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59-406: The Trans-Siberian Railway , historically known as the Great Siberian Route and often shortened to Transsib , is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East . Spanning a length of over 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east. During

118-502: A 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus ) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900 km (559 mi) per day, at a maximum operating speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). In early 2009; however, Russian Railways announced an ambitious "Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" plan. According to this plan, $ 11 billion will be invested over

177-501: A cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg. The railway can typically deliver containers in 1 ⁄ 3 to 1 ⁄ 2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates. With its 2009 rate schedule, the Trans-Siberian Railway will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $ 2,820, or from Busan for $ 2,154. A commonly used main line route

236-695: A connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow–Beijing trains), joining the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok . The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway , which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal 's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaanbaatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. In 1991,

295-506: A dead-end branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade. On 9 March 1891, the Russian government issued an imperial rescript in which it announced its intention to construct a railway across Siberia. Tsarevich Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) inaugurated the construction of the railway in Vladivostok on 19 May that year. Lake Baikal

354-496: A force of 90 divisions; many had crossed Siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link. A trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg , via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo transit times are usually significantly longer and typical cargo transit time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days. According to

413-527: A fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk ), and reaches

472-478: A population of nearly 110 million—making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe, surpassing second-place Germany. European Russia is the most densely populated region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km (70 per sq mi). European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population . All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. These cities are Moscow ,

531-471: A pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the actual route constructed, alternative projects were proposed: The line was divided into seven sections, most or all of which was simultaneously worked on by 62,000 workers. With financial support provided by leading European financier, Baron Henri Hottinguer of the Parisian bankers Hottinger & Cie , the total cost estimated at £35 million

590-505: A priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. However, due to the swampy banks of the Ob River near Tomsk (the largest settlement at the time), the idea to construct a bridge was rejected. The railway was laid 70 km (43 mi) to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk );

649-722: A record eight time zones . Taking eight days to complete the journey, it was the third-longest single continuous service in the world, after the Moscow– Pyongyang service 10,267 kilometers (6,380 mi) and the former Kyiv (Kiev)–Vladivostok service 11,085 kilometers (6,888 mi), both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes. The main route begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal , runs through Yaroslavl or Chelyabinsk , Omsk , Novosibirsk , Krasnoyarsk , Irkutsk , Ulan-Ude , Chita , and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia. A second primary route

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708-652: A very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armored trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I. As one of the few fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and

767-532: A view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River , and consequently the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky , was anxious to advance Russian colonization of the now Russian Far East , but his plans were unfeasible due to colonists importing grain and food from China and Korea. It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted. Before 1880,

826-501: Is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No. 002M, Moscow–Vladivostok. There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example: Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km (a few dozen miles). The Trans–Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow–Beijing follows

885-648: Is at Yablonovy pass at an altitude of 1070m situated in the Yablonoi Mountains , in Transbaikal (mainly in Zabaykalsky Krai ), Siberia , Russia. The Trans–Siberian Railroad passes the mountains at Chita and runs parallel to the range before going through a tunnel to bypass the heights. European Russia European Russia accounts for about 80% of Russia's total population. It covers an area of over 3,969,100 square kilometres (1,532,500 sq mi), with

944-680: Is more than 640 kilometers (400 miles) long and more than 1,600 meters (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The ice-breaking train ferry SS  Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in about 1900 made the four-hour crossing to link the two railheads. The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov (1849–1904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle upon Tyne , by Armstrong Whitworth . They were "knock down" vessels; that is, each ship

1003-578: Is permanently moored at Irkutsk where it serves as an office and a museum. In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that, to this day,

1062-626: Is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km (7 mi) east of Karymskoye, in Chita Oblast ), about 1,000 km (621 mi) east of Lake Baikal . From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin Harbin–Manzhouli railway and Mudanjiang Harbin–Suifenhe railway in China's Northeastern provinces (from where

