The AE86 series of the Toyota Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno are small, front-engine/rear-wheel-drive models within the front-engine/front-wheel-drive fifth generation Corolla (E80) range—marketed by Toyota from 1983 to 1987 in coupé and liftback configurations.
95-442: Lending themselves to racing, the cars were light, affordable, easily modifiable and had a five-speed manual transmission, a limited slip differential (optional), MacPherson strut front suspension, high revving (7800 rpm), twin-cam engine with oil cooler (e.g., in the US), near 50/50 front/rear weight balance, and importantly, a front-engine/rear-drive layout—at a time when this configuration
190-516: A Grand Prix racing car for the Auto Union company. The high power of the design caused one of the rear wheels to experience excessive wheel spin at any speed up to 160 km/h (100 mph). In 1935, Porsche commissioned the engineering firm ZF to design a limited-slip differential to improve performance. The ZF "sliding pins and cams" became available, and one example was the Type B-70 used during
285-403: A case with a standard differential, the slipping or non-contacting wheel will receive the majority of the power (in the form of low-torque, high-rpm rotation), while the contacting wheel will remain stationary with respect to the ground. The torque transmitted by an open differential will always be equal at both wheels; if one tire is on a slippery surface, the supplied torque will easily overcome
380-578: A clutch-type limited-slip differential under the Twin Traction trademark, promoting it as an aid for driving in severe winter weather. In 1957, General Motors (GM) introduced a competing system for Chevrolet branded vehicles under the Positraction name. Within a few years, other American automotive brands introduced similar systems under a variety of names, including Safe-T-Track for GM's Pontiac brand and Anti Spin for its Oldsmobile brand, while
475-426: A cylindrical chamber of fluid filled with a stack of perforated discs rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts. The inside surface of the chamber is coupled to one of the driveshafts, and the outside coupled to the differential carrier. Half of the discs are connected to the inner, the other half to the outer, alternating inner/outer in the stack. Differential motion forces the interleaved discs to move through
570-467: A game of shogi against professional players. In June 2020, DENSO announced the opening of its "Electrification Innovation Center" at its plant in Anjō . The facility will support the company's development of products and technologies for electric and hybrid vehicles. In 2014, DENSO's global sales were distributed as follows: DENSO is a global company focused on advanced mobility that positively changes how
665-571: A limited edition model of the AE86 as the "Black Limited" model. It was advertised as a limited-production model with only 400 units, and was based on the Kouki Sprinter Trueno GT-APEX 3-door liftback. The AE86 was available with a naturally aspirated 4A-GE 1,587 cc (1.6 L; 96.8 cu in) inline-four engine , a DOHC four-valve-per-cylinder motor, in Japan and Europe, which
760-769: A member of the Japan Robot Association , and support the ORiN standard. QR Code® is a two-dimensional code developed by DENSO WAVE in 1994. QR stands for Quick Response and refers to the extremely fast decoding of information. Originally developed for marking assemblies and components for logistics in the automotive production of the Toyota Groups . Denso International America is the American subsidiary of Denso. In 1970, DENSO Corporation decided to expand overseas from Kariya, Japan, to North America . DENSO Sales California, Inc.,
855-428: A more complex torque-split and should be considered in the case when the outputs are spinning the same speed and when spinning at different speeds. The torque difference between the two axles is called Trq d . (In this work it is called Trq f for torque friction ). Trq d is the difference in torque delivered to the left and right wheel. The magnitude of Trq d comes from the slip-limiting mechanism in
950-463: A much more sporty and pronounced lip, molded door panels, tachometer redline at 7500 rpm, leather-wrapped steering wheel, seats with leather-wrapped tops (front seats are completely different from Sport SR5), optional LSD, and aluminium wheels. The VIN of the GT-S is AE88 (for North American market cars), however the chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The Sport GT-S can also be identified by
1045-415: A resisting torque between either the two outputs, or the outputs and the differential housing. There are many mechanisms used to create this resisting torque. Types of limited-slip differential typically are named from the type of the resisting mechanism. Examples include viscous and clutch-based LSDs. The amount of limiting torque provided by these mechanisms varies by design. A limited-slip differential has
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#17330929848671140-788: A service center in Cedar Falls, Iowa . This was opened due to an agricultural parts contract with John Deere that included starter motors and meters. DENSO International America employs over 17,000 people at 38 locations between North, Central, and South America. At year end, on March 31, 2008, combined sales totaled $ 8.3 billion for all American locations. As Denso is a part of the Toyota Group, it also assists Toyota in participating and developing their cars for different motorsports categories. Denso manufactures customised electronics and different auto-parts specifically for Toyota-Lexus motorsports development divisions Toyota Racing Development and
