Trío Calaveras is a Mexican guitar and vocal trio , notable for its performances and recordings with the pop singer Jorge Negrete .
120-556: Calaveras , in Spanish, means "skulls". The original members of the trio in the 1930s were Guillermo Bermejo (died 2002), his brother Miguel Bermejo (died 1996) and Raúl Prado (died 1989). Guillermo Bermejo left the Trio and moved to Argentina in 1945 his brother replaced him with Pepe Saldivar (died 1975). There are conflicting rumors that Prado had a brief marriage with Mexican actress María Félix , but no concrete evidence has emerged that
240-417: A 'mama's boy' as many believe. Self-employed, fight like being independent. He has his own career, his audience, his poster and assumes his responsibilities without relying on me." The unexpected death of Enrique from a heart attack in 1996 affected Félix greatly. There are conflicting rumors that, in between her marriages to Enrique Álvarez and Agustín Lara, Félix had a brief marriage to Raúl Prado, member of
360-453: A Japanese garden), ponds, a bird lake, instructional areas for school field days, playgrounds, camping areas, and horses to ride. Other places of interest around Guadalajara include Camachos Aquatic Natural Park, a commercial water park, and Barranca Colimilla, a beautiful canyon with hiking trails near Tonala, east of Guadalajara. Guadalajara's street plan has evolved over time into a radial urban plan , with five major routes into and out of
480-454: A band or other musical ensemble from Mexico is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mar%C3%ADa F%C3%A9lix María de los Ángeles Félix Güereña ( Spanish: [maˈɾi.a ˈfeliɣs] ; 8 April 1914 – 8 April 2002) was a Mexican actress and singer. Along with Pedro Armendáriz and Dolores del Río , she was one of the most successful figures of Latin American cinema in
600-512: A brief romance with Cau. From the end of 1950 to the spring of 1954, Félix also had a passionate same-sex affair with Suzanne Baulé, better-known as Frede , who at the time ran the cabaret Le Carroll's on Rue de Ponthieu in Paris, and the two women lived together at the Hotel George-V. The relationship was captured in a painting made by Fini of a plant with two flowers; one had the face of Félix and
720-612: A close relationship with her brother Pablo. Her mother separated the two siblings, thinking they might be involved in an incestuous relationship. For that reason, Pablo was sent to the Colegio Militar, in Mexico City. Later, the Félix family moved to Guadalajara . When María was 17, her beauty soon began to attract attention. She was crowned Beauty Queen at the University of Guadalajara. It
840-623: A coat of arms and the title of city to the new town and established it as the capital of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia , part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . After 1572, the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara , previously subordinate to Mexico City , became the only authority in New Spain with autonomy over Nueva Galicia, owing to rapidly growing wealth in the kingdom following the discovery of silver . By
960-488: A deep depression. To overcome this depression, she developed a new passion: horses. Some of her horses won major international equestrian awards. Félix kept horses for 11 years. Her last romantic relationship was the Russian-French painter Antoine Tzapoff, who was 31 years her junior. About him, Félix said: I don't know if he's the man who has most loved me, but he's who has loved me better. The press speculated about
1080-473: A divorcée. Because of this situation, Félix decided to move to Mexico City with her son. In Mexico City, she worked as a receptionist in a plastic surgeon's office, and lived in a guest house. One day, the father of her son visited the child, and deliberately refused to give the boy back to his mother. Álvarez took the child to Guadalajara. Félix's son was recovered with the help of Agustín Lara , her second husband. They planned an elaborate recovery that tricked
1200-702: A great dramatic intensity. Under the direction of Emilio Fernández , María Félix made three successful films: Enamorada (1946), Río Escondido (1947), and Maclovia (1948). The relationship between Félix and Fernández was cordial and smooth, despite the strong and famous temperament of the film director. In Enamorada , María Félix found her perfect film partner, the actor Pedro Armendáriz . The films of María Félix with Fernández and his team (writer Mauricio Magdaleno, photographer Gabriel Figueroa , and Armendáriz) had strong presence in several international film festivals. In turn, they gave María Félix her first Ariel Award for Enamorada and Río Escondido . Between
1320-564: A hat collection "El Fénix" inspired by and intended to honor Félix. In 2023, Museo Jumex in Mexico City displayed iconic jewelry pieces worn by Maria Félix in the exhibition “Cartier Design: A Living Legacy” that featured more than 160 pieces and was designed by renowned Mexican architect Frida Escobedo and curated by the Mexican art critic Ana Elena Mallet . María Félix died in her sleep on 8 April 2002, her 88th birthday in Mexico City . She
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#17330854476091440-568: A hospital in Los Angeles, United States, while Félix was in Europe shooting La Belle Otero . Félix's appearance at his funeral, dressed in trousers, caused a huge scandal, which led her to take refuge in Europe. Her fourth marriage (1956–1974), was with the Romanian-born French banker Alexander Berger. Félix met Berger in the 1940s, when they were both married. Years later they met again. Félix
1560-582: A member of the Los Calaveras trio. After a quick courtship they got married and shortly after they divorced. This is one of the most carefully protected chapters of the star's life. María's friends keep claiming that it was crazy." Prado's obituary in the Spanish newspaper El País in April 1989 reported the marriage as factual, as did some obituaries of Félix's, such as the one in Argentine newspaper La Nación ,
1680-466: A strong rivalry between Félix and Dolores del Río , the other leading female figure of Mexican cinema and a successful Hollywood star. Regarding this "rivalry", Félix said: "With Dolores I had no rivalry. On the contrary, we were friends and always treated each other with great respect, each with our own personality. We were completely different. She was refined, interesting, gentle on the deal, and I'm energetic, arrogant and bossy." During her life, Félix
1800-494: A trial in which Félix wanted to take back jewellery she had given to Frede and accused her of theft. Félix lost her lawsuit, and Frede was acquitted and kept the jewellery. Félix retained ownership of the painting Fini made of the two women, and after the break-up persuaded Fini to modify it to erase Frede's face, changing it to hers, resulting in the painting's two flowers both having Felix's face. In 1953, when Félix returned to Mexico after her stay in Europe and Argentina, she
