A chief commissioner is a commissioner of high rank, usually in chief of several commissioners or similarly styled officers.
69-839: The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse was a royal commission announced in November 2012 and established in 2013 by the Australian government pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902 to inquire into and report upon responses by institutions to instances and allegations of child sexual abuse in Australia . The establishment of the commission followed revelations of child abusers being moved from place to place instead of their abuse and crimes being reported. There were also revelations that adults failed to try to stop further acts of child abuse. The commission examined
138-413: A commission of inquiry . Such an inquiry has considerable powers, typically equivalent or greater than those of a judge but restricted to the terms of reference for which it was created. These powers may include subpoenaing witnesses, notably video evidences, taking evidence under oath and requesting documents. The commission is created by the head of state (the sovereign, or their representative in
207-464: A 'commissioner'. The reason for this is, during Victoria's pre-federation history, there was more than one commissioner in the colony, one metropolitan and one for the goldfields, hence an additional degree of seniority was introduced. The office of chief commissioner has remained since. The island of Rodrigues which is part of the Republic of Mauritius has a chief commissioner since 12 October 2012 when
276-523: A boy had his arm dislocated during a beating by another Salvation Army officer. The Salvation Army banned the husband and wife whistleblowers from talking to other alleged victims of child abuse and dismissed them from their position as "house parents" at the Alkira home. When the whistleblowers complained to the Queensland Department of Children's Services, they were labelled troublemakers. The officer at
345-406: A consequence of the revelations, one Chabad institution's Committee of Management was to be replaced and to have its Board of Trustees disbanded. Witnesses noted that not only were victims of abuse not protected, but those who reported abuse to the rabbis were shunned as " moser s" who commit " mesirah ". The schools were accused of covering up multiple claims of sexual abuse at their institutions in
414-476: A few cases—compelling all government officials to aid in the execution of the commission. The results of royal commissions are published in reports, often massive, of findings containing policy recommendations. Due to the verbose nature of the titles of these formal documents they are commonly known by the name of the commission's chair. For example, the “Royal Commission into whether there has been corrupt or criminal conduct by any Western Australian Police Officer”
483-529: A number of regional centres across Australia. Because the Royal Commission felt it did not have the resources to investigate all of the thousands of allegations of abuse it was receiving, hearings were held with a focus on case studies of particular institutions. The Royal Commission's web site has an up-to-date list of case studies (49 as of 10 December 2016). In the Hunter region of New South Wales, it
552-513: A person to deliver documents to the commission at a specified place and time. A person served with a summons or a notice to produce documents must comply with that requirement, or face prosecution for an offence. The penalty for conviction upon such an offence is a fine of A$ 1,000 or six months imprisonment. A royal commission may authorise the Australian Federal Police to execute search warrants . The commissioners invited members of
621-549: A rabbi rather than the police is not doing so out of religious reasons but trying to "hush it up, to cover it up, to prevent the victim from finding redress. There is no doubt at all: Mesirah ['informing'] has no application whatsoever to instances of child sexual abuse. To use mesirah in this way is an abomination." Gutnick also lamented that there was no formal training for rabbis on how to handle reported abuse. Manny Waks , an advocate for victims, said, "Today, Rabbi Moshe Gutnick restored my faith in ultra-Orthodox Judaism. For
690-457: A systemic problem of sexual abuse in the Catholic Church is ill-founded and inconsistent with the facts", Cardinal George Pell stated that he hoped the royal commission would stop a "smear campaign" against the Catholic Church. During a press conference held on 13 November 2012, Cardinal Pell voiced his support for the royal commission and welcomed the opportunity to help victims and clear
759-456: Is also a rank used by Scouts Australia for the Adult Leader with operational control of Scouting in each State and Territory Branch. There is also a Chief Commissioner of Australia, a position which is more prestigious, although it carries less power. Also in the state of Victoria, the head of police force is, unlike all the other states and territories, a 'chief commissioner' – as opposed to
SECTION 10
#1733084510547828-698: Is known as a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry. Royal commissions are the highest form of inquiry on matters of public importance. A royal commission is formally established by the Governor-General on behalf of the Crown and on the advice of government Ministers. The government decides the terms of reference, provides the funding and appoints the commissioners, who are selected on the basis of their independence and qualifications. They are never serving politicians. Royal commissions are usually chaired by one or more notable figures. Because of their quasi-judicial powers
897-549: Is known as the Kennedy Royal Commission . While these reports are often quite influential, with the government enacting some or all recommendations into law, the work of some commissions have been almost completely ignored by the government. In other cases, where the commissioner has departed from the Warranted terms, the commission has been dissolved by a superior court. Chief commissioner In British India
966-469: The chief commissioner of Victoria Police , Ken Lay , in a submission to the parliamentary inquiry, recommended that some of the Roman Catholic Church's actions to hinder investigations (including dissuading victims from reporting to police, failing to engage with police and alerting suspects of allegations against them) be criminalised. By June 2012, there was community and academic pressure for
1035-491: The prime minister , Julia Gillard, announced that she would be recommending to the governor-general the creation of a royal commission. On 19 November 2012, federal attorney-general Nicola Roxon and the acting minister for families , Brendan O'Connor , released a consultation paper seeking input into the commission's scope of the terms of reference, how the Commonwealth and the states and territories would work together,
1104-468: The 'systems, policies and procedures' involving the school's response to the complaints since 1970, and the experiences of former students sexually abused by teaching staff. Four teachers from Knox had been convicted of sexual offences against Knox students. A former Knox teacher, a resident master at the schools boarding house in 1988, was summonsed to appear at the Commission, but failed to do so. A warrant