1235-504: A spaceframe Trueno in the JGTC for the GT300 regulations in 1999. The Trueno used a Dallara F3 chassis and was powered with a 3S-GTE engine that came from a SW20 MR2 Turbo that produces about 300 hp (224 kW). Despite being popular with the fans, the car had minor success and was abandoned from use halfway through the 2001 season when the AE86 burst into flames during the third round of
1330-595: A tilting steering column, rear defrost, air-conditioning, manual windows, and interior illumination dimming. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models. Options for this model include (but not limited to): limited slip differential (LSD), cruise control, power windows, power sunroof, digital instrument cluster, automatic air-conditioning, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), optional alloy wheels, Alpine sound system, fog lights on
1425-467: A traditional limited-slip differential. The systems harness various chassis sensors such as speed sensors, anti-lock braking system (ABS) sensors, accelerometers , and microcomputers to electronically monitor wheel slip and vehicle motion. When the chassis control system determines a wheel is slipping, the computer applies the brakes to that wheel. A significant difference between the limited-slip differential systems listed above and this brake-based system,
1520-413: A variety of motorsports categories which include NASCAR , Formula One (from 2002-2009), World Rally Championship , and World Endurance Championship . The Toyota TS030 Hybrid , using a Denso kinetic energy recovery system , finished second in the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans . Denso products are also used in many local Japanese motorsports, including Super Formula and Super GT . On January 30, 2012,
1615-534: Is statically indeterminate but is in the range of ½ Trq in ±( ½ Trq d ) . Several types of LSD are commonly used in passenger cars. In this differential the maximum torque difference between the two outputs, Trq d , is a fixed value at all times regardless of torque input to the differential or speed difference between the two outputs. Typically this differential used spring-loaded clutch assemblies. These limited-slip differentials use helical gears, clutches or cones (an alternative type of clutch) where
1710-625: Is a blend word of the Japanese terms for "electricity" ( 電気 , denki ) and "device" ( 装置 , sōchi ) . The company develops and manufactures various auto parts, including gasoline and diesel engine components, hybrid vehicle components, climate control systems, instrument clusters, airbag systems, pre-crash radar systems, and spark plugs . DENSO also develops and manufactures non-automotive components, such as household heating equipment and industrial robots. A Denso industrial robot gained wide public attention in Japan when it conducted
1805-518: Is a completely separate design from the most common beveled spider gear designs seen in most automotive applications. As torque is applied to the gears, they are pushed against the walls of the differential housing, creating friction. The friction resists the relative movement of the outputs and creates the limiting torque Trq d . Unlike other friction-based LSD designs that combine a common spider gear "open" differential in combination with spring-loaded friction components that inhibit differentiation,
1900-448: Is a significant speed difference between the right and left wheel, and internal damping to avoid hysteresis . The newest gerotor pump based system has computer regulated output for more versatility and no oscillation. An electronic limited-slip differential will typically have a planetary or bevel gear set similar to that of an open differential and a clutch pack similar to that in a torque sensitive or gerotor pump based differential. In
1995-449: Is applied in the opposite direction it behaves like an open differential. In the case of a FWD car it is argued to be safer than a 2-way differential. The argument is if there is no additional coupling on over run, i.e. a 1-way LSD as soon as the driver lifts the throttle, the LSD unlocks and behaves somewhat like a conventional open differential. This is also the best for FWD cars, as it allows
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#17330929848672090-421: Is designed to function in this manner, which was promoted to provide a different benefit: if one rear drive wheel momentarily leaves the ground when it hits a bump with the differential under load, the airborne wheel will not spin freely and cause the vehicle to break traction when the spinning wheel touches the ground again. A 1-way differential will provide its limiting action in only one direction. When torque
2185-550: Is far less than is required to move the vehicle. Meanwhile, the tire on the slippery surface will simply spin, absorbing all of the actual power output (which is a function of torque provided over the course of revolutions), even though both wheels are provided the same (very low) amount of torque. In this situation, a limited-slip differential prevents excessive power from being allocated to one wheel, and so keeps both wheels in powered rotation. The advantages of LSD in high-power, rear-wheel drive automobiles were demonstrated during