1920-621: Is a Gamma+ global city , and one of Mexico's most important cultural centers. It is home to numerous mainstays of Mexican culture , including Mariachi , Tequila , and Birria and hosts numerous notable events, including the Guadalajara International Film Festival , one of the most important film festival in Latin America, and the Guadalajara International Book Fair , the largest book fair in
2040-424: Is a National Park located just north of the municipality of Guadalajara. The barranca (canyon) borders two colonias (neighborhoods) of the city, Oblatos and Huentitan. It covers approximately 1,136 hectares (2,810 acres), and varies 600 meters (2,000 ft) in altitude. The funicular railway in the park starts at 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea level and rises to 1,520 meters (4,990 ft) above sea level. In
2160-662: Is located) contained no human settlements. To the east of the Atemajac Valley were the Tonallan and Tetlán peoples. At the extremes were the Zapopan, Atemajac, Zoquipan, Tesistan, Coyula, and Huentitán. The historic city center encompasses what was once four population centers, as the villages of the Mezquitán, Analco, and Mexicaltzingo were annexed to the Atemajac site in 1669. Guadalajara
2280-473: Is studied by national and international researchers as it contains great biological diversity due to its geographical location. On June 5, 1997, it was declared a Protected Natural Area, as an Area Subject to Ecological Conservation (Zona Sujeta a Conservación Ecológica). La Cascada Cola de Caballo (The Horse Tail Waterfall) is located on the Guadalajara to Zacatecas road (Highway 54, km 15) a few kilometers from
2400-502: The Battle of Calderón Bridge . New Galicia, now Jalisco, adhered to the Plan de Iguala on June 13, 1821. In 1823, Guadalajara became the capital of the newly founded state of Jalisco. In 1844, General Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga initiated a revolt against the government of President Antonio López de Santa Anna . Santa Anna personally ensured that the revolt was quelled. However, while Santa Anna
2520-578: The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,268,642 people, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in the country and the twenty-second largest metropolitan area in the Americas . Guadalajara has the second-highest population density in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometer. Within Mexico, Guadalajara is a center of business, arts and culture, technology and tourism; as well as
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#17330854476092640-618: The Hospital Real de San Miguel de Belén [ es ] , or simply the Hospital de Belén, was opened. In 1793, Mariano Valdés Téllez Giron ran the city's first printing press, whose first publication was a funeral eulogy for Fray Antonio Alcalde. Guadalajara remained the capital of Nueva Galicia with some modifications until the Mexican War of Independence . Miguel Hidalgo entered San Pedro (now Tlaquepaque ) on November 25, 1810, and
2760-604: The Palacio de Bellas Artes , but since I did not lend it to him, he stopped talking to me for more than a year. One day there was a bricklayer fixing my house, and I sent him to paint [my nude portrait] with white to cover a bit of everything and that's how it ended up. I sold it, very badly sold by the way." Other renowned artists who recorded Félix in their canvases were the Surrealists Leonor Fini , Leonora Carrington , Remedios Varo and Bridget Tichenor among others. In
2880-515: The Trío Calaveras , but no concrete evidence has emerged that the marriage ever took place. Most of the rumors agree in claiming that Prado and Félix allegedly got married in 1943 after meeting on the set of The Rock of Souls and separated two months after the wedding. Mexican writer Enrique Serna interviewed the last survivor of the trio, Miguel Bermego, who told him he was a witness to the wedding. Prado's niece María Escalera also corroborated
3000-580: The explosions of April 22, 1992 , the Mexican peso crisis of 1994, and the murder of the Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo in 1993. The 1992 explosions caused massive infrastructure damage to hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, and businesses in the Analco neighborhood ( barrio ), "without a clear delineator of information and responsibilities to date", in one of the most tragic events in
3120-648: The "White and Black Ballroom" of the Mexico City Country Club where some of the great Mexican movie stars of the era ( Esther Fernández , Lupe Vélez , Andrea Palma ) gathered. Eventually she was taken to Hollywood , to the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, where she met Cecil B. DeMille , who offered to launch her film career in Hollywood, but Félix was not interested. She preferred to begin her career in her own country. Finally, thanks to Palacios, she
3240-780: The 16th century, during the Spanish Conquest, the Huentitán area including the canyon was the site of battles between local Indian populations and the Spanish. Later, it was the site of battles between different factions during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero Rebellion . The canyon is a biogeographic corridor that is home to four types of vegetation: deciduous tropical forest, gallery forest, heath vegetation, and secondary vegetation. In addition to introduced species, there are many native species of flora and fauna. The canyon
3360-484: The 18th century, Guadalajara had taken its place as Mexico's second largest city, following mass colonial migrations in the 1720s and 1760s. During the Mexican War of Independence , independence leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla established Mexico's first revolutionary government in Guadalajara in 1810. The city flourished during the Porfiriato (1876–1911), with the advent of the industrial revolution , but its growth
3480-657: The 1940s and 1950s. Considered one of the most beautiful actresses of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema , her strong personality and taste for finesse garnered her the title of diva early in her career. She was known as La Doña , a name derived from her character in Doña Bárbara (1943), and María Bonita , thanks to the anthem composed exclusively for her as a wedding gift by her second husband, Agustín Lara . Her acting career consists of 47 films made in Mexico, Spain, France, Italy and Argentina. María de los Ángeles Félix Güereña