1121-556: Is the world's second longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 metric tons (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons). There were expectations upon electrification that it would increase rail traffic on the line by 40 percent. The entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway was double track by 1939. Siberian agriculture began to send cheap grain westwards beginning around 1869. Agriculture in Central Russia

1180-762: The Cherdyn river route which was superseded by the Babinov overland route in the late 1590s. The town of Verkhoturye in the Urals was the most eastern point of the Babinov Road. The much longer Siberian route started in Moscow as the Vladimir Highway and passed through Murom , Kozmodemyansk , Kazan , Perm , Kungur , Yekaterinburg , Tyumen , Tobolsk , Tara , Kainsk , Tomsk , Yeniseysk and Irkutsk . After crossing Lake Baikal

1239-547: The Moscow Highway ( Московский тракт , Moskovsky trakt ) and Great Highway ( Большой тракт , Bolshoi trakt ), was a historic route that connected European Russia to Siberia and China . The construction of the road was decreed by the Tsar and was not finished until the mid-19th century. Previously, Siberian transport had been mostly by river via Siberian River Routes . The first Russian settlers arrived in Siberia by

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1298-988: The Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time. The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'. In 2022 the GRDP of European Russia was around ₽ 100 trillion ( US$ 1.4 trillion). The following Federal districts of Russia are overwhelmingly European: 55°N 40°E  /  55°N 40°E  / 55; 40 Siberian Route The Siberian Route ( Russian : Сибирский тракт , romanized :  Sibirsky trakt ), also known as

1357-711: The Oka river . Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians . One of the first Rus' regions according to the Sofia First Chronicle

1416-751: The Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War . These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak , based in Omsk , and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front. The intervention

1475-512: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, military traffic to the east disrupted the flow of civil freight. The Trans-Siberian Railway brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine. Between 1906 and 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia. Historian Christian Wolmar argues that the railroad was a failure, because it

1534-537: The Tatar Strait at Sovetskaya Gavan . In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region and with the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route , roads suitable for wheeled transport were rare. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport. During winter, cargo and passengers traveled by horse-drawn sledges over

1593-555: The winter roads , many of which were the same rivers but frozen. The first steamboat on the River Ob , Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova , was launched in 1844. However, early innovation had proven to be difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping had begun major development on the Ob system. Steamboats began operation on the Yenisei in 1863, and on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s. While

1652-508: The "Great Post Road" in 1893, subscribed to the popular belief that "the best tea produced in China for the exportation goes to Russia". In 1915, China exported to Siberia 70,297 tons of tea, which accounted for 65% of the country's overall tea exports. The route is the namesake of the Russian Caravan blend of tea. It was imported primarily in the form of hefty hard-packed tea bricks which allowed each camel to carry large quantities in

1711-615: The 12 biggest cities of Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' were Novgorod , Kiev , Polotsk , Smolensk , Murom and Rostov . Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire , the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion . Many sources say that Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir and Kiev were destroyed by the Mongol Empire . After the Mongol invasion

1770-402: The 16 ft prescribed in the design, and easily washed away. There were vicious gradients and narrow curves that wore out the fringe flanges on the wheels of the rolling stock after as little as six weeks use. In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the strategic importance and limitations of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to Russia's defeat in the war. As the line was single track, transit

1829-769: The Americas used the TSR to go to Germany. The situation reversed after 22 June 1941. By invading the Soviet Union , Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan. Instead, it had to use fast merchant ships and later large oceanic submarines to evade the Allied blockade. On the other hand, the USSR received Lend-Lease supplies from the US. Even after Japan went to war with the US, despite German complaints, Japan usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between

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1888-588: The US and Vladivostok unmolested. As a result, the Pacific Route – via northern Pacific Ocean and the TSR – became the safest connection between the US and the USSR. Accordingly, it accounted for as much freight as the North Atlantic–Arctic and Iranian routes combined, though cargoes were limited to raw materials and non-military goods. From 1941 to 1942 the TSR also played an important role in relocating Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in