2280-419: Is held stationary by being mounted to the vehicle frame). This coined the terms "one wheel peel" or "one tire fire". As such, "Muscle-Cars" with LSD or "posi" (positraction) had a distinct advantage to their wheel-spinning counterparts. Mechanical limited-slip differentials are considered essential to perform a proper drift . Both limited-slip differentials and open differentials have a gear train that allows
2375-459: Is that brake-based systems do not inherently send the greater torque to the slower wheel, plus the added brake friction material wear that results from the use of such a system if the vehicle is driven in an environment where the brake-based system will activate on a regular basis. BMW 's electronic limited-slip differential used on the F10 5 Series is an example of such a system. Another example began on
2470-710: Is the Porsche PSD system used on the Porsche 928 . An additional example is the SAAB XWD ( Haldex Generation 4) with eLSD, which uses a common (electronically controlled via the vehicle computer network) hydraulic power pack to control both the longitudinal and transversal torque transfer of the XWD system. The same Haldex system is used on several other GM Epsilon based vehicles such as the Cadillac SRX etc. These systems are alternatives to
2565-504: Is the lowest level of the AE86, serving as the base model of the AE86. They were mainly sold as vehicles aimed at competitive use. It was only offered in the 2-door body style and came in both Levin and Trueno versions. It used the interior of the AE85 SE, with a basic two-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, basic seats, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on the exterior, and had steel wheels with basic disk brakes on
2660-554: The Initial D anime and manga. The main character, Takumi Fujiwara, uses his father's AE86 Trueno GT-APEX liftback for racing and making his tofu deliveries. Takumi's friend, Itsuki Takeuchi, drives an AE85 Levin SR liftback. Throughout the series, two of Takumi's opponents drive AE86s: Wataru Akiyama, who drives a turbocharged (later supercharged) AE86 Levin GT-APEX liftback, and Shinji Inui, who drives
2755-521: The Ford Motor Company introduced Traction-Lok for Ford vehicles and Directed Power for its Lincoln cars. Chrysler purchased Power-Lok units from Dana Incorporated and Spin-Resistant units from Borg-Warner , marketing both under the Sure-Grip name on Chrysler, Dodge , and Plymouth vehicles. Limited-slip differentials became very popular and sought after during the muscle car era in
2850-499: The US Justice Department announced after two years of investigation that it had discovered part of a massive price fixing scheme in which Denso and Yazaki played a significant role. The conspiracy, which fixed prices and allocated components to such car manufacturers as Toyota and Honda , extended from Michigan to Japan, where it was also under investigation. Denso agreed to pay a fine of $ 78 million. In August 2020,
2945-410: The getaway car was a 1963 Pontiac Tempest , which did offer an optional Safe-T-Track (Pontiac's version of Positraction) limited-slip differential. Denso DENSO Corporation ( 株式会社デンソー , Kabushiki-Gaisha Densō ) is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya , Aichi Prefecture , Japan. After becoming independent from Toyota Motor , the company
Toyota AE86 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3040-483: The "Q" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate. Lower-spec American AE86 models such as the Sport SR5 used the 1,587 cc (1.6 L) 4A-C SOHC unit, The S-series rear end was a 6.38" non-LSD with drum brakes . The SR5 model also had a softer suspension, and small styling and interior changes such as seats, gauge cluster, door panels, un-painted matte black front and rear bumpers,
3135-492: The 1960s and 1970s. Despite the myriad marketing names used by competing brands, the popularity of Chevrolet vehicles resulted in Positraction becoming a generic trademark in the U.S. for limited-slip differentials generally. The main advantage of a limited-slip differential is demonstrated by considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in off-roading or snow situations where one wheel begins to slip. In such
3230-471: The 1992 film My Cousin Vinny , the proof of innocence of two young men falsely accused of murder relies heavily on a photograph of tire marks made by a car which has a limited-slip differential, which (as Marisa Tomei 's character famously declares in an Oscar -winning performance) "was not available on the '64 Buick Skylark ," the car driven by the defendants. She argues that the evidence proves, rather, that
3325-606: The 3-door liftback style. The Middle East received the same basic model as the North American market, with Trueno pop-up headlights, Levin taillights, and the regulated 5 mph (8 km/h) bumpers . The lightest AE86 is the Japanese 2 door GT model which weighs about 900 kg (1,984 lb). It has the same exterior as the GT-V trim, but with the interior of the AE85 with the exception of
