males, from Western Ukraine (Galicia, Volhynia, Podolia and Lublin). Petro Mirchuk , who himself was a political prisoner in the Auschwitz camp, relates in his memoirs that he engaged in conversation with members of an auxiliary guard detachment in

900-593: The local Ukrainian Hilfsverwaltung . Globocnik had selected Karl Streibel from Operation Reinhard as the key person for this new secret project. Streibel, with the assistance of his officers, visited all POW camps for the Soviets behind the lines of the advancing Wehrmacht , and after individual screening recruited Ukrainian as well as Latvian and Lithuanian volunteers as ordered. Due to successful adaptation of Soviet army's strategy and tactics against German forces, as well as Nazi policy of Soviet war prisoners' extermination,

936-751: The majority of Trawniki men or Hiwis came from among the prisoners of war, there were also Volksdeutsche from Eastern Europe among them, valued because of their ability to speak Russian, Ukrainian and other languages of the occupied territories. All the officers at the Trawniki camp were Reichsdeutsche (citizens of the German Reich), and most of the squad commanders were Volksdeutsche (people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship). The conscripted civilians and former Soviet POWs included Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Estonians, Georgians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Russians, Tatars, and Ukrainians. The Trawnikis took

972-651: The messy Józefów massacre which permanently traumatized the untrained executioners. The wave of mass killings of Jews from the Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto lasting non-stop for several days were conducted by the Trawniki battalion of about 350 to 400 men, same as in Parczew, or the Izbica Ghetto . Some German police officers felt uneasy about killing non-Jewish Poles. Their unit shot 4,600 Jews by September 1942, but disproportionately only 78 ethnic Poles. In contrast,

1008-483: The most notable of them, confirmed by the courts, and arranged in alphabetical order. 51°08′21″N 22°59′35″E  /  51.139267°N 22.993140°E  / 51.139267; 22.993140 SS">SS The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Cz%C4%99stochowa Ghetto The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for

1044-576: The obsolete black M32 SS tunic or field-grey M37 tunic with blue facings. This was to mark them out from the men they commanded, but at the same time denoted them as auxiliaries rather than regular troops. Units were initially organized in Gruppen ( Gruppe ["Group"] > "squad") of about 50 men and Züge ( Zug ["Procession"] > "platoon") of around 90 to 120 men. These were further assigned to companies and battalions, under German officers and higher-level NCOs. After they abandoned Trawniki in 1944 ahead of

1080-481: The purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland . The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak, immediately before mass deportations, 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to Treblinka extermination camp , where they were murdered. In June 1943,

1116-708: The remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising , which was extinguished by the SS after a few days of fighting. The official order for the creation of the ghetto in Częstochowa was issued on 9 April 1941 by Stadthauptmann Richard Wendler . In addition to Jews from Częstochowa, more Jews were brought in by rail from nearby towns and villages of the Generalgouvernement part of occupied south-western Second Polish Republic , including from Krzepice , Olsztyn , Mstów , Janów , and Przyrów , on top of expellees from Polish lands annexed into

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1152-580: The remaining subcamps of KL Lublin/Majdanek camp complex including Poniatowa , Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa , and also during massacres in Łomazy , Międzyrzec , Łuków , Radzyń , Parczew , Końskowola , Komarówka and all other locations, augmented by the SS and Schupo , as well as the Reserve Police Battalion 101 , part of over two dozen Order Police battalions deployed to the occupied territories. The German Order Police performed roundups inside

1188-555: The second half of 1943: "To the extent of that I could determine, it was a unit comprised of representatives of various so called "Eastern peoples"-primarily Russians, Belorussians, Caucasians and others, and least of all Ukrainians, although for some reason the unit was officially called 'Ukrainian'." French publicist Louis Saurel, in an analogous book about the death camps, wrote: "Part of the SS soldiers were not Germans. There were many Romanians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats and so on… Interpreters were required to convey explanations between

1224-523: The worst of the "on-the-spot dirty work" by Hauptsturmführer Karl Streibel (wrote Browning), so the Germans from the parallel Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the Order Police from Hamburg "would not go crazy" from the horror of hands-on killing for hours or days on end. The Trawnikis used to arrive in squads numbering around 50 at the killing site, and start by sitting down to a sandwich and bottles of vodka from their knapsacks behaving like guests, while

1260-482: Was also a real fear of mutiny or desertion by foreigners in German uniform. To reinforce the social levels between them, guards were therefore referred to as Wachmänner ("watchmen") rather than Schützen ("riflemen") and given different uniforms and rank insignia. A practical reason for this policy was that there was a dearth of German equipment to be spared, yet piles of captured war materiel that would otherwise be unused. The German officers and senior NCOs were issued

1296-670: Was dismantled in July 1944 because of the approaching frontline. The last 1,000 Hiwis forming the SS Battalion Streibel led by Karl Streibel himself, were transported west to still functioning death camps. The Jews of the adjacent Trawniki labor camp were massacred in November 1943 during Aktion Erntefest . Their exhumed bodies were incinerated in Sonderaktion 1005 by Sonderkommandos from Milejów who in turn were executed on site upon

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