3600-424: The 1970s it was Mexico's second-largest city and the largest in western Mexico. Most of the modern city's urbanization took place between the 1940s and the 1980s, with the population doubling every ten years until it stood at 2.5 million in 1980. The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined, slowly but steadily, since the early 1990s. The increase in population brought with it an increase in
3720-531: The 1980s, it was described as a "divided city" east to west based on socioeconomic class. Since then, the city has evolved into four sectors, which are still more or less class-centered. The upper classes tend to live in Hidalgo and Juárez in the northwest and southwest, while the lower classes tend to live in the city center, Libertad in the northeast, and southeast in Reforma. However, lower class development has expanded on
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3840-461: The 1980s, the Russian-French artist Antoine Tzapoff (Félix's last partner) captured her in numerous portraits. Félix also had dealings with numerous Mexican and foreign writers and playwrights some of whom have dedicated several novels. Among them they are Renato Leduc , Xavier Villaurrutia , Salvador Novo , Pita Amor , Jean Cocteau and Octavio Paz . Luis Spota was inspired by her life for his novel The Empty Star , and Félix even starred in
3960-479: The 41.37 carat (8.274 g), D-flawless Ashoka diamond. In 1968, she commissioned a serpent diamond necklace from Cartier . The result was a completely articulated serpent made out of platinum and white gold and encrusted with 178.21 carats (35.642 g) of diamonds. In 1975, she again asked Cartier to create a necklace for her, this time in the shape of two crocodiles. The two crocodile bodies were made of 524.9 grams of gold, one covered with 1,023 yellow diamonds, while
4080-586: The Americas. The city was the American Capital of Culture in 2005 and has hosted numerous global events, including the 1970 FIFA World Cup , the 1986 FIFA World Cup , the 1st Ibero-American Summit in 1991, and the 2011 Pan American Games . The city is home to numerous universities and research institutions, including the University of Guadalajara and the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara , two of
4200-475: The Atemajac Valley. The colonized settlement was named for Nuño de Guzmán's Spanish hometown . In 1559, royal and bishopric offices for the province of Nueva Galicia were moved from Compostela to Guadalajara and, in 1560, Guadalajara became the province's new capital. Construction of the cathedral began in 1563. In 1575, religious orders such as the Augustinians and Dominicans arrived, eventually making
4320-609: The European cinema in Spain, with the film Mare Nostrum (1948), directed by Rafael Gil . With Gil as director, she made another two films in 1950: Una mujer cualquiera and La noche del sábado . In 1951, she filmed the French-Spanish production La Couronne Noire directed by Luis Saslavsky based on a story by Jean Cocteau . She debuted in Italy with the film Incantesimo Tragico (1951). In
4440-481: The Guadalajara Observatory were established. Throughout the twentieth century, seeing growth in its industrial, tourist, and service industries, Guadalajara began a period of rapid transformation into the metropolis it is today. The city would gain the second largest economy in Mexico, following only by Mexico City . After the Mexican Revolution of 1910, Guadalajara became the second most populous city in
4560-411: The Los Calaveras trio. After a quick courtship they got married and shortly after they divorced. This is one of the most carefully protected chapters of the star's life. María's friends keep claiming that it was crazy." Prado's obituary on the Spanish newspaper El País in April 1989 reported the marriage as factual, as did some obituaries of Félix's, such as the one in Argentine newspaper La Nación ,
4680-586: The Northern Peripheral, just after passing the village of San Esteban. The waterfall is fed by a stream from the Atemajac Valley. It is close to Guadalajara and a town with very little development, and as a result of poor ecological practices, it is very polluted. El Bosque los Colomos, the Colomos Forest, is located in the northwestern part of Guadalajara along the Rio Atemajac. It is in a wealthy part of
4800-701: The Spanish-Mexican co-production Sonatas directed by Juan Antonio Bardem and the French-Mexican co-production La Fièvre Monte à El Pao , directed by Luis Buñuel . In the 1960s Félix's presence in the cinema was limited to only a few films. The most prominent were Juana Gallo (1960), La bandida (1963), Amor y sexo ( Sapho '63 , 1963)), and La Valentina (1966). In 1970 she filmed La Generala , which would be her last film. The Mexican historical telenovela La Constitución (1971) would be her last professional acting job. Félix attempted to return to
4920-496: The Sun , but she passed and the part went to Jennifer Jones . Another proposal was The Barefoot Contessa with Humphrey Bogart , but she refused it, instead making La Belle Otero in France. Ava Gardner ended up with the part. Later, the director Robert Aldrich sent her the script of The Legend of Lylah Clare , but she did not reach an agreement with the director and Kim Novak got
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5040-713: The Venezuelan writer Rómulo Gallegos . For the film, another actress ( Isabela Corona ) was already hired, but when Gallegos first saw Félix, he was charmed by her and said: "Here is my Doña Bárbara!" This movie was filmed in Venezuela with Mexican and Venezuelan actors. Doña Bárbara was to be the start of her major collaborations with the Mexican film director Fernando de Fuentes . Félix and de Fuentes filmed together another two films: La Mujer sin Alma (1944) and La Devoradora (1946). As María Félix herself said, "With these films, I became
5160-519: The actor Tito Novaro. The couple began a highly publicized relationship, which culminated in marriage in 1945. Lara immortalized Félix in a number of songs, such as "Humo en los ojos " ("Smoke in the eyes"), " Cuando vuelvas " ("When you come back"), " Dos puñales " ("Two daggers"), " Madrid " and especially the famous theme " María Bonita ", composed in Acapulco during their honeymoon. " María Bonita " would become one of Lara's most popular songs. However,
5280-455: The actor and singer Pedro Infante . However, the film was not liked by the actress, despite her international success. Eventually she filmed Beyond All Limits (1957) with Jack Palance , and the melodramas Ash Wednesday and The Empty Star (both 1958). In 1959 she played the title role in The Soldiers of Pancho Villa with top billing lead Dolores del Río . In 1959 she performed in
5400-409: The annual average of about 1,002 millimeters (39.4 in). During the summer, afternoon storms are very common and can sometimes bring hail flurries to the city, especially toward late August or September. Winters are relatively warm despite the city's altitude, with January daytime temperatures reaching about 25 °C (77 °F) and nighttime temperatures about 10 °C (50 °F). However,