3420-649: The 5-speed manual, however the GT-S model (with the 4A-GE DOHC engine) only came with a standard 5-speed manual gearbox . One of the staff who was behind the car's engineering work was Nobuaki Katayama , who would later head the company's motorsport department and who would become chief engineer of the Altezza project a decade later. He has a photo of an AE86 hung in his office. The Levin and Trueno featured fixed-headlights and retractable headlights respectively, with both available as hatchback or coupé. The export model name Corolla applies to both variations. The AE86 (along with
3515-514: The AE86 "a cult icon, inextricably interwoven with the earliest days of drifting." The AE86 would go on to inspire the Toyota 86 (2012–present), a 2+2 sports car jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru , manufactured by Subaru—and marketed also as the Toyota GT86, Toyota FT86, Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ. In November 2021, Toyota temporarily restarted the production of a limited number of parts for
3610-448: The AE86 and AW11 were also equipped with Denso electronic port fuel injection and T-VIS variable intake geometry. In North America, a modified 4A-GEC engine was used to comply with California emissions regulations. Power was rated at 112 hp (114 PS; 84 kW) and 100 lb⋅ft (136 N⋅m) of torque. The AE86 used ventilated disc brakes . The car was equipped with a MacPherson strut style independent suspension at
3705-539: The AE86, with dealers beginning to take orders for new steering knuckle arms and rear brake calipers . Rear axle half shafts have also been scheduled for new production. Toyota has also announced that this reboot is temporary, and parts will only be available as long as stocks last. The nameplate Trueno derives from the Spanish word for thunder , and Levin derives from the Middle English for lightning . In Japan,
3800-623: The European motorsports facility of the company Toyota Gazoo Racing previously named Toyota Motorsports GmbH located in Germany. Denso plays a vital role as an OEM by specifically engineering auto-parts and electronics for Toyota in motorsports which mainly include spark plugs, starter motors, fuel pumps , alternators , Engine Control Module (ECM) computer systems, engine & transmission sensors and many other high-performance automotive and motor racing equipments and accessories for Toyota to compete in
3895-646: The GT-APEX only, as all other models (including export models such as the SR5 and GT-S) had blue-tinted glass instead). It has power mirrors, adjustable interval windshield wipers, and a rear windshield wiper on liftback models. A special thermostatic flip-up grille was also available as an option on the Levin for the Zenki models. On the interior, they have the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, sport seats, power steering,
Toyota AE86 - Misplaced Pages Continue
3990-668: The Japan-only AE85 ), but its chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The base-model DX can also be identified with the "D" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate. Models equipped with the 4A-GE engine received a 6.7 in (170 mm) T-series rear differential, while 3A-U (only offered on the AE85), 4A-U and 4A-C models received a smaller, weaker, 6.38 in (162 mm) S-series rear differential. The AE86 DX and SR5 (4A-C equipped) had an optional 4-speed automatic transmission alongside
4085-522: The Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant, or the Takaoka plant . Over 360,000 AE86s are estimated to have been built in total. AE86s built at the (now-closed) Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant came with a "5" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "M21" and "M22". Only 28% of AE86s were produced at this plant, all of them being made for Japan with no export models being made. AE86s built at
4180-453: The Levin (Kouki models only), mudflaps, and rear hatch visor and quarter window billboards. This trim level is the upmarket lightweight-sports grade level of the AE86, coming in both Levin and Trueno versions. It was only offered in the 3-door body style. It features the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, sport seats, illumination dimming, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on
4275-634: The Levin and Trueno now have halogen lamps as standard. The seats on the GT-V and GT-APEX models have also been redesigned. They are the main differences for both AE85/86 Levin and Trueno coupé and liftback models. In Japan, the DOHC 4A-GEU AE86 was offered in GT, GT-V and GT-APEX trims as the Corolla Levin or Sprinter Trueno. In North America, the top-spec DOHC 4A-GEC was sold as the Corolla Sport GT-S (with AE86 on
4370-657: The Manufacturers Championship with 267 points, surpassing the 1986 Drivers Championship Schnitzer Motorsport BMW M6. In 1986 and 1987 Chris Hodgetts won the British Touring Car Championship ( BTCC ), beating the V8 Rover SD1 's, Ford Sierra Cosworth's and BMW 3 Series (E30) M3's two years running for an overall points victory driving an AE86 for Toyota (GB) PLC and his own race prep team CHMS. The semi-factory supported Kraft team entered
4465-466: The SR5. While being near-identical to the SR5, the DX lacks many of the options and features that were present on the SR5 and GT-S, such as a smaller center console, no rear sway bars, no air-conditioning, and a very basic interior. The DX was an internal Toyota designation and was absent in advertising and brochures, hence it was more uncommon than the SR5 and GT-S. The VIN of the DX is AE85 (not to be confused with
