85-549: The Toyota Sienta ( Japanese : トヨタ・シエンタ , Hepburn : Toyota Shienta ) is a mini MPV with sliding doors manufactured by Toyota . It was introduced in September 2003, based on the Vitz / Yaris subcompact car , and is available at all Toyota dealerships in Japan . The Sienta is sold in Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, Laos, and Thailand. As of 2022, it is positioned below
170-539: A 1.5 L VVT-i petrol engine capable of 82 kW (110 hp; 111 PS) at 6,000 rpm, the Sienta comes equipped with CVT . ABS and EBD are standard. For the 2007 model year on Japanese models only, G-BOOK , a subscription telematics service, is offered as an option. Toyota temporarily stopped selling the Sienta in the third quarter of 2010 for unknown reasons, despite it still selling quite well. Sales resumed unchanged (except for renamed trim levels and
255-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down
340-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )
425-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as
510-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it
595-476: A new sports model, Sienta Dice (stylised as "DICE"), with a different design) in May 2011. The second generation Sienta debuted on July 9, 2015. It ditched the box-like shape of its predecessor for an updated exterior design inspired by the shape of a trekking shoe. The minivan offers three interior layouts: 7-seater, 6-seater, and 5-seater (for wheelchair users). Interior space has been increased in all areas compared to
680-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),
765-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate
850-675: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of
935-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of
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#17330853930221020-482: Is a series of small inline-four piston engines designed and manufactured by Toyota , with capacities between 1.2 and 1.5 litres (1,197 and 1,498 cc). The NR series uses aluminium engine blocks and cylinder head . The valve mechanism is equipped with 4-Valves per cylinder, DOHC , and implemented Toyota's Dual VVT-i and VVT-iW . It also uses multi-point or direct fuel injection . The 1NR, 2NR, 3NR, 4NR, 5NR, 6NR, and 7NR engines have Dual VVT-i standard and
1105-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,
1190-735: Is also the first to be sold in Hong Kong and is also available in Singapore. The Sienta was available in X, G, Hybrid X, and Hybrid G trim levels in Japan. The second generation Sienta was launched at the 24th Indonesia International Motor Show on April 7, 2016. Production of the Indonesian-spec Sienta at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia plant in Karawang , West Java began in late June 2016 and sales began on July 26, 2016. Initial trim levels were E, G, V, and Q (equipped with body kits). To meet
1275-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing
1360-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number
1445-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider
1530-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto
1615-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to
1700-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through
1785-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey
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#17330853930221870-485: Is lesser, but, this time, the maximum output is not reduced. Valves are driven with Variable Valve Timing-intelligent Electric VVT-iE . The intake port has a new shape that generates a strong vertical tumble flow. Combustion is improved, and loss reduced. Toyota says that with idling stop and other functions, it will lead to fuel efficiency gains of approximately 15 per cent. Main differences between 1NR-FE : Applications: A 1.5 L (1,496 cc) variant of
1955-481: Is manufactured in Guanyin , Taiwan, and it is produced and sold as a left-hand drive vehicle. The top-of-the-line adds dual beam LED headlamps, LED tail lamps, 6 airbags, a head-up unit, dual powered sliding rear doors, colour-screen trip meter, reversing camera, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and transmission knob, and a double layer of front windshield as the top of the standard features. The crossover -styled variant of
2040-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of
2125-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and
2210-646: Is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as
2295-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and
2380-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have
2465-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns
2550-555: The Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered
2635-509: The Daihatsu Gran Max has different output adjustment but still features Dual VVT-i . Max. output: Max. torque: Compression Ratio: 11.5:1; Indonesian Euro 4 version: 10.5:1 Applications: Based on the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine, the 2NR-VEX unit is an Atkinson cycle engine used with a hybrid system paired with an electric motor and a lithium-ion battery. Maximum output: Maximum torque: Applications: A flex fuel engine for
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2720-455: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in
2805-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than
2890-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of