5520-520: The capital, Guadalajara experienced relative calm. After the Cristero Conflict, peace returned to Guadalajara and the city flourished, outgrowing its colonial roots. This period saw the birth of new schools of architecture that would decorate the city from the 1920s to the 1980s. Guadalajara again experienced substantial growth after the 1930s, and the first industrial park was established in 1947. Its population surpassed one million in 1964, and by
5640-416: The cinema twice. First, in 1982, with the film Toña Machetes , and again in 1986 with the film Insólito resplandor . Neither project crystallized, and Félix never reappeared in film. Almost from the beginning of her career, Félix received job offers in Hollywood, but Félix herself said: They only give me huehuenche (Indian) roles . While she was in France, Hollywood offered her the female role of Duel in
5760-449: The city a center for evangelization efforts. While capital of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia, the city's inhabitants achieved a high standard of living, due to flourishing industry, agriculture, commerce, mining, and trade. The Guadalajara of the 16th century was a rather small and often overlooked community. It was mainly frequented by traveling merchants. Several epidemics drastically reduced
5880-1026: The city for several days in a row. Snowfall is extraordinarily rare, with the last recorded one occurring in December 1997, which was the first time in 116 years, as it had previously last fallen in 1881. Guadalajara's natural wealth is represented by the La Primavera Forest , Los Colomos , and the Barranca de Huentitán . The flora in these areas includes michoacan pines, several species of oak, sweetgum, ash, willow, and introduced trees such as poincianas, jacarandas, and ficus. It also includes orchids, roses, and various species of fungi. The fauna includes typical urban fauna in addition to 106 species of mammals, 19 species of reptiles, and six species of fish. La Barranca de Huentitán (the Huentitán Forest) (also known as Barranca de Oblatos and Barranca de Oblatos-Huentitán)
6000-477: The city went through structural plans with which new areas and commercial hubs were born and with which transnational corporations and international industries arrived in the city. The city housed the first shopping malls in Mexico. The city expanded rapidly before merging with the Zapopan municipality. Among the developments created during this period were the Guadalajara Expo, the light rail, shopping centers,
6120-648: The city's indigenous population, leading to the construction of its first hospital in 1557. Guadalajara's economy during the 18th century was based on agriculture and the production of non-durable goods such as textiles, shoes and food products. Despite epidemics, plagues, and earthquakes, Guadalajara would become one of the most important population centers in New Spain . The city's heyday attracted numerous architects, philosophers, lawyers, scientists, poets, writers, and speakers; Francisco Javier Clavijero and Matías Ángel de la Mota Padilla [ es ] were among
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#17330854476096240-458: The city's periphery and upper and middle classes are migrating toward Zapopan, making the situation less neatly divided. Since 1996, the activity of multinational corporations has had a significant effect on the economic and social development of the city. The presence of companies such as Kodak , Hewlett-Packard , Motorola and IBM has been based on production facilities built outside the city proper, bringing in foreign labor and capital. This
6360-509: The city), Santuario, Mexicaltzingo, Mezquitan, Analco, and San Juan de Dios. Private houses in the oldest sector of the city are mostly made up of one- and two-level houses, with architectural styles ranging from simple colonial architecture to the Churrigueresco, Baroque, and early nineteenth century European styles. Just west of the oldest part of the city are upper-class colonias built in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, containing
6480-421: The city. It is surrounded by ring roads. The original city of Guadalajara was planned on a grid, with north–south and east–west intersecting streets. Over time, villages surrounding Guadalajara were incorporated into the city - first Analco to the southeast, then Mexicaltzingo to the south, Mezquitan to the north, and San Juan de Dios to the east, all of which introduced more variety to the plan. As it grew towards
6600-540: The country. However, the decades that followed brought a number of regional wars in the states of Jalisco , Michoacán , and Guanajuato . The aftermath of the Great Depression took a further toll on the city. Fortunately, by the 1940s the city would experience industrial, demographic, and trade growth. In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began, bringing an end to the Porfiriato . With conflict concentrated in
6720-683: The economic center of the Bajío region. It usually ranks among the 100 most productive and globally competitive cities in the world. It is home to numerous landmarks, including Guadalajara Cathedral , the Teatro Degollado , the Templo Expiatorio , the UNESCO World Heritage site Hospicio Cabañas , and the San Juan de Dios Market —the largest indoor market in Latin America. A settlement
6840-475: The end of the war. During this time, he founded the newspaper El Despertador Americano , dedicated to the insurgent cause. Royalist forces marched to Guadalajara, arriving in January 1811 with nearly 6,000 men. Insurgents Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo wanted to concentrate their forces in the city and plan an escape route should they be defeated, but Hidalgo rejected this idea. Their second choice
6960-589: The expansion of streets and avenues, and the birth and development of road infrastructure, services, tourism, industrial, etc. The first shopping center in Latin America emerged in the city, the first urban electric-train system in Latin America, and the first private university in Mexico. In a 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", FDi magazine ranked Guadalajara first among major Mexican cities and second among major North American cities in terms of economic potential, behind Chicago . The magazine also rated it as
7080-442: The explosion, residents started complaining of a strong gasoline -like smell coming from the sewers. City workers were dispatched to check the sewers and found dangerously high levels of gasoline fumes. However, no evacuations were ordered. An investigation into the disaster found that there were two precipitating causes. The first was new water pipes that were built too close to an existing gasoline pipeline. Chemical reactions between