1173-462: The 1980s and 1990s, and of retaliating against whistleblowers and victims. Rabbi Moshe Gutnick was called to testify. He said, "I believe the cover-ups and bullying and intimidation that has gone on ... represents the antithesis of the teachings of Chabad and Judaism and orthodoxy." He acknowledged that the Orthodox Chabad community in Australia was guilty of covering up sex crimes committed in
1242-539: The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory having their own governments, they are officially administered under the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Commonwealth letters patent covered their jurisdiction. Gillard announced the setting up of the royal commission and the appointment of six commissioners with Peter McClellan as its head. The six commissioners were: The setting up of
1311-678: The Children Australia , Scouts Australia , The Smith Family , the St Vincent de Paul Society , Surf Life Saving Australia , the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) , the Salvation Army , the Uniting Church and YMCA Australia . In addition there were submissions from survivors groups (such as Ballarat survivors group) and representatives of victims and survivors. The Australian Government and
1380-796: The Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian (Queensland), the Commissioner for Children and Young People WA, the Commissioner for Victim's Rights SA, Legal Aid NSW, the Legal Services Commission of South Australia, the NSW Children's Guardian, the NSW Ombudsman, Queensland State Archives, the Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care (SNAICC), the Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency,
1449-477: The Commission hearing examined allegations into the Satyananda Yoga Ashram at Mangrove Mountain, New South Wales of child sexual abuse by the ashram's former spiritual leader Swami Akhandananda Saraswati in the 1970s and 1980s. It found that Akhandananda, who was director of the ashram, had sexually abused children in his care, eleven of whom served as witnesses to the Royal Commission. In 1989 Akhandananda
SECTION 20
#17330845105471518-592: The Inquiry found that abuse had occurred and made 42 recommendations relating to contemporary child protection practices, youth justice and redress of past abuse. In Victoria, in January 2011 the Protecting Victoria's Vulnerable Children Inquiry was launched to investigate Victoria's child protection system and make recommendations to strengthen and improve the protection and support of vulnerable young people. The inquiry
1587-759: The Jehovah's Witnesses, the Anglican Church , Anglicare , Barnardos Australia, Bravehearts, Broken Rites , CREATE Foundation, the Law Council of Australia , the Lutheran Church , MacKillop Family Services, Mission Australia , the National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect , SNAP Australia ( Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests ), the Roman Catholic Church in Australia , Save
1656-664: The Maitland–Newcastle diocese was the catalyst for the "Shine the Light" campaign that would ultimately lead to the royal commission. In November 2012, Peter Fox, a senior detective in the NSW Police , revealed that he was stood down from investigating child sexual abuse by Catholic clergy while he was compiling "explosive" evidence from a key witness and that "the church covers up, silences victims, hinders police investigations, alerts offenders, destroys evidence and moves priests to protect
1725-403: The Royal Commission via either public hearings or in private. The commissioners identified a number of themes and invited members of the public, organisations and institutions to make submissions on each of the following issues. As of September 2016 there were no issues papers open for submission. The number of public submissions is listed: Submissions were made by organisations including
1794-636: The Victorian Commissioner for Children and Young People, and Victoria Legal Aid. Many individuals made submissions, including David Hill and John Menadue . Through the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference , the Catholic Church established a national co-ordinating body, called the Truth, Justice and Healing Council, to oversee the church's engagement with the royal commission and the pastoral and other ramifications that arose from
1863-494: The YMCA's childcare licence. The Chief Executive Officer of YMCA NSW testified before the commission about the impact of crimes that occurred on YMCA NSW premises. (The perpetrator)... was an insidious and deceitful individual, who was grooming not only children and parents but the YMCA itself. He gained the trust of the children, the parents and the fellow staff members to really get close to these children. (He would) go so far as to open
1932-531: The air. Responding to Pell's press conference, Bishop Geoffrey Robinson described Pell as a "great embarrassment to me and to a lot of good Catholic people". On 11 January 2013, Governor-General Quentin Bryce issued Commonwealth letters patent appointing six commissioners and the commission's terms of reference . The commissioners were directed "to inquire into institutional responses to allegations and incidents of child sexual abuse and related matters". Each state
2001-606: The allegations relate to incidents alleged to have taken place during the 1950s, others later. There were calls for a Royal Commission since the late 1990s. Similar allegations against the Roman Catholic Church had been made in the United States , in Ireland , in Canada , in Belgium , and several other European countries. In Ireland, the government's Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse
2070-540: The centre of the allegations had previously worked at the Bexley home from 1968; and then was the manager of the Alkira home between 1974 and 1976. The Salvation Army moved the alleged perpetrator to another Salvation Army service where he was promoted in rank. Following the allegations raised at the royal commission, the Salvation Army suspended the officer at the centre of the allegations. The officer concerned did not attended
2139-641: The childcare centre for a parent who had to start work early. (He) went above and beyond to help out parents. We've got staff who are struggling to comfort children that come to them distressed because it might be seen as grooming practices. So (his) impacts have been devastating. Case Studies 4, 8, and 31 inquired into the Catholic Church's Towards Healing program and the Church's responses. Hearing 8 also focused on Ellis' experience in civil litigation. The program received criticism from at least one abuse victim who claimed it delayed reporting her complaint. In January 2014
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse - Misplaced Pages Continue
2208-987: The commission began investigating allegations of sexual and physical abuse of children at four boys' homes run by the Salvation Army. The homes examined by the commission were the Bexley Boys Home in Sydney, the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn in southern New South Wales, the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly in Brisbane and the Riverview Training Farm at Riverview in Queensland. The commission heard testimony from two Salvation Army whistleblowers about allegations of child abuse between 1973 and 1975. The officers testified that they witnessed
2277-514: The commission heard evidence that there were systemic failures by management within YMCA NSW after a worker was hired to work at a YMCA child care centre located in Caringbah in southern