2975-644: The Voxy/Noah and above the Roomy in Toyota's MPV lineup in Japan. In Indonesia and Thailand, it serves as an upmarket alternative to the Avanza and fills the gap between Avanza and the larger Innova . The "Sienta" name is derived from the Spanish word "siete" , which means "seven" (referring to its maximum passenger capacity) and English word "entertain". The first generation Sienta
3060-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to
3145-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),
3230-571: The 8NR engine has VVT-iW , enabling it to operate in the Otto cycle as well as a modified- Atkinson cycle to improve thermal efficiency . The 1NR-FE is a compact 1.3-litre inline-four piston engine featuring Stop & Start technology and Dual VVT-i . It was introduced into the European market in late 2008 with the Yaris XP9F. Improved engine performance combined with low emissions and fuel consumption
3315-549: The Asian market from the 2017 model year. Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: Based on the 1.5-litre 2NR-FE engine, The 2NR-VE was adapted by Daihatsu for its products and it's also used by Toyota for their products based on Daihatsu New Global Architecture (DNGA). An idle stop-start system is introduced for the Perodua Myvi and Toyota Rush (since 2021) to enhance fuel efficiency. The commercial variant used in
3400-551: The Etios in Brazil. It can run on gasoline or any mixture of gasoline and ethanol, up to full ethanol (E100). Main differences between 2NR-FE : Applications: Implements variable valve timing system VVT-iE and engine operation by Miller / Atkinson cycle . Main differences between 2NR-FE : Applications: A 1.2 L (1,197 cc) variant of the NR series engine. First introduced in
3485-598: The Indonesian model, and are available with the 1.5L 2NR-FE Dual VVT-i engine; hybrid models are only available from parallel importers. The Sienta was introduced in Taiwan in October 2016 as the replacement of the Wish in the market. It is available with the 1.5-liter 2NR-FE engine and the 1.8-liter 2ZR-FAE engine with VSC, hill-start assists, and 2 airbags as standard features. It
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3570-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,
3655-624: The NR series engine, first introduced in the fourth quarter of 2010 for the Toyota Etios . It is the first new engine Toyota developed for over 8 years without VVT-i made to lower costs for the Toyota Etios. A new innovation was introduced to this engine with the integration of the exhaust manifold into the cylinder head to reduce emissions. A Dual VVT-i equipped version was later introduced and first used in Toyota Avanza and in many 1.5L models in
3740-400: The NR series engine. First introduced for the third generation Toyota Vios . Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: A 1.5 L (1,496 cc) variant of the NR series engine. First introduced for the third generation Toyota Vios . Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: A 1.3 L (1,329 cc) variant of the NR series engine. First introduced for
3825-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently
3910-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand
3995-553: The Sienta, called Sienta Crossover , was announced in Taiwan on 7 December 2020. It is only available with the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FAE engine. The Sienta is available in Thailand in two trim levels, 1.5 G and 1.5 V. The top-of-the-line V trim adds dual beam LED lamps, push start and stop button, smart entry, Optitron trip meter, and automatic front AC on top of the standard features. The facelifted second-generation Sienta went on sale in Japan on September 11, 2018. The five-seater variant of
4080-452: The Sienta, called "Funbase", was added. The grille was mildly revised, with dashed motifs along with side chrome trimmings. The facelifted Southeast Asian market Sienta was launched in Thailand on August 6, 2019 and in Indonesia on September 2, 2019. Unlike the Japanese market facelift, the changes are only applied to the grille and some parts of the interior. Other changes include armrests for
4165-490: The Toyota Etios and Yaris hatchback made in Brazil, available only as a flexfuel, 1.3 litre, with VVT-i. Replaced by a flexfuel version of the 1NR-FKE in 2016. The 1NR-FKE is a variant of the 1NR-FE introduced in the second quarter of 2014. Toyota claims it will have a maximum thermal efficiency of 38 per cent. This 1.3-litre petrol engine is employing the Atkinson cycle like hybrid-dedicated Toyota engines. The maximum torque
4250-616: The Welcab model based on the V trim was introduced. The Sienta was pulled off from Indonesian market in early 2023. The Malaysian-spec Sienta was launched on August 18, 2016, and is fully imported from Indonesia. Two trim levels are available, G and V. It was discontinued in late 2019. The Sienta is available both from Borneo Motors (Toyota's authorised dealer in Singapore) and parallel import distributors since 2016. V and G variants are available from Borneo Motors, with similar specifications as with
4335-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which
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#17330853930224420-447: The automatic. The engine produces 69–73 kW (93–98 hp) and 121 N⋅m (89 lbf⋅ft) of torque. The Perodua Bezza Advance variant and all variants of the new third generation Myvi are capable of 22 km/L (4.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg ‑US ; 62 mpg ‑imp ), courtesy of the new Eco Idle stop-start system and regenerative braking better than the previous generation engines. Applications: Fitted to
