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59-428: Transform began as an independent campaign group called Transform Drugs Campaign Ltd, and was set up in 1996 by its former Head of External Affairs, Danny Kushlick . The organisation achieved charitable status in 2003 and was renamed 'Transform Drug Policy Foundation' in 2004. In 2007, Transform became the first UK based non-governmental organisation calling for drug law reform to be granted special consultative status at

118-460: A National Theatre Company, which would lease the Old Vic theatre in the interim. The "National Theatre Company" opened on 22 October 1963 with Hamlet , starring Peter O'Toole in the title role. The company was founded by Laurence Olivier , who became the first artistic director of the company. As fellow directors, he enlisted William Gaskill and John Dexter . Among the first ensemble of actors of

177-591: A large theatrical bookshop, restaurants, bars and exhibition spaces. The terraces and foyers of the theatre complex have also been used for ad hoc, short seasonal and experimental performances and screenings. The riverside forecourt of the theatre is used for regular season of open-air performances in the summer months. The Clore Learning Centre is a new dedicated space for learning at the National Theatre. It offers events and courses for all ages, exploring theatre-making from playwriting to technical skills, often led by

236-664: A live audience. The service was launched initially to UK secondary schools in 2015 with productions for Key Stage 3 pupils and above. In November 2016, the National Theatre launched to service to UK primary schools, adding a number of new titles for Key Stage 2. Productions currently offered by the service include Frankenstein (directed by Danny Boyle , starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ), Othello (directed by Nicholas Hytner , starting Adrian Lester and Rory Kinnear ), Antigone (directed by Polly Findlay , starring Christopher Eccleston and Jodie Whittaker ), and Jane Eyre (directed by Sally Cookson ). In 2018,

295-605: A performing arts venue and associated theatre company located in London , England. The NT was founded by the actor Laurence Olivier in 1963, and many well-known actors have performed with it since. The company was based at The Old Vic theatre in Waterloo until 1976. The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London. In addition to performances at

354-507: A portrait of actress Katie Leung standing in front of The Shed as part of the artist's "London Portraits" series, where he asked various cultural figures to choose a place in London for the backdrop of their portraits. Leung explained she chose The Shed as her backdrop because she performed there in the 2013 play The World of Extreme Happiness , and also because "... it's a temporary theatre, it's not permanent, and I wanted to make it permanent in

413-670: A site close to the Royal Festival Hall for the purpose, so the National Theatre Act 1949 ( 12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6 . c. 16), offering financial support, was passed by Parliament . Ten years after the foundation stone had been laid in 1951, the government declared that the nation could not afford a National Theatre; in response, the LCC offered to waive any rent and pay half the construction costs. The government still tried to apply unacceptable conditions to save money, attempting to force

472-596: A theatre in Bloomsbury . This work was interrupted by World War I. In 1910, George Bernard Shaw wrote a short comedy, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets , in which Shakespeare himself attempts to persuade Elizabeth I of the necessity of building a National Theatre to stage his plays. The play was part of the long-term campaign to build a National Theatre. Finally, in 1948, the London County Council (LCC) presented

531-552: A third production in Doncaster in partnership with Cast and six local community partners. The new adaptation of The Caucasian Chalk Circle was originally planned for 2020 but has been postponed, due to COVID-19. In December 2020, in partnership with The Guardian , Public Acts released an online musical called We Begin Again by James Graham ( Quiz ) as a music video and a standalone track released by Broadway Records. River Stage

590-580: A world where drug policy promotes health, protects the vulnerable, and puts safety first. Transform's mission: To educate the public and policymakers on effective drug policy; to develop and promote viable alternatives to prohibition; to provide a voice for those directly affected by drug policy failures; and to support policymakers and practitioners in achieving positive change. Transform develops and advocates for new policies to bring currently illegal drugs under effective legal control and regulation based on evidence of effectiveness. It argues that current policy

649-721: Is a lovely work and so good from so many angles...it has that inevitable and finished look that great work does." Despite the controversy, the theatre has been a Grade II* listed building since 1994. Although the theatre is often cited as an archetype of Brutalist architecture in England, since Lasdun's death the building has been re-evaluated as having closer links to the work of Le Corbusier , rather than contemporary monumental 1960s buildings such as those of Paul Rudolph . The carefully refined balance between horizontal and vertical elements in Lasdun's building has been contrasted favourably with

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708-562: Is invited to perform in a final festival at the National Theatre, usually in the Olivier Theatre and Dorfman Theatre. The National Theatre Collection (formerly called On Demand. In Schools ) is the National Theatre's free production streaming service for educational establishments worldwide, which is free to UK state schools. The service is designed for use by teachers and educators in the classroom, and features recordings of curriculum-linked productions filmed in high definition in front of

767-514: Is outdated and counter-productive, having been based on law and order politics and misplaced 'drug war' ideologies. Instead, the organisation proposes that moves towards legal regulation and control of currently illegal drugs would produce dramatically improved policy outcomes as measured by key performance indicators in crime, public health and well being, environmental damage, international corruption and conflict, and public expenditure. Transform works with policy-makers, charities and funders across

826-505: Is produced by Fran Miller. The annual "Watch This Space" festival was a free summer-long celebration of outdoor theatre, circus and dance, which was replaced in 2015 by the River Stage festival. "Watch This Space" featured events for all ages, including workshops and classes for children and adults. "Watch This Space" had a strong national and international relationships with leading and emerging companies working in many different aspects of

885-638: Is the National Theatre's free outdoor summer festival that place over five weekends outside the National Theatre in its north-east cornersquare. It is accompanied by a number of additional street food stalls and bars run by the NT. The event features programmes developed by various companies for the first four weekends, with the National Theatre itself programming the fifth weekend. Participating organisations have included The Glory, HOME Manchester , Sadler's Wells , nonclassical , WOMAD , Latitude Festival , Bristol's Mayfest and Rambert . The festival launched in 2015 and

944-465: The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus , it has an open stage and a fan-shaped audience seating area for 1160 people. A "drum revolve" (a five-storey revolving stage section) extends eight metres beneath the stage and is operated by a single staff member. The drum has two rim revolves and two platforms, each of which can carry ten tonnes, facilitating dramatic and fluid scenery changes. Its design ensures that

1003-627: The Bristol West constituency . Kushlick only stood on policy – the legalisation and regulation of drugs – which was drawn from the original manifesto. At Mark Thomas's show at the Royal National Theatre on 7 April 2010, a selection of policies were directly put forward to Kushlick by members of the audience. In his party platform , Kushlick said he would avoid taking the UK to war, and stated that "the most important 'special relationship' isn't with

1062-724: The United Nations . In 2012, Transform launched a Latin American programme of work in collaboration with the Mexico City-based NGO México Unido Contra la Delincuencia (MUCD) . In 2015, Transform launched 'Anyone's Child: Families For Safer Drug Control', a campaign to end the war on drugs , better protect children, and get drugs under control. Anyone's Child is an international network of families who have been adversely affected by existing drug laws and campaign for their reform. Transform's vision: To create

1121-457: The patent theatres , and new plays were subjected to censorship by the Lord Chamberlain's Office . At the same time, there was a burgeoning theatre sector featuring a diet of low melodrama and musical burlesque ; but critics described British theatre as driven by commercialism and a "star" system. There was a demand to commemorate serious theatre, with the "Shakespeare Committee" purchasing

1180-410: The "Royal" prefix to the name of the theatre was given in 1988, but the full title is rarely used. The theatre presents a varied programme, including Shakespeare, other international classic drama, and new plays by contemporary playwrights. Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire , thus further widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season. However,

1239-768: The Circus. The festival was set up by its first producer Jonathan Holloway , who was succeeded in 2005 by Angus MacKechnie. Whilst the Theatre Square space was occupied by the Temporary Theatre during the NT Future redevelopment, the "Watch This Space" festival was suspended. but held a small number of events in nearby local spaces. In 2013 the National announced that there would be a small summer festival entitled "August Outdoors" in Theatre Square. Playing Fridays and Saturdays only,

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1298-647: The Head of New Work in 2015. National Theatre Live is an initiative which broadcasts performances of their productions (and from other theatres) to cinemas and arts centres around the world. It began in June 2009 with Helen Mirren in Jean Racine 's Phedre , directed by Nicholas Hytner , in the Lyttelton Theatre. The third season of broadcasts launched on 15 September 2011 with One Man, Two Guvnors with James Corden . This

1357-470: The NT's own artists and staff. One of its spaces is The Cottesloe Room, so called in recognition of the original name of the adjacent theatre. The dressing rooms for all actors are arranged around an internal light-well and air-shaft and so their windows each face each other. This arrangement has led to a tradition whereby, on the opening night (known as "Press Night") and closing night of any individual play, when called to go to "beginners" (opening positions),

1416-683: The National Theatre at its formation in 1963. He was considered the foremost British film and stage actor of the period, and became the first director of the Chichester Festival Theatre – there forming the company that would unite with the Old Vic Company to form the National Theatre Company. In addition to directing, he continued to appear in many successful productions, not least as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice . In 1969

1475-536: The National Theatre building, the National Theatre tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom. The theatre has transferred numerous productions to Broadway and toured some as far as China, Australia and New Zealand. However, touring productions to European cities was suspended in February 2021 over concerns about uncertainty over work permits, additional costs and delays because of Brexit . Permission to add

1534-700: The National Theatre complex which it was estimated would cost about £80 million. The Studio building across the road from the Old Vic on The Cut in Waterloo. The Studio used to house the NT's workshops, but became the National's research and development wing in 1984. The Studio building houses the New Work Department, the Archive, and the NT's Immersive Storytelling Studio. The Studio is a Grade II listed building designed by architects Lyons Israel Ellis. Completed in 1958,

1593-514: The National Theatre reported that over half of UK state secondary schools have registered to use the service. On Demand. In Schools won the 2018 Bett Award for Free Digital Content or Open Educational Resources. In March 2020, in light of the coronavirus pandemic, the National Theatre Collection was made available for pupils and teachers to access at home to aid blended learning programmes. In April 2020, six new titles were added to

1652-567: The National Theatre's first board chairman, it has a proscenium arch design and can accommodate an audience of 890. Named after Lloyd Dorfman (philanthropist and chairman of Travelex Group ), the Dorfman is "the smallest, the barest and the most potentially flexible of the National Theatre houses . . . a dark-walled room" with an audience capacity of 400. It was formerly known as the Cottesloe Theatre (named after Lord Cottesloe , Chairman of

1711-540: The New Shakespeare Company (now the Royal Shakespeare Company , RSC); then Herbert Beerbohm Tree founded an Academy of Dramatic Art at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1904. This still left the capital without a national theatre. A London Shakespeare League was founded in 1902 to develop a Shakespeare National Theatre and – with the impending tercentenary in 1916 of his death – in 1913 purchased land for

1770-739: The South Bank Theatre Board), a name which ceased to be used with the theatre's closure under the National's NT Future redevelopment. The enhanced theatre reopened in September 2014 under its new name. The Temporary Theatre, formerly called The Shed, was a 225-seat black box theatre which opened in April 2013 and featured new works; it closed in May 2016, following the refurbishment of the Dorfman Theatre. In 2015 British artist Carl Randall painted

1829-514: The UK to create large-scale new work. The first Public Acts production was Pericles in August 2018, at the National Theatre, in the Olivier Theatre. The Guardian described this as 'a richly sung version with brilliant performances from a cast of hundreds.' The second production was As You Like It performed in August 2019 at the Queen's Theatre , Hornchurch. Since 2019, Public Acts has been working on

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1888-553: The US, but with your mum". Kushlick has also been interviewed and cited by many authors on the subject of drug policy reform . Kushlick has two daughters and lives in Whitehall, Bristol . Royal National Theatre The National Theatre , officially the Royal National Theatre and sometimes referred to in international contexts as the National Theatre of Great Britain is

1947-418: The United Kingdom and then internationally. The programme began with a production of Phèdre , starring Helen Mirren , which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK. NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 2,500 venues in 60 countries around the world. In November 2020, National Theatre at Home, a video on demand streaming service, specifically created for National Theatre Live recordings,

2006-608: The United States, Canada and Australia for a limited season in Spring 2012. Danny Boyle 's Frankenstein also returned to cinema screens worldwide for a limited season in June and July 2012. The fourth season of broadcasts commenced on Thursday 6 September 2012 with The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time , a play based on the international best-selling novel by Mark Haddon . This

2065-470: The actors will go to the window and drum on the glass with the palms of their hands. Backstage tours run throughout the day and the Sherling High Level Walkway, open daily until 7.30 pm, offers visitors views into the backstage production workshops for set construction and assembly, scenic painting and prop-making. 2013 saw the commencement of the "NT Future" project; a redevelopment of

2124-512: The amalgamation of the existing publicly supported companies: the RSC, Sadler's Wells and Old Vic . Following some initial inspirational steps taken with the opening of the Chichester Festival Theatre in Chichester in June 1962, the developments in London proceeded. In July 1962, with agreements finally reached, a board was set up to supervise construction, and a separate board was constituted to run

2183-430: The audience's view is not blocked from any seat, and that the audience is fully visible to actors from the stage's centre. Designed in the 1970s and a prototype of current technology, the drum revolve and a multiple "sky hook" flying system were initially very controversial and required ten years to commission, but seem to have fulfilled the objective of functionality with high productivity. Named after Oliver Lyttelton ,

2242-400: The auditorium. National Theatre Connections is the annual nationwide youth theatre festival run by the National Theatre. The festival was founded in 1995, and features ten new plays for young people written by leading playwrights. Productions are staged by schools and youth groups at their schools and community centres, and at local professional theatre hubs. One of the productions of each play

2301-606: The building was refurbished by architects Haworth Tompkins and reopened in autumn 2007. The National Theatre Studio was founded in 1985 under the directorship of Peter Gill , who ran it until 1990. Laura Collier became Head of the Studio in November 2011, replacing Purni Morrell who headed the Studio from 2006. Following the merge of the Studio and the Literary Department under the leadership of Rufus Norris, Emily McLaughlin became

2360-408: The building. A key intended viewing axis is from Waterloo Bridge at 45 degrees head on to the fly tower of the Olivier Theatre (the largest and highest element of the building) and the steps from ground level. This view is largely obscured now by mature trees along the riverside walk but it can be seen in a more limited way at ground level. The National Theatre's foyers are open to the public, with

2419-496: The company were Robert Stephens , Maggie Smith , Joan Plowright , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Lynn Redgrave , Michael Redgrave , Colin Blakely and Frank Finlay . Meanwhile, construction of the permanent theatre proceeded with a design by architects Sir Denys Lasdun and Peter Softley and structural engineers Flint & Neill containing three stages, which opened individually between 1976 and 1977. The construction work

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2478-579: The drug policy field. Transform has a media blog which covers current drug policy issues, developments and news. Transform has published the following books: Transform has also published a series of reports and briefings on drug policy. Danny Kushlick Danny Kushlick is a British political activist and founder of the Transform Drug Policy Foundation (TDPF). He has appeared in British media on many occasions advocating for

2537-404: The future Charles III described the building in 1988 as "a clever way of building a nuclear power station in the middle of London without anyone objecting". John Betjeman , a man not noted for his enthusiasm for brutalist architecture, wrote to Lasdun stating ironically that he "gasped with delight at the cube of your theatre in the pale blue sky and a glimpse of St Paul's to the south of it. It

2596-658: The health, crime and social policy sectors. It works at both a local and national level in the United Kingdom, and also works internationally. Transform's organisational activities include: The organisation is consulted regularly by its key audiences in policy making, the NGO sector and the media. Transform has been steadily gaining support from professionals and public figures whose fields include policy making, academia, business, church, judiciary, police, media, public health and medicine. Transform regularly appears in mainstream media debating, advising and responding to current issues within

2655-489: The legalisation of drug use and the legal regulation of supply. He stood in the 2010 United Kingdom general election for The People's Manifesto . Kushlick founded the Transform Drug Policy Foundation in 1994, and was the organisation's head of external affairs and director. He left in 2019. He has previously worked with various support organisations, covering learning difficulties , unemployed ex-offenders, drug counselling, and homelessness. In 2004, he co-authored

2714-485: The lumpiness of neighbouring buildings such as the Hayward Gallery and Queen Elizabeth Hall . It is now in the unusual situation of having appeared simultaneously in the top ten "most popular" and "most hated" London buildings in opinion surveys. A recent lighting scheme illuminating the exterior of the building, in particular the fly towers , has proved very popular, and is one of several positive artistic responses to

2773-633: The outdoor arts sector. Significant collaborators and regular visitors included Teatr Biuro Podrozy, The Whalley Range All Stars, Home Live Art, Addictive TV, Men in Coats, Upswing, Circus Space, Les Grooms, StopGAP Dance Theatre, metro-boulot-dodo, Avanti Display, The Gandinis, Abigail Collins, The World-famous, Ida Barr (Christopher Green), Motionhouse, Mat Ricardo, The Insect Circus, Bängditos Theater, Mimbre, Company FZ, WildWorks, Bash Street Theatre, Markeline, The Chipolatas, The Caravan Gallery, Sienta la Cabeza, Theatre Tuig, Producciones Imperdibles and Mario Queen of

2832-650: The playwright's birthplace for the nation demonstrating a recognition of the importance of "serious drama". The following year saw more pamphlets on a demand for a National Theatre from London publisher Effingham William Wilson. The situation continued, with a renewed call every decade for a National Theatre. Attention was aroused in 1879 when the Comédie-Française took a residency at the Gaiety Theatre , described in The Times as representing "the highest aristocracy of

2891-509: The portrait". The style of the National Theatre building was described by architecture historian Mark Girouard as "an aesthetic of broken forms" at the time of opening. Architectural opinion was split at the time of construction. Even enthusiastic advocates of the Modern Movement such as Nikolaus Pevsner found the Béton brut RAAC concrete both inside and out overbearing. Most notoriously,

2950-444: The post-2020 covid repertoire model became straight runs, required by the imperatives of greater resource efficiency and financial constraint coupled with the preference (and competition for the availability) of creatives working across stage and screen, thus bringing it in line with that of most theatres. In June 2009, the theatre began National Theatre Live (NT Live), a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas, first in

3009-515: The programme included The Sneakers and The Streetlights by Half Human Theatre, The Thinker by Stuff & Things, H2H by Joli Vyann, Screeving by Urban Canvas, Pigeon Poo People by The Natural Theatre Company, Capses by Laitrum, Bang On! , Caravania! by The Bone Ensemble, The Hot Potato Syncopators , Total Eclipse of the Head by Ella Good and Nicki Kent, The Caravan Gallery , Curious Curios by Kazzum Theatre and The Preeners by Canopy. Laurence Olivier became artistic director of

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3068-462: The report After the War on Drugs: Options for Control , a critique of current drug policy in the UK and recommendations for reform. He is a regular commentator on drug policy in print and broadcast media – including BBC, Guardian, Observer, OpenDemocracy, Chatham House Magazine (World Today). In 2010, Kushlick was chosen to stand for Mark Thomas 's The People's Manifesto in the 2010 general election in

3127-407: The restaurants, bars, bookshop, etc.). Support from Arts Council England provided 17% of income, 1% from Learning and Participation activity, and the remaining 9% came from a mixture of companies, individuals, trusts and foundations. In 1847, a critic using the pseudonym Dramaticus published a pamphlet describing the parlous state of British theatre. Production of serious plays was restricted to

3186-556: The service to bring the total up to 30 productions. These include Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (directed by Benedict Andrews for the Young Vic , starring Sienna Miller and Jack O'Connell ) and Small Island (directed by Rufus Norris for the National Theatre). Public Acts is a community participation programme from the National Theatre working with theatres and community organisations across

3245-472: The theatre". The principal demands now coalesced around: a structure in the capital that would form a permanent memorial to Shakespeare; an "exemplary theatre" company producing at the highest level of quality; and a centre from which appreciation of great drama could be spread as part of education throughout the country. The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was opened in Stratford upon Avon on 23 April 1879, with

3304-454: Was carried out by Sir Robert McAlpine . The Company remained at the Old Vic until 1976, when construction of the Olivier was complete. The National Theatre building houses three separate theatres. Additionally, a temporary structure was added in April 2013 and closed in May 2016. Named after the theatre's first artistic director, Laurence Olivier , this is the main auditorium. Modelled on

3363-453: Was followed by Arnold Wesker 's The Kitchen . The final broadcast of 2011 was John Hodge 's Collaborators with Simon Russell Beale . In 2012 Nicholas Wright 's play Travelling Light was broadcast on 9 February, followed by The Comedy of Errors with Lenny Henry on 1 March and She Stoops to Conquer with Katherine Kelly , Steve Pemberton and Sophie Thompson on 29 March. One Man, Two Guvnors returned to cinema screens in

3422-558: Was followed by The Last of the Haussmans , a new play by Stephen Beresford starring Julie Walters , Rory Kinnear and Helen McCrory on 11 October 2012. William Shakespeare 's Timon of Athens followed on 1 November 2012 starring Simon Russell Beale as Timon. On 17 January 2013, NT Live broadcast Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Magistrate , with John Lithgow . The performances to be filmed and broadcast are nominated in advance, allowing planned movement of cameras with greater freedom in

3481-400: Was introduced. Videos of plays are added every month, and can be "rented" for temporary viewing, or unlimited recordings can be watched through a monthly or yearly subscription programme. The NT had an annual turnover of approximately £105 million in 2015–16, of which earned income made up 75% (58% from ticket sales, 5% from NT Live and Digital, and 12% from commercial revenue such as in

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