4560-509: The Second World War in the military VWs ( Kübelwagen and Schwimmwagen ), although technically this was not a limited-slip differential, but a system composed of two freewheels , which sent the whole of the engine power to the slower-turning of the two wheels. Limited-slip differentials were widely introduced by U.S. automakers in the late 1950s and were marketed under a wide variety of trademarked names. In early 1956, Packard introduced
4655-597: The Sprinter Trueno was exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships called Toyota Auto Store , while the Corolla Levin was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store . The name AE86 derives from Toyota's internal code during the car's development, designating the 1600 cc RWD model from the fifth generation of the Corolla. In Toyota's code language, the "A" designates the car's engine (4A series), "E" designates Corolla, "8" designates fifth generation ( E80 series ) and "6" designates
4750-598: The Takaoka plant came with a "0" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "A54" and "A52". The majority of AE86s were produced at this plant (including exported AE86 models), as it was the original plant where the Toyota Corolla and Sprinter are manufactured. Limited slip differential A limited-slip differential ( LSD ) is a type of differential gear train that allows its two output shafts to rotate at different speeds but limits
4845-772: The UK due to local shortages. The AE86 is also popular for rally use in Finland, where the cars can be competitive in the F-Cup competition for naturally aspirated 2WD cars. The AE86 was entered in the European Touring Car Championship from 1984 to 1988 with a 150 hp (112 kW) 4A-GEU engine. In 1986 it beat the BMW M6 , BMW 325i (E30) , Rover Vitesse , Volvo 240 Turbo , Merkur XR4Ti , Mazda 929 , Holden Commodore (VK) , Alfa Romeo 75 (turbo V6) , and Mercedes 190E 2.3-16 to win
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#17330929848674940-475: The United States "Muscle-Car" era from the mid 1960s through the early 1970s. Cars of this era normally were rear-wheel drive and did not feature independent suspension for the rear tires (but instead used a live axle ). With a live axle, when high torque is applied through the differential, the traction on the right rear tire is lower as the axle naturally wants to turn with the torsion of the drive shaft (but
5035-421: The available traction at a very low number. For example, the right tire might begin to spin as soon as 70 N⋅m (50 lb⋅ft) of torque is placed on it, since it is on an icy surface. Since the same amount of torque is always felt at both wheels, regardless of the speed at which they are turning, this means that the wheel with traction cannot receive more than 70 N⋅m (50 lb⋅ft) of torque either, which
5130-643: The build plate in the engine bay but AE88 in the VIN), with the SOHC 4A-C being sold as the Corolla Sport DX and SR5 (with AE85 on the VIN but AE86 on the build plate in the engine bay in the DX and AE86 on the build plate and in the VIN in the SR5). Both versions were sold with Trueno pop-up headlights and Levin taillights, and had longer, heavier 5 mph (8 km/h) regulated bumpers in
5225-424: The car either dominated the lower category where eligible or fought it out with Honda Civics or the later AE92s and AE101s whilst maintaining its competitiveness. In Ireland, where rallying is considered one of the most popular forms of motorsport, as organizing regulations are more relaxed compared to that of other countries, the AE86 was popular when new, and remains so popular that teams will purchase cars from
5320-468: The car is a mainstay of drift shows and competitions. Japanese drifters like Katsuhiro Ueo, Toshiki Yoshioka, Yoichi Imamura, Koichi Yamashita , Hiroshi Takahashi, Tetsuya Hibino, and Wataru Hayashi were also involved in making the AE86 famous in the drift scene. AE86s around the world have been extensively modified for use in professional drifting. The AE86 is considered as an iconic cultural symbol in Japanese popular culture following its inclusion in
5415-572: The car to turn in on throttle release, instead of ploughing forward. A 1.5-way differential refers to one where the forward and reverse limiting torques, Trq d_fwd, d_rev , are different but neither is zero as in the case of the 1-way LSD. This type of differential is common in racing cars where a strong limiting torque can aid stability under engine braking. Geared, torque-sensitive mechanical limited-slip differentials use worm gears and spur gears to distribute and differentiate input power between two drive wheels or front and back axles. This
5510-509: The chassis code do not match for all models. While in production, the AE86 was a popular choice for showroom stock, Group A , and Group N racing, especially in rallying and circuit races. After production ended, many private teams continued to race the AE86, and it remains a popular choice for rallying and club races today. Part of the continued appeal of the AE86 for motorsports is its rear-drive configuration, not available in most newer lightweight coupes. In Group A touring car races ,
5605-525: The corners suited the AE86 best, especially on the downhill. Among those who utilized this car was Japanese racing legend Keiichi Tsuchiya also known as the Drift King ("Dori-Kin" in Japanese). Keiichi Tsuchiya helped popularize the sport of drifting , which involves taking a car on a set of controlled slides through corners. The AE86's FR configuration made it well suited to this kind of cornering, and currently