4505-593: The driver and second-row passengers. The third-generation Sienta was launched in Japan on August 23, 2022. Built on the GA-B platform shared with the XP210 series Yaris , it is offered in X, G and Z grade levels. It was also launched in Singapore on October 6, 2022. Imported from Japan, it is only offered in Hybrid Elegance grade level. Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] )
4590-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there
4675-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure
4760-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had
4845-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,
4930-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system
5015-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of
5100-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,
5185-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by
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#17330853930225270-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with
5355-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,
5440-495: The previous 1.3 L (1,297 cc) unit, they are designed with a smaller contact area and use carbon ceramide, an advanced material commonly used in Formula One engineering, to reduce friction. The engine also features cooled exhaust gas recirculation (cold area specification models only) to reduce pumping losses and reduce NO x emissions. Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: The new 1NR-VE engine
5525-548: The previous generation model. There is also a hybrid variant, which returns 27.2 km/L (77 mpg ‑imp ; 64 mpg ‑US ) under the Japanese JC08 cycle test , making it eligible for eco-car subsidies and tax incentives. The non-hybrid Sienta returns 20.6 km/L (58 mpg ‑imp ; 48 mpg ‑US ) in FWD configuration. A “Stop & Start System” is offered as standard. The second generation Sienta
5610-477: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as
5695-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning
5780-707: The second quarter of 2011 for the Etios Liva . Toyota later implemented Dual VVT-i mechanism and increased the compression ratio to 11.5:1 for Toyota Yaris models (Thailand). Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: A Daihatsu variant of the 3NR-FE. Some technologies used in the Daihatsu-made 3NR-VE engine are: Technical specifications of the engine: Applications: Implements variable valve timing system VVT-iE and engine operation by Miller / Atkinson cycle . Main differences between 3NR-FE : Applications: A 1.3 L (1,329 cc) variant of
5865-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )
5950-421: The standard geological conditions in Indonesia, it is 20 mm (1 in) higher than the Japanese market Sienta. The shift knob location also moved to the floor to accommodate the 6-speed manual transmission , as well as the grip handbrake. The air conditioning knob was also redesigned. Some visual differences as compared to the units sold in Japan were that it does not feature the “Sienta” badging embossed on
6035-797: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this
6120-476: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This
6205-423: The tailgate handle, instead, the model badge name is on the tailgate itself, and an additional rear foglamp is featured center mounted on the rear bumper edge. It uses a 2NR-FE 1.5-litre Dual VVT-i engine. The Modellista body kits were also available as dealer-installed options, which is badged as "Limited". The facelifted model dropped the E trim from the lineup, followed later by G trim. On August 17, 2020,
6290-576: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Toyota NR engine#2NR-FE The Toyota NR engine family
6375-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,
6460-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of
6545-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It
6630-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending
6715-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or
6800-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular
6885-718: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,
6970-531: Was improvised by Daihatsu for the Toyota Avanza and Daihatsu Xenia , and then later used by Perodua for the Perodua Bezza , which is based on the 1.3-litre 1NR-FE. It has ECE fuel consumption figures of 21.7 km/L (4.6 L/100 km; 51 mpg ‑US ; 61 mpg ‑imp ) for the manual variant and 21 km/L (4.8 L/100 km; 49 mpg ‑US ; 59 mpg ‑imp ) for
7055-407: Was introduced on September 29, 2003 in Japan. The car can also be found in Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Singapore through parallel imports . The Sienta received a facelift on May 16, 2006, 3 years after its first production. New colours were added, such as Apple Green, Gun-Metal Grey, and Metallic Blue. Another upgrade found on the facelifted models is double electric-powered sliding doors. Powered by
7140-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )
7225-420: Was the principal aim during its development. Advanced engineering has been applied throughout the 1NR-FE engine. Toyota engineers streamlined the engine's intake channel, used computer simulation to optimize airflow, smoothened all surfaces for less turbulence and rounded off all angles and sharp edges inside the engine. One of the key elements of the 1NR-FE engine is its piston design. Smaller and lighter than on
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