7200-447: The film Camelia filmed in her native country. Her stay in Mexico was mainly based on her marriage to the actor and singer Jorge Negrete, her former film rival, with whom she filmed El rapto , directed by Emilio Fernández, Negrete's last film. After Negrete's death on 5 December 1953, Félix returned to Europe. In France she made the films La Belle Otero (1954), and Les Héros sont Fatigués (1955), alongside Yves Montand . However,
7320-404: The film La china poblana (1943), where Félix claimed to have paid a debt of gratitude to her discoverer Fernando Palacios, who directed the film. Nobody has heard from this movie (the second color film of the Mexican cinema), so it is considered lost. She called both films "her beginner sins". Félix was known as La Doña for her role in the movie Doña Bárbara (1943), based on the novel by
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#17330854476097440-418: The film and announce their future marriage. However, once in Mexico, Félix canceled the wedding days before it would take place, stating that she concluded that the only thing that united her to Thompson was a mere physical attraction and not true love. During her stay in France, Félix was introduced by the painter Leonor Fini to French writer Jean Cau , assistant of the writer Jean Paul Sartre . Félix had
7560-511: The film version in 1958. Carlos Fuentes did the same in the novel Zona sagrada . Her relationship with Fuentes was terminated when the author made the play Orchids in the Moonlight , in which he parodies the figures of Félix and Dolores del Río. Félix, angry, called him " mujerujo " ("womanish"). Songs were composed for Félix, including María de Todas las Marías by Juan Gabriel and Je l'aime à mourir by Francis Cabrel . In fashion, Félix
7680-630: The films with Fernández, María Félix also worked with Roberto Gavaldón , another director who showcased some of her best performances. Their first collaboration was in La diosa arrodillada (1947) with Arturo de Córdova . Thanks to these films, María Félix's fame crossed the Atlantic. In 1948 she was contracted by the Spanish film producer Cesáreo González. In this manner María Félix began her film adventure in Europe. She made only one more film in Mexico ( Doña Diabla , 1949) until her return in 1952. Félix debuted in
7800-847: The first Cumbre Iberoamericana in 1991. The Third Summit of Heads of State and Governments of Latin America, the Caribbean, and the European Union was hosted in 2004. Guadalajara was also the venue to the Encuentro Internacional de Promotores y Gestores Culturales in 2005. The 2011 Pan American Games were staged and Guadalajara was named the American Capital of Culture in 2005 as well as the Ciudad Educadora in 2006. Guadalajara has been recognized as Mexico's first Smart City due to its use of developing technology. During each government period,
7920-400: The four sides of the Cathedral in the form of a large Latin cross, in which the cathedral is now centered. There were other, somewhat less controversial, projects to improve the flow of traffic and increase commerce in other parts of the city. Guadalajara is made up of more than 2,300 colonias (neighborhoods) in the Metropolitan Area. The oldest parts of the city include Centro (the oldest in
8040-449: The grandmother and took the child. One afternoon after work when walking down the street in Mexico City, director and filmmaker Fernando Palacios approached her asking if she wanted to make movies. Her response was: "When I want to, it will be through the big door." Palacios finally persuaded her to break into the movies. Becoming her " Pygmalion ", he began to train her and present her in film circles. She made her first appearance in
8160-404: The heinous treatment of indigenous peoples by Nuño de Guzmán, in particular the enslavement of captured natives. After multiple defeats, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza took control of the Spanish campaign to suppress the revolt. The conflict ended after Mendoza made concessions such as freeing enslaved indigenous peoples and granting amnesty. The village of Guadalajara barely survived the war, and
8280-427: The highest-ranked universities in Mexico. The conquistador Cristóbal de Oñate named the city in honor of the conqueror of western Mexico, Nuño de Guzmán , who was born in Guadalajara , Spain , which is derived from Moorish Arabic وادي الحجارة ( wādī al-ḥajārah ), which means 'Valley of the Stones', or 'Fortress Valley'. Unlike the surrounding areas, the central Atemajac Valley (where Guadalajara
8400-399: The historic center of the city. Major controversial projects included the widening of Avenida 16 de Septiembre and Avenida Juárez, which were no longer adequate to handle car traffic in the center of the city. In the process, many buildings of architectural and historical value were demolished. Historical buildings around Guadalajara Cathedral were also demolished to leave large open spaces on
8520-404: The history of Guadalajara. The investigation of the facts lasted more than 11 years in which insufficient evidence was found to appoint a manager, investigations are now closed attributing the events to an accident. This event, in addition to Mexico's 1994 economic crisis, resulted in the loss of Guadalajara's industrial power. The city has hosted numerous important international events, such as
8640-539: The latter which only cited "a biography" as a source. It was cited by TVyNovelas as one of the "myths" surrounding Félix. It is known that Félix vehemently denied ever having married Prado. Serna, who also interviewed Félix, said "On our first meeting I asked her about her marriage to Raúl Prado (which she denied until the end), the member of the Calaveras trio who sang in Jorge Negrete's films, and she told me that if I
8760-450: The latter which only cited "a biography" as a source. It is known that Félix vehemently denied ever having married Prado. Serna, who also interviewed Félix, said "On our first meeting I asked her about her marriage to Raúl Prado (which she denied until the end) [...] and she told me that if I was going to go on with those lies, we were not going to be able to work on the book." General references Inline citations This article on
8880-445: The lead role. For this reason the filming of the movie was difficult and led to a direct confrontation between Félix and Negrete. That confrontation helped to cement the reputation of Félix as a tough and arrogant woman. In her second film, María Eugenia , Félix would be projected in a role out of her temperamental film personality. However, the film is remembered as the only movie where Félix appeared in swimwear. The same happened with
