88-652: The Toyota Corolla Cross ( Japanese : トヨタ・カローラクロス , Hepburn : Toyota Karōra Kurosu ) is a compact crossover SUV ( C-segment ) produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota since 2020. Adopting the Corolla nameplate, it is positioned as a more practical and larger alternative to the C-HR and built on the same TNGA-C (GA-C) platform as the E210 series Corolla . By size, the Corolla Cross
176-452: A MacPherson strut front suspension and a torsion beam rear suspension instead of an independent rear suspension used on the regular Corolla and the C-HR to save interior space and cut costs, while all-wheel drive models still come with rear independent units. Development was led by chief engineer Daizo Kameyama. The interior is shared with the regular Corolla, with minor redesigns. It offers
264-459: A 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE or a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS four-cylinder petrol engines. The 1.8-litre unit produces 72 kW (97 hp; 98 PS) at 5,200 rpm and 142 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) of torque at 3,600 rpm paired with an eCVT and works together with a 6.5- Ah nickel-metal hydride battery as well as an 1NM AC synchronous electric motor rated at 53 kW (71 hp; 72 PS) and 163 N⋅m (120 lb⋅ft) to provide
352-639: A 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE hybrid flex fuel unit for XRV and XRX trim levels. Toyota targeted the hybrid version to contribute 30 percent of Corolla Cross total sales in the country. It is also exported to 22 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The facelifted model debuted in Brazil in April 2024, with four trim levels: XR, XRE, XRX and GR Sport, with the same engine options from the pre-facelift model. The Corolla Cross
440-414: A 2.0-litre M20A-FKS regular/ M20A-FKB flex fuel four-cylinder petrol engines that produces 103 kW (138 hp; 140 PS) at 6,000 rpm and 177 N⋅m (131 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm and 126–130 kW (169–174 hp; 171–177 PS) at 6,600 rpm and 207–210 N⋅m (153–155 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,400–4,800 rpm respectively. Hybrid variants uses either
528-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down
616-472: A claimed boot space of 487 L (17.2 cu ft) if equipped with a puncture repair kit, and 440 L (16 cu ft) with a temporary spare tyre. As of December 2023, the Corolla Cross is produced in Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Brazil, United States, Malaysia, China, South Africa and Pakistan. The conventional petrol model uses either a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE / 2ZR-FAE regular/ 2ZR-FBE flex fuel or
704-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )
792-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as
880-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it
968-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),
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#17328686994751056-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate
1144-669: A total system output of 90 kW (121 hp; 122 PS). The 2.0-litre unit has a total system output of 146 kW (196 hp; 199 PS). The Toyota Corolla Cross was launched in Bangladesh on 8 January 2021. The Corolla Cross marketed as the Toyota Cross for the Bruneian market was launched on 21 August 2020. It is only offered with a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE petrol engine in Standard or High trim levels. The 1.8-litre hybrid variant
1232-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of
1320-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of
1408-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,
1496-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing
1584-548: Is an automobile manufacturing company based in Xiqing District , Tianjin , China. It is a manufacturing and supervising affiliate of the joint venture between Toyota Motor Company and First Automotive Works , and commonly known as FAW Toyota ( simplified Chinese : 一汽丰田 ; traditional Chinese : 一汽豐田 ; pinyin : Yīqì fēngtián ). Created in 2003, it is an equally owned joint venture with Toyota . As of 2007, it has one passenger vehicle production base in
1672-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number
1760-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider
1848-509: Is available exclusively in China and was introduced in late 2021. The Corolla Cross is the second Toyota crossover built on the GA-C platform, after the smaller C-HR which was launched in 2016. The vehicle shares the same 2,640 mm (103.9 in) wheelbase as the C-HR, but occupies a larger footprint prioritising on interior space and practicality. For the front-wheel drive models, it is equipped with
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#17328686994751936-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto
2024-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to
2112-507: Is equipped with the Japanese-model headlight and taillight clusters, while equipment list included panoramic roof, 12.3-inch instrument panel and a 10.5-inch central display. The Corolla Cross was revealed in Brazil on 12 March 2021. Locally manufactured at the Sorocaba plant, it is powered by either a direct-injected 2.0-litre M20A-FKB flex fuel petrol engine for XR and XRE trim levels, or
2200-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through
2288-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey
2376-463: Is offered in three trim levels: 1.8 G, 1.8 V and 1.8 GR-S, all powered by the carryover 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety sense is standard on the V hybrid and GR-Sport hybrid. The Corolla Cross for the Taiwanese market was launched on 12 October 2020. It is offered in 1.8 G, 1.8 V and 1.8 Hybrid trim levels. All trim levels are equipped with Toyota Safety Sense. The hybrid GR Sport trim
2464-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of
2552-641: Is positioned between the smaller C-HR—with which it shares a platform—and the larger RAV4 , in Toyota's global crossover SUV lineup. It was first unveiled in Thailand in July 2020 along with other Southeast Asian markets and Taiwan in the same year, while its introduction in other markets started in 2021. The twin model of the Corolla Cross, called the Toyota Frontlander ( Chinese : 锋兰达 ; pinyin : Fēnglándá ),