5700-529: The coupling is proportional to the input torque. With no load, the coupling is reduced to the static coupling. The behavior on over run (particularly sudden throttle release) determines whether the LSD is 1 way, 1.5 way, or 2 way. A 2-way differential will have the same limiting torque Trq d in both the forward and reverse directions. This means the differential will provide some level of limiting action under engine braking. The early Packard Twin Traction unit
5795-406: The differential and may be a function of input torque (as in the case of a gear differential), or the difference in the output speeds (as in the case of a viscous differential). The torque delivered to the outputs is: When traveling in a straight line, where one wheel starts to slip (and spin faster than the wheel with traction), torque is reduced to the slipping wheel ( Trq 2 ) and provided to
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#17330929848675890-565: The differential center, internal pressure rings (adjoining the clutch stack) are forced sideways by the pinion cross shaft trying to climb the ramp, which compresses the clutch stack. The more the clutch stack is compressed, the more coupled the wheels are. The mating of the vertical ramp (80–85° in practice to avoid chipping) surfaces in a one-way LSD on overrun produces no cam effect or corresponding clutch stack compression. Broadly speaking, there are three input torque states: load, no load, and over run. During load conditions, as previously stated,
5985-455: The differential. This is not serviceable; when the differential's behavior deteriorates, the VLSD center must be replaced. This style limited-slip differential works by using a gerotor pump to hydraulically compress a clutch to transfer torque to the wheel that is rotating slower. The gerotor pump uses the differential carrier or cage to drive the outer rotor of the pump and one axle shaft to drive
6080-447: The drive wheels are minimally coupled. The amount of preload (hence static coupling) on the clutches or cones is affected by the general condition (wear) and by how tightly they are loaded. The clutch type has a stack of thin clutch-discs, half of which are coupled to one of the drive shafts, the other half of which are coupled to the spider gear carrier. The clutch stacks may be present on both drive shafts, or on only one. If on only one,
6175-528: The electronic unit the clamping force on the clutch is controlled externally by a computer or other controller. This allows the control of the differential’s limiting torque, Trq d , to be controlled as part of a total chassis management system. An example of this type of differential is Subaru’s DCCD used in the Subaru WRX STi. The Jeep Quadra-Drive II four-wheel-drive system produced beginning in 2005 utilizes this type of differential. Another example
6270-593: The engagement force of the gears or clutch is a function of the input torque applied to the differential (as the engine applies more torque the gears or clutches grip harder and Trq d increases). Torque sensing LSDs respond to driveshaft torque, so that the more driveshaft input torque present, the harder the clutches, cones or gears are pressed together, and thus the more closely the drive wheels are coupled to each other. Some include spring loading to provide some small torque so that with little or no input torque (trailing throttle/gearbox in neutral/main clutch depressed)
6365-535: The exterior, and had steel wheels with disk brakes on the front and rear. Side door decals denoting "GT-V Twin Cam 16" were added, exclusive to this model. A five-speed manual transmission is standard. Options include (but not limited to): two-tone paint colors, air-conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, rear wipers, limited slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps and body-colored bumpers. This trim level
6460-426: The first year (1992) production of the re-styled, and new 4.6L V-8 overhead cam Ford Crown Victoria model with its optional anti-lock brakes. This option was available on the 1992 Crown Victoria, onward; on those cars equipped with anti-lock brakes. In The Beach Boys ' song " 409 ", the lyrics mention the presence of a limited-slip differential: "...My four-speed, dual-quad, Positraction 4-0-9 (4-0-9, 4-0-9)." In
6555-431: The fluid against each other. In some viscous couplings when speed is maintained the fluid will accumulate heat due to friction. This heat will cause the fluid to expand, and expand the coupler causing the discs to be pulled together resulting in a non-viscous plate to plate friction and a dramatic drop in speed difference. This is known as the hump phenomenon and it allows the side of the coupler to gently lock. In contrast to
6650-493: The front and a four-link live axle with coil springs for the rear as well as stabilizer bars , front and rear, and an optional LSD . The AE86 came with a 5-speed manual gearbox , and later came with the option of an automatic. Higher-spec American AE86 models known as the Sport GT-S featured the DOHC 4A-GEC engine, four-wheel disc brakes, had a T-series 6.7" differential, color-matched bumpers, front lower bumper surround with