9000-399: The marriage ended when Agustín Lara sent Félix a white piano as a gift, and "Raúl threw her out — with the piano. They later divorced. So, it appears, María Félix was my tía política [aunt-in-law]." In his book about Félix María Félix: 47 pasos por el cine , Paco Ignacio Taibo I wrote about the marriage as factual, saying "While filming this movie, María would meet Raúl Prado, a member of
9120-420: The marriage ever took place. Most of the rumors agree in claiming that Prado and Félix allegedly got married in 1943 after meeting on the set of The Rock of Souls and separated two months after the wedding. Mexican writer Enrique Serna interviewed the last survivor of the trio, Miguel Bermejo, who told him he was a witness to the wedding. Prado's niece María Escalera also corroborated the marriage, saying that
9240-412: The marriage, saying that the marriage ended when Agustín Lara sent Félix a white piano as a gift, and "Raúl threw her out — with the piano. They later divorced. So, it appears, María Félix was my tía política [aunt-in-law]." In his book about Félix María Félix: 47 pasos por el cine , Paco Ignacio Taibo I wrote about the marriage as factual, saying "While filming this movie, María would meet Raúl Prado,
9360-438: The metropolitan area, and has been developed for recreation rather than being preserved in its wild state. The river was once one of the main sources of water supply to the city, and today continues to provide water to some surrounding colonias (neighborhoods). Currently, this forest covers an area of 92 hectares (230 acres) in which pine trees, eucalyptus trees, and cedars predominate. The park has jogging tracks, gardens (including
9480-471: The most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007. Under the Köppen climate classification , Guadalajara has a humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ), a temperate climate that is quite close to a tropical climate, featuring dry warm winters and wet, mildly hot summers. Guadalajara's climate is influenced by its high altitude and the general seasonality of precipitation patterns in western North America. Although
9600-645: The most important film of Félix in this period was French Cancan (1954) directed by Jean Renoir with the legendary French actor Jean Gabin . Her last film shot entirely in Europe was the Spanish film Faustina . Félix returned to Mexico in 1955. This period of her career was characterized by performing in period pieces inspired by the Mexican Revolution . This cycle begins with La Escondida (1955). In this film, as well as in stories like Canasta de cuentos mexicanos (1955) and Café Colón (1958), she worked again with Pedro Armendáriz. In 1956 she starred in Tizoc with
9720-475: The most prominent. In 1771, Bishop Fray Antonio Alcalde arrived in the city and founded the Civil Hospital and the University of Guadalajara . In 1791, the University of Guadalajara was established. The dedication was held in 1792 at the site of the old Santo Tomas College. While the institution was founded during the 18th century, it would not be fully developed until the 20th century, starting in 1925. In 1794,
9840-595: The neoclassical structures and houses of the Porfiriato. In the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s well-to-do Tapatios expanded into colonias Lafayette, Americana, Moderna, and Arcos Vallarta. New architectural trends of the 1960s and 1970s also left their mark in colonias such as colonia Americana , Vallarta Poniente , Moderna, Providencia, Vallarta San Jorge, Jardines del Bosque, and Chapalita. The Metropolitan Area has more wealthy neighborhoods than any other part of western Mexico. These colonias are located both inside and outside
9960-422: The next day he was greeted effusively in Guadalajara. The city's workers had experienced poor living conditions and were swayed by promises of lower taxes and the abolition of slavery. Despite a soured welcome, due to the rebel army's violence toward city residents, especially royalists, Hidalgo kept his promise and, on December 6, 1810, slavery was abolished in Guadalajara, a proclamation which has been honored since
10080-482: The number one enemy of the Mexican family morals." Somehow, I seduced the public, even those who criticize the conduct of my characters in the films. My legend began to take shape without moving a finger. The public imagination did everything for me. Without her stereotyped role of a "femme fatale", María Félix filmed two sophisticated films: El monje blanco (1945), directed by Julio Bracho , and Vertigo (1946), directed by Antonio Momplet. Both characters required
10200-412: The other Frede's. Frede followed Félix on her filming trips to Buenos Aires and São Paulo upon learning of Félix's relationship with Carlos Thompson. Félix and Frede's relationship was interrupted by Félix's marriage to Jorge Negrete, but upon Negrete's death in 1953, Félix returned to Paris to briefly rekindle her relationship with Frede. However, they would violently break-up for good in 1954, leading to
10320-437: The other was adorned with 1,060 circular cut emeralds. Later she sold most of her jewelry back to Cartier. She also left a Rolls-Royce in Paris. Since Félix's death, these jewelry pieces have been displayed as part of The Art of Cartier Collection in several museums around the world. To pay tribute to the actress, in 2006 Cartier debuted its La Doña de Cartier collection . The La Doña de Cartier watch with reptilian links
10440-498: The outskirts of the city (generally those close to the Primavera Forest) experience on average cooler temperatures than the city itself. There, temperatures around 0 °C (32 °F) can be recorded during the coldest nights. Frost may also occur during the coldest nights, but temperatures rarely fall below 0 °C (32 °F) in the city, making it an uncommon phenomenon. Cold fronts in winter can sometimes bring light rain to
10560-457: The painting to be displayed as part of a retrospective on Rivera's work, but Félix refused. Félix did not like the painting and she sold it to Juan Gabriel for 15 million pesos . Félix would say, “I've never liked Rivera's painting, I told him. I wanted him to paint me as a Tehuana, but he said it was very vulgar, so he painted me as he wanted ... naked, because he was very much in love with me. Later, Diego wanted that portrait for an exhibition in
10680-476: The pipes caused erosion. The second was a flaw in the sewer design that did not allow accumulated gases to escape. Arrests were made to indict those responsible for the blasts. Four officials of Pemex (the state oil company) were indicted and charged on the basis of negligence. Ultimately, however, these people were cleared of all charges. Calls for the restructuring of PEMEX were made but they were successfully resisted. The 1990s were marked by events such as