2640-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and
2728-607: Is standard for E-Four models, while a panoramic roof is available for higher trim levels. The Corolla Cross for the Malaysian market was launched on 25 March 2021. Initial trim levels were 1.8 G and 1.8 V. Both trim levels were offered with the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE engine paired with continuously variable transmission (CVT). The V trim is equipped with Toyota Safety Sense. The early batch of the car were imported from Thailand, while locally assembled model went on sale in October 2021 along with
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2816-646: Is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as
2904-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and
2992-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have
3080-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns
3168-555: The Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered
3256-455: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in
3344-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than
3432-637: The Toyota South Africa Motors plant, it is powered by either a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE petrol or a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE hybrid petrol engines. Four styling packages were offered: X-Over, Urban Sport, Adventure, and Hybrid. The Corolla Cross was announced for the Australian market in August 2022, and went on sale on 12 October 2022. Imported from Japan and sharing the styling with the European market Corolla Cross,
3520-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of
3608-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to
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3696-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),
3784-566: The 1.8 (MID) and the 1.8 X (HIGH). Both variants come with the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE petrol engine. The Corolla Cross for the Philippine market was launched on 20 August 2020 and initially offered in 1.8 G and 1.8 V Hybrid trim levels. The hybrid GR Sport variant was later introduced in March 2022. The facelifted Corolla Cross was launched in the Philippines on 12 April 2024 with an all-hybrid lineup. It
3872-757: The 2023 model year, which adopts the Japanese market Corolla Cross and the Chinese market Frontlander front fascia design and is equipped with a sport-tuned suspension. The Corolla Cross was launched in Kenya on 18 November 2020 and is only offered with a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE petrol engine in Limited and Executive trim levels. The Corolla Cross went on sale in South Africa in November 2021, available in Xi, XS, and XR trim levels. Produced locally at
3960-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,
4048-697: The LE trim, was later added in July 2023. The Corolla Cross for the North American market was unveiled on 2 June 2021. The first vehicle to be built at the Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA plant in Huntsville, Alabama , the production began on 30 September 2021. Initially only available with a 2.0-litre M20A-FKS petrol engine paired with the K120 "Direct Shift" CVT, it was offered in L, LE and XLE trim levels in
4136-418: The North American market Corolla Cross Hybrid S/SE/XSE), headlight and taillight clusters (later shared with the European model), and the dedicated Corolla "C" front logo. trim levels available are "X", G, S and Z, and is offered with a either 1.8-litre 2ZR-FAE petrol or a 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE hybrid petrol engines. "E-Four" all-wheel drive is optional for the latter. Independent multi-link rear suspension setup
4224-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently
4312-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand
4400-648: The Saudi Arabian market it is offered in three trim levels LE, XLE and LTD, and the Bahrain market it is offered in a single trim. The Corolla Cross for the Burmese market was launched on 4 September 2020 and is only offered in 1.8 V petrol model. The 1.8 V trim is equipped with Toyota Safety Sense. The Corolla Cross was initially launched in Pakistan in April 2021 as an imported model and was offered in three trim levels. However,
4488-654: The United States and Canada, and in LE trim in Mexico, with an all-wheel drive system available as an option in former two markets. The hybrid model with standard all-wheel drive was unveiled on 1 June 2022 for the 2023 model year. Powered by a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS hybrid petrol engine, it is offered in S, SE, and XSE trim levels in the United States, and in SE and XSE trim levels in Canada. The S, SE, and XSE trim levels are newly introduced for
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#17328686994754576-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which
4664-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there
4752-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure
4840-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had
4928-518: The introduction of the hybrid model. The hybrid version was launched on 14 January 2022. Deliveries for all CKD models started in early 2022. The GR Sport trim (based on 1.8 V trim) was introduced on 17 February 2023. The Corolla Cross for the GCC markets was launched on 15 March 2021. It is powered by a 1.8-litre hybrid engine paired with CVT transmission. In the UAE market it is offered in two trim levels XL and GLI,
5016-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,
5104-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system
5192-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of
5280-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,