1947-560: The border twice. Assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, however, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin , Grodekovo and Ussuriysk ). Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east: The Trans–Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude , and then follows this route to Mongolia and China: The highest point of Trans–Siberian Railroad

2006-507: The central government had virtually ignored these projects, due to weaknesses in Siberian enterprises, an inefficient bureaucracy, and financial risk. By 1880, there was a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways in order to connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not Eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia

2065-540: The comparative flatness of Western Siberia was served by good river systems, the major river systems Ob – Irtysh – Tobol – Chulym of Eastern Siberia had difficulties. The Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River below Bratsk which was not easily navigable because of the rapids, and the Lena, were mostly navigable only in the north–south direction, making west–east transportation difficult. An attempt to partially remedy

2124-715: The face of the German invasion. The TSR also transported Soviet troops west from the Far East to take part in the Soviet counter-offensive in December 1941 . In 1944–45 the TSR was used to prepare for the Soviet–Japanese War of August 1945; see Pacific Route . When an Anglo-American delegation visited Moscow in October 1944 to discuss the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, Alanbrooke

2183-665: The mathematician Kurt Gödel and Betty Ehrlich Löwenstein, mother of British actor, director and producer Heinz Bernard . Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Curaçao visas issued by the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk and the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul, Chiune Sugihara , in Kaunas , Lithuania. Typically, they took the TSR to Vladivostok , then by ship to US. Until June 1941, pro-Nazi ethnic Germans from

2242-820: The nation's capital and largest city , which is the second most populous city in Europe ; Saint Petersburg , the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol , located in Crimea , which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine . Of the 16 Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants, 12 lie within European Russia: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod , Samara , Ufa , Rostov-on-Don , Krasnodar , Voronezh , Perm , Chelyabinsk and Volgograd (the remaining four are Yekaterinburg , Omsk , Krasnoyarsk and Novosibirsk ). The historical population of European Russia

2301-405: The nature of export: mills emerged to produce bread from grain in Altai Krai , Novosibirsk and Tomsk , and many farms switched to corn (maize) production. The railway immediately filled to capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 metric tons (494,005 long tons; 553,285 short tons) (30,643,000 pood ) of grain and flour annually. During

2360-420: The network to Tokyo , Japan, with new bridges or tunnels that would connect the mainland railway via the Russian island of Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido . The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects many large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At a Moscow–Vladivostok track length of 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it spans

2419-498: The next five years to make it possible for goods traffic to cover the same 9,000 km (5,592 mi) distance in just seven days. The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90 km/h (56 mph) in 2010–2012, and, at least on some sections, to 100 km/h (62 mph) by 2015. At these speeds, goods trains will be able to cover 1,500 km (932 mi) per day. On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany agreed to collaborate on

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2478-460: The older route at Irkutsk. It remained a vital artery connecting Siberia with Moscow and Europe until the last decades of the 19th century, when it was superseded by the Trans-Siberian Railway and Amur Cart Road . The automobile equivalent is the Trans-Siberian Highway . The Siberian Route was also known as the Tea Road, owing to the great quantities of tea that were transported from China to Europe through Siberia. Charles Wenyon, who passed by

2537-569: The period of the Russian Empire , government ministers—personally appointed by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II —supervised the building of the railway network between 1891 and 1916. Even before its completion, the line attracted travelers who documented their experiences. Since 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok. As of 2021, expansion projects remain underway, with connections being built to Russia's neighbors Mongolia , China , and North Korea . Additionally, there have been proposals and talks to expand

2596-423: The resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia . During World War II, the Trans-Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe. In 1939–1941 it was a source of rubber for Germany thanks to the USSR-Germany pact . While Germany's merchant shipping