10800-503: The relationship ended in 1947 due to Lara's jealousy. Félix said that Lara even tried to kill her in a fit of violent jealousy. After her second divorce, Félix had romances with some well-known men, such as Mexican aviation entrepreneur Jorge Pasquel, Spanish bullfighter Luis Miguel Dominguín , and Argentine actor Carlos Thompson . Félix met Thompson in Argentina in 1952 during the filming of Luis César Amadori 's La pasión desnuda , and
10920-489: The relationship was reportedly serious to the point that they became engaged to be married, and Félix even called for her son Enrique Álvarez Félix to meet his potential stepfather. However, during filming, Félix received a call from director Emilio Fernández to offer her the leading role in The Rapture , which Félix accepted, telling Thompson that after filming of La pasión desnuda ended she would return to Mexico to promote
11040-420: The role. Félix was married four times. Her first marriage (1931–1938) was with the cosmetics sales agent Enrique Álvarez Alatorre. He fathered her only child, actor Enrique Álvarez Félix (1934–1996). According to journalist Sergio Almázon, once she found her son wearing a white dress and necklace. Infuriated, she beat him unconscious. Álvarez retaliated by taking their son to Guadalajara. Years later Félix
11160-478: The same year, she filmed Messalina (1951), directed by Carmine Gallone . During the filming of this movie Félix suffered an emotional shock: her father died of a heart attack in Navojoa . In 1952, Félix traveled to Argentina, where she filmed La pasión desnuda of the Argentine filmmaker Luis César Amadori . In the same year Félix returned to Mexico. She concluded her working relationship with Cesáreo González with
11280-415: The size of what is now called Greater Guadalajara, rather than an increase in the population density of the city. Migrants coming into Guadalajara from the 1940s to the 1980s were mostly from rural areas and lived in the city center until they had enough money to buy property. This property was generally bought in the edges of the city, which were urbanizing into fraccionamientos , or residential areas. In
11400-415: The southern part of the city began development, and its streets aligned with the grid to the east of the old Rio San Juan de Dios. Additional 20th-century expansion of the city introduced even more variety, as developers introduced different kinds of non-grid street plans in new areas. During the government of José de Jesús González Gallo, between 1947 and 1953, major public works changed the urban landscape of
11520-502: The temperature is warm year-round, Guadalajara has strong seasonal variation in precipitation. The northward movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone brings a great deal of rain in the summer months, whereas, for the rest of the year, the climate is rather dry, although daily rainfall records in each dry season month range from 36 millimeters (1.4 in) to 75 millimeters (3.0 in). The extra moisture during
11640-554: The unskilled working class and traditional labor sectors. The 1992 Guadalajara explosions occurred on April 22, 1992, when gasoline explosions in the sewer system over four hours destroyed 8 km (5 mi) of streets in the downtown district of Analco. Gante Street was the most damaged. Officially, 206 people were killed, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 were left homeless. The estimated monetary damage ranges between $ 300 million and $ 1 billion. The affected areas can be recognized by their more modern architecture. Three days before
11760-499: The villagers attributed their survival to the Archangel Michael , who remains the patron of the city to this day. After the war, the city was moved once again—this time to a more defensible location. This final relocation would prove permanent. In 1542, records indicate that 126 people were living in Guadalajara. That same year, it was granted cityhood by the king of Spain. Guadalajara was officially founded on February 14, 1542, in
11880-430: The west, it kept the original north–south orientation. As it grew towards the east, this grid was tilted towards the south-east to match up with the grids of the former towns Analco and San Juan de Dios, across the river from central Guadalajara on the eastern side of Rio San Juan de Dios (Rio San Juan de Dios is now underground; it runs beneath Calzada Independencia). When the railway was introduced to Guadalajara in 1888,
12000-450: The wet months moderates the temperatures, resulting in cooler days and nights during this period. The highest temperatures are usually reached in May averaging 33 °C (91 °F), but can reach up to 37 °C (99 °F) just before the onset of monsoon season. March tends to be the driest month and July the wettest, with an average of 273 millimeters (10.7 in) of rain, over a quarter of
12120-445: Was a model for many renowned painters. In her adolescence she was painted in Guadalajara by José Clemente Orozco , but Félix said, "He painted me like a skull with make-up." Félix met the artist Diego Rivera during the filming of Río Escondido (1947). Félix developed a friendship with him and his wife, Frida Kahlo . In 1949, Rivera painted a portrait of her, which Félix classified as "very bad". In later years, Rivera asked to borrow
12240-618: Was a period of economic, technological and social growth for the city. After Independence, small-scale industries developed, many of which were owned by European immigrants. Rail lines connecting the city to the Pacific coast and north to the United States intensified trade and allowed the shipment of products from rural areas of Jalisco. Ranch Culture became a very important aspect of Jalisco and Guadalajara's identities during this time. From 1884 to 1890, electrical and railroad services, as well as
12360-452: Was able to get her son back with the help of her second husband, Agustín Lara. Félix's relationship with her son was distant in his early years because she sent him to schools abroad "to discipline" him. Years later, Enrique returned to Mexico and started a career as an actor in film and television. Regarding her son, Félix said: "Enrique is a very gifted man, with admirable common sense. He's my best friend. I have so much fun with him. He's not
12480-438: Was at this time that she met Enrique Álvarez Alatorre, a salesman for the cosmetics firm Max Factor . After a brief romance, the couple married in 1931. In 1935, Félix gave birth to her only child, Enrique, nicknamed Quique . Her marriage with Álvarez was unsuccessful and the couple divorced in 1937. After her divorce, Félix returned to Guadalajara with her family, where she was the subject of gossip and rumors due to her status as