5368-417: The local production of the vehicle started in December 2023, making it Toyota's first hybrid electric vehicle to be assembled in Pakistan. The locally assembled vehicle was initially offered in two hybrid variants: the 1.8 HEV (MID) and the 1.8 HEV X (HIGH). Both variants come with the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FXE hybrid petrol engine. Later on, in March 2024, two petrol variants of the Corolla Cross were also launched:
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#17328686994755456-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by
5544-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with
5632-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,
5720-428: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as
5808-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning
5896-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )
5984-629: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this
6072-425: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This
6160-405: The styling with the European market Corolla Cross. trim levels offered are GX, GXL and Limited with either a 2.0-litre M20A-FKS petrol or a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS hybrid petrol engines. All-wheel drive option is available for hybrid models. The Corolla Cross H2 Concept is a Corolla Cross prototype fitted with a modified G16E-GTS engine to run with hydrogen fuel . The US market Corolla Cross
6248-801: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". FAW Toyota FAW Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. (FTMC) ( simplified Chinese : 一汽丰田汽车有限公司 ; traditional Chinese : 一汽豐田汽車有限公司 ; pinyin : Yīqì fēngtián qìchē yǒuxiàn gōngsī ), previously named Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. (TFTM) ( Chinese : 天津一汽丰田汽车有限公司 ),
6336-460: The trim levels offered are GX, GXL and Atmos with either a 2.0-litre M20A-FKS petrol or a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS hybrid petrol engines. All-wheel drive option is available for hybrid models. The Corolla Cross lineup in Australia became hybrid-only in July 2024. The Corolla Cross for New Zealand market went on sale on 13 October 2022. Like the Australian model, it is imported from Japan and also shares
6424-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,
6512-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of
6600-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It
6688-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending
6776-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or
6864-666: Was awarded the "Top Safety Pick+" by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in 2021. It received overall Good and Superior ratings on all categories except headlights, as only the XLE trim with Adaptive Front Lighting System received the Good rating while the other trims were rated Acceptable. The Corolla Cross was the 2022 South African Car of the Year . Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] )
6952-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular
7040-668: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,
7128-523: Was introduced in October 2022. The Corolla Cross received a facelift on 24 May 2024. The Standard trim was discontinued, leaving only the High and Hybrid trim levels. The Corolla Cross for the Chinese market is produced and marketed by FAW Toyota . Its twin model is produced by GAC Toyota and marketed as the Frontlander ( Chinese : 锋兰达 ; pinyin : Fēnglándá ). Both the Corolla Cross and Frontlander
7216-593: Was introduced to the Colombian market in May 2021. It is imported from Brazil and available in both petrol and hybrid versions. The facelifted model debuted in Colombia in May 2024 with the same variants. The Corolla Cross was launched in Mexico on 23 January 2023, available in LE and XLE trim levels, it is powered by a 2.0-litre M20A-FKS petrol engine. The Hybrid model powered by a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS hybrid petrol engine, based on
7304-524: Was launched on 14 September 2021. The Corolla Cross for the Thai market was launched on 9 July 2020. It was initially offered in 1.8 Sport, Hybrid Smart, Hybrid Premium and Hybrid Premium Safety trim levels. The Hybrid Premium Safety trim is equipped with Toyota Safety Sense . In September 2021, the Corolla Cross is given the Modellista accessories package on top of existing variants in Thailand. The GR Sport trim
7392-428: Was launched on 6 August 2020 and is offered in one petrol and hybrid models. Due to low sales, the conventional petrol model was no longer distributed to the dealers since August 2021. The hybrid GR Sport trim was introduced on 16 February 2023. The Japanese market Corolla Cross was unveiled on 14 September 2021, with a differentiated front fascia from the global model (later shared with the Chinese market Frontlander and
7480-515: Was launched on 6 May 2024 with two variants available: V and HEV. The Corolla Cross went on sale in 2022 to compete in the C-segment SUV space. Built in Japan, the European market Corolla Cross is powered by a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS hybrid petrol engine with a combined output of 146 kW (196 hp; 199 PS). An all-wheel drive model (AWD-i) is available with an additional rear electric motor producing 30.6 kW (41 hp; 42 PS). It
7568-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )
7656-587: Was released in November 2021 with a redesigned front fascia. The base Sport trim was replaced by Sport Plus trim in late November 2022. The facelifted Corolla Cross was launched in Thailand on 8 February 2024, with four variants: Sport Plus, HEV Premium, HEV Premium Luxury and HEV GR Sport. The Corolla Cross for the Vietnamese market was launched on 5 August 2020. It is offered in 1.8 G, 1.8 V and 1.8 Hybrid trim levels. The 1.8 V and 1.8 Hybrid trim levels are equipped with Toyota Safety Sense. The facelifted Corolla Cross
7744-513: Was unveiled at the Guangzhou Auto Show in November 2021. The Frontlander adopts the Japanese model's front and rear styling. The Frontlander is powered with a 2.0-litre M20C-FKS engine, while the Corolla Cross is powered with a M20E-FKS unit. It is positioned as the entry-level SUV of Toyota in the market with a lower pricing compared to the C-HR/IZOA . The Indonesian market Corolla Cross
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