6745-463: The front and drum brakes on the rear. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models. Options include (but not limited to): air-conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, limited slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps, automatic transmission (Kouki models only), and rear defrost. These models were
6840-588: The front and rear. Euro-spec models were sold as the Corolla GT, Corolla GT Coupe, and Corolla GT-i, with DOHC engines and fixed Levin-style headlights. Australian models were sold as the Toyota Sprinter, with SOHC engines and also had fixed Levin headlights but with Trueno taillights as the taillights had the word "Sprinter" on them. New Zealand received a limited number of AE86s with DOHC 4A-GE engines, again with fixed Levin headlights. These AE86s were only offered in
6935-497: The gauges, and is equipped with rear drum brakes. There are three types of the Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno for the Japanese market: GT, GT-V, and GT-APEX. Note that all AE86 models produced in Japan featured the 1.6 L 4A-GEU engine. This trim level is the highest level of the AE86, offered in both 2-door and 3-door body styles and coming in both Levin and Trueno versions. On the exterior, three two-tone paint colors are available, and had brown-tinted glass (a feature unique to
7030-405: The inner rotor. When there is a difference between the left and right wheels' speed, the pump pressurizes the hydraulic fluid causing the clutch to compress, thereby causing the torque to be transferred to the wheel that is rotating slower. These pump-based systems have lower and upper limits on applied pressure which allows the differential to work like a conventional or open differential until there
7125-444: The lightest out of any AE86 models, weighing in at about 900 kg (1,984 lb). There are three types of Corolla Sport RWD for the US market: DX, SR5, and GT-S. Although the DX was generally an internal Toyota designation, as brochures and advertising do not include the DX designation; it consisted of a lower trim level, lighter duty suspension parts and the like. Note that the VIN and
7220-459: The lower part of the front bumper surround is shorter and flat, and its VIN differs as well, being AE86 for the SR5 model (for North American market cars). The Sport SR5 can also be identified by the "X" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate. Another lower-spec American AE86 model was the base-model DX, which had the same 1,587 cc (1.6 L) 4A-C SOHC unit and 6.38" non-LSD rear end with drum brakes as
7315-637: The lower spec 1,452 cc (1.5 L; 88.6 cu in) AE85 and 1,587 cc (1.6 L; 96.8 cu in) SR5 and DX versions) was rear wheel drive , built on the rear wheel drive E70 Corolla platform (same wheelbase length, interchangeable parts, etc.), unlike the front wheel drive E80 models in the same range. Minor bodywork changes were made in May 1985, which resulted in different taillights, updated bumpers with wrap-around front indicators, corner and headlight trim lights, interior, and grilles. New paint colors have been shuffled around as well. Both
7410-462: The maximum difference between the two shafts. Limited-slip differentials are often known by the generic trademark Positraction , a brand name owned by General Motors and originally used for its Chevrolet branded vehicles. In an automobile, such limited-slip differentials are sometimes used in place of a standard differential, where they convey certain dynamic advantages, at the expense of greater complexity. In 1932, Ferdinand Porsche designed
7505-530: The mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, and so is easier to cope with for the average driver. New Process Gear used a viscous coupling of the Ferguson style in several of their transfer cases including those used in the AMC Eagle . Viscous LSDs are less efficient than mechanical types, that is, they "lose" some power. In particular, any sustained load which overheats
7600-474: The notchback coupé version of the GT-APEX AE86 Trueno. The AE86 is also a playable vehicle in the Initial D Arcade Stage series. The popularity of Initial D is cited as the main cause of the car's high resale price, which is often referred to as "Takumi tax" or "Tofu tax", after the main character and his tofu delivery occupation respectively. The Toyota AE86 (as well as the AE85) was built in either
7695-419: The output shafts to spin at different speeds while holding the sum of their speeds proportional to that of the input shaft. Automotive limited-slip differentials have some type of mechanism that applies a torque (internal to the differential) that resists the relative motion of the output shafts. In simple terms, this means they have some mechanism which resists a speed difference between the outputs, by creating
7790-411: The ramps are symmetrical, the LSD is 2 way. If they are saw toothed (i.e. one side of the ramp is vertical), the LSD is 1 way. If both sides are sloped, but are asymmetric, the LSD is 1.5 way. An alternative is to use the natural separation force of the gear teeth to load the clutch. An example is the center differential of the 2011 Audi Quattro RS 5. As the input torque of the driveshaft tries to turn
7885-480: The remaining drive shaft is linked to the clutched drive shaft through the spider gears. In a cone type the clutches are replaced by a pair of cones which are pressed together achieving the same effect. One method for creating the clamping force is the use of a cam-ramp assembly such as used in a Salisbury/ramp style LSD. The spider gears mount on the pinion cross shaft which rests in angled cutouts forming cammed ramps. The cammed ramps are not necessarily symmetrical. If
7980-441: The season at Sugo . Kraft subsequently replaced it with the newly-delivered Toyota MR-S . The rear wheel drive configuration, combined with the AE86's light weight (approximately 2300 lb (950–970 kg) curb weight), balance and relatively powerful (and easy to tune) 4A-GEU engine made it popular among the Japanese hashiriya (street racers in Japanese), many of whom raced in touge (mountain passes in Japanese) where
8075-405: The silicone results in sudden permanent loss of the differential effect. They do have the virtue of failing gracefully, reverting to semi-open differential behavior. Typically a visco-differential that has covered 60,000 miles (97,000 km) or more will be functioning largely as an open differential. The silicone oil is factory sealed in a separate chamber from the gear oil surrounding the rest of
8170-421: The slower wheel ( Trq 1 ). In the case when the vehicle is turning and neither wheel is slipping, the inside wheel will be turning slower than the outside wheel. In this case the inside wheel will receive more torque than the outside wheel, which can result in understeer. When both wheels are spinning at the same speed, the torque distribution to each wheel is: This means the maximum torque to either wheel
8265-415: The torque bias sensing design is inherent in its design, not as an add-on, but is still an LSD type. The result is a differential that does not bind up like some LSD types and locking ones, but still gives increased power delivery under many road conditions. Examples include: Speed-sensitive differentials limit the torque difference between the outputs, Trq d , based on the difference in speed between
8360-454: The two output shafts. Thus for small output speed differences the differential’s behavior may be very close to an open differential. As the speed difference increases, the limiting torque increases. This results in different dynamic behavior as compared to a torque sensitive differential. The viscous type is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high viscosity . Silicone -based oils are often used. Here,
8455-440: The variant within this generation. The AE86 is also called the "Hachi-Roku ( ハチロク ) ", Japanese for "eight-six". Similarly the AE85 was commonly called "Hachi-Go ( ハチゴー ) ", meaning "eight-five". Bracketing a minor external facelift, models marketed between 1983 and 1985 are called " zenki " (前期, lit. 'early period'), and those marketed from 1986 to 1987 are called " kouki " (後期, lit. 'latter period'). In 1986, Toyota marketed
8550-400: The world moves and contributes to greater well-being. As a Fortune Global 500s company, DENSO has a broad product portfolio and widespread global impact. DENSO Wave is a subsidiary that produces automatic identification products ( barcode readers and related products), industrial robots , and programmable logic controllers . They are noted for creating the two-dimensional QR code , are
8645-505: Was also used in the first-generation MR2 G Limited (AW11) , Corona GT (AT141) , Celica 1600GT-R (AA63) and Carina 1600GTR (AA63) (Japan only) with a compression ratio of 9.4:1. It had a maximum SAE gross power output of 130 PS (128 hp; 96 kW) at 6,600 rpm and 110 lb⋅ft (149 N⋅m) at 5,200 rpm of torque in standard form, though it was later down-rated to 120 PS (118 hp; 88 kW) and 105 lb⋅ft (142 N⋅m) in net output. The 4A-GE engines used in
8740-470: Was founded as Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. ( 日本電装株式会社 , Nippon Densō Kabushiki-Gaisha ) in 1949. About 25% of the company is owned by Toyota. Despite being a part of the Toyota Group of companies, as of the year ending March 2016, sales to the Toyota Group accounted for less than 50% of total revenue (44% of revenue originated from other car manufacturers in Japan, Germany, the U.S. and China). In 2023, DENSO
8835-617: Was founded in Hawthorne, California , in March 1971. The company was staffed with only 12 associates, four of them being Americans. The objective of DENSO Sales California was to promote their air conditioner systems as options in Japanese-made vehicles. In May 1975, DENSO Corporation opened a sales division, Denso Sales, in Southfield, Michigan . In September 1975, DENSO International America opened
8930-706: Was the second largest auto parts supplier in the world. In 2022, DENSO was listed at #278 on the Fortune Global 500 list with a total revenue of $ 49.0 billion and 167,950 employees. As of 2021, DENSO consisted of 200 consolidated subsidiaries (64 in Japan , 23 in North America , 32 in Europe , 74 in Asia , and seven in Oceania and other regions). The name DENSO ( 電装 , densō )
9025-474: Was waning industry-wide. Widely popular for Showroom Stock , Group A , and Group N , Rally and Club racing, the cars' inherent qualities also earned the AE86 an early and enduring international prominence in the motorsport discipline of drifting . The AE86 was featured centrally in the popular, long-running Japanese manga and anime series titled Initial D (1995–2013)—as the main character's drift and tofu delivery car. In 2015, Road & Track called
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