12600-610: Was born in Álamos , Sonora , Mexico, on 8 April 1914. Her birth was registered on May 4, which was later misreported as her date of birth. She was the daughter of Bernardo Félix Flores, a military officer and politician who was of distant Yaqui descent, and Josefina Güereña Rosas, who grew up in the U.S. state of California; both were of Mexican ancestry. She had fifteen siblings: Josefina, María de la Paz, Pablo, Bernardo, Miguel, María de las Mercedes, Fernando, Victoria Eugenia, Ricardo, Benjamín and Ana María del Sacramento. She spent her childhood in Álamos. During her childhood, she had
12720-690: Was buried in her family's mausoleum alongside her son Enrique and parents at the Panteón Francés located in Mexico City. In 2018, Google celebrated Felix's 104th birthday with a Google Doodle . A skeletal version of Felix appears briefly in the 2017 Pixar film Coco , as a guest at a party in the Land of the Dead, with luchador El Santo as her date. On 21 July 2022, the TelevisaUnivision produced biopic María Félix: La Doña , starring Sandra Echeverría ,
12840-458: Was created to impress by its wild look. The case of the La Doña de Cartier features a trapezoid shape with an asymmetrical profile reminiscent of a crocodile's head. The wristband of the watch resembles the contours of a crocodile in large, bold and gold scales. The La Doña de Cartier Collection also includes jewelry, accessories, and handbags. Mexican milliner to the stars Gladys Tamez dedicated
12960-407: Was dressed by designers like Christian Dior , Givenchy , Yves Saint Laurent , Chanel , and Balenciaga . The House of Hermès (Couture Department) designed extravagant creations just for her. She was a noted collector of fine antiques, favoring pieces like her famous collection of Second French Empire furniture. She was also a jewelry connoisseur and had an extensive jewelry collection, including
13080-489: Was established in the region of Guadalajara in early 1532 by Cristóbal de Oñate , a Basque conquistador in the expedition of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán . The settlement was renamed and moved several times before assuming the name Guadalajara after the birthplace of Guzmán and ending up at its current location in the Atemajac Valley in 1542. On November 8, 1539, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had granted
13200-401: Was going to go on with those lies, we were not going to be able to work on the book." Serna added, "At one point she told me: 'Write what you want about me, because they believe anything about me. Say that I slept with an octopus.'" Her second marriage (1945–1947) was to the composer Agustín Lara . Félix was a fan of Lara since her adolescence. They were formally introduced by a mutual friend,
13320-511: Was hampered significantly during the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). In 1929, the Cristero War ended within the confines of the city, when President Plutarco Elías Calles proclaimed the Grito de Guadalajara . The city saw continuous growth throughout the rest of the 20th century, attaining a metro population of 1 million in the 1960s and surpassing 3 million in the 1990s. Guadalajara
13440-586: Was in Guadalajara, a revolt called the Three Hour Revolution brought José Joaquín Herrera to the presidency and put Santa Anna into exile. President Benito Juárez made Guadalajara the seat of his government in 1856, during the Reform War . French troops entered the city during the French Intervention in 1864, and it was retaken by Mexican troops in 1866. Despite the violence, the 19th century
13560-415: Was made possible in the 1980s by surplus labor, infrastructure improvements, and government incentives. These companies focus on electrical and electronic items, which is now one of Guadalajara's two main products (the other being beer). This has internationalized the economy, steering it away from manufacturing and toward services, dependent on technology and foreign investment. This has not been favorable for
13680-476: Was married to Berger for 18 years. She tried becoming a mother again, but an accident during a filming in 1957 caused Félix to lose the child. It was at this time that she built her famous home, La Casa de las Tortugas (The House of Turtles), designed by Pepe Mendoza and resembling an Italian villa, in Cuernavaca . Berger died in 1974 of lung cancer months after the death of Félix's mother, which plunged her into
13800-510: Was moved to a site near Tonalá . Four years later, Guzmán ordered that the village be moved to Tlacotán. During this time, the Spanish king Charles I granted the city the coat of arms which it retains to this day. During the Mixtón War (1540–1542), the Caxcan , Portecuex, and Zacateco peoples, fought back against colonizers under the command of Tenamaxtli . The war was initiated in response to
13920-400: Was offered the female lead role in a film by Grovas Productions: El Peñón de las Ánimas , directed by Miguel Zacarías . In the film El Peñón de las Ánimas , Félix starred opposite the popular Mexican actor and singer Jorge Negrete . María Félix and Jorge Negrete got off to a bad relationship during the filming because he had asked that his girlfriend, the actress Gloria Marín , be given
14040-510: Was originally founded at three other sites before moving to its current location. The first colonial settlement in 1532 was in Mesa del Cerro, now known as Nochistlán , Zacatecas. This site was colonized by Cristóbal de Oñate as commissioned by Nuño de Guzmán , with the purpose of securing recent conquests and "defending" them from the "still-hostile natives". This colonized settlement did not last long due to its lack of usable water sources. In 1533 it
14160-434: Was released on streaming service Vix . Side one: Side two: Guadalajara Guadalajara ( / ˌ ɡ w ɑː d əl ə ˈ h ɑːr ə / GWAH -də-lə- HAR -ə ; Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa] ) is a city in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco . According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 8th most populous city in Mexico, while
14280-551: Was reunited with an "old enemy": the actor and singer Jorge Negrete . Unlike their difficult first meeting ten years ago on the set of El peñón de las ánimas , Félix found Negrete, in her own words: "surrendered to my feet" . After a brief romance, the couple married in 1953, transmitted by radio to all Latin America, held at the House of Catipoato in Tlalpan . Negrete was already ill when the marriage took place, and died eleven months later at
14400-476: Was to make a stand at the Puente de Calderon just outside the city. Hidalgo had between 80,000 and 100,000 men and 95 cannons, but the better-trained royalists won, decimating the insurgent army and forcing Hidalgo to flee toward Aguascalientes . Guadalajara remained in royalist hands until near the end of the war. ' On January 17, 1817, the insurgent army was again defeated on the outskirts of Guadalajara in
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