2655-422: The road split near Verkhneudinsk . One branch continued east to Nerchinsk while the other went south to the border post of Kyakhta where it linked to camel caravans that crossed Mongolia to a Great Wall gate at Kalgan . In the early 19th century, the route was moved to the south. From Tyumen the road proceeded through Yalutorovsk , Ishim , Omsk , Tomsk , Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk before rejoining

2714-455: The same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China: The express train (No. 020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days. There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical ( gauge break) inconveniences of crossing

2773-444: The situation by building the Ob–Yenisei Canal had not yielded great success. These issues in the region created the need for a railway to be constructed. The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway in 1851. One of the first was the Irkutsk – Chita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with

2832-582: Was Veliky Novgorod in 859. In late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD the Rus' Khaganate was formed in modern western Russia. The region was a place of operations for Varangians , eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus' . The lands of Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' were important trade routes and connected Scandinavia , Byzantine Empire, Rus' people and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia . According to old Scandinavian sources among

2891-464: Was 64 meters (210 ft) long. it could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on the middle deck. Angara was smaller, with two funnels. Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916. Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War but Angara survives. It has been restored and

2950-419: Was bolted together in the United Kingdom, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them. Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg and transported to Listvyanka to be installed. Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and

3009-498: Was built for narrow political reasons, with poor supervision and planning. The costs were vastly exaggerated to enrich greedy bureaucrats. The planners hoped it would stimulate settlement, but the Siberian lands were too infertile and cold and distant. There was little settlement beyond 30 miles from the line. The fragile system could not handle the heavy traffic demanded in wartime, so the Japanese in 1904 knew they were safe in their war with Russia . Wolmar concludes: The railway, which

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3068-406: Was composed of Slavic , Finno-Ugric , Germanic , Turkic , Jewish , Scythians , North Caucasian , Huns , Baltic , Khazarian and Norse peoples . Some theories say that some early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD. The Eastern Slavic tribe of the Vyatichis was native to the land around

3127-411: Was raised with the first section (Chelyabinsk to the River Ob) and finished at a cost of £900,000 lower than anticipated. Railwaymen argued against suggestions to save funds, such as installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased. Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities that required transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such

3186-443: Was shut down, the Trans-Siberian Railway (along with its Trans-Manchurian branch ) served as the essential link between Germany and Japan, especially for rubber. By March 1941, 300 metric tons (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of this material would, on average, traverse the Trans-Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany. At the same time, a number of Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian Railway to escape Europe, including

3245-459: Was single track throughout, with the occasional passing loop, had, unsurprisingly, been built to a deficient standard in virtually every way. The permanent way was flimsy, with lightweight rails that broke easily, insufficient ballast, and railroad ties often carved from green wood that rotted in the first year of use. The small bridges were made of soft pine and rotted easily. The embankments were too shallow and narrow, often just 10 ft wide instead of

3304-510: Was slower as trains had to wait in crossing sidings for opposing trains to cross. This limited the capacity of the line and increased transit times. A troop train or a train carrying injured personnel traveling from east to west would delay the arrival of troops or supplies and ammunition in a train traveling from west to east. The supply difficulties meant the Russian forces had limited troops and supplies while Japanese forces with shorter lines of communication were able to attack and advance. After

3363-403: Was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom , which was formally abolished in 1861. To defend the central territory and prevent possible social destabilization, the Tsarist government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff -break ( Челябинский тарифный перелом ) in 1896, a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria . This measure changed

3422-400: Was told by General Antonov and Stalin himself that the line capacity was 36 pairs of trains per day, but only 26 could be counted on for military traffic; see Pacific Route . The capacity of each train was from 600 to 700 tons. Although the Japanese estimated that an attack was not likely before Spring 1946, Stavka had planned for a mid-August 1945 offensive, and had concealed the buildup of

3481-401: Was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita . There was traveling the leader of legions politician Milan Rastislav Stefanik from Moscow to Vladivostok in March and August 1918, on his journey to Japan and United States of America. The Trans-Siberian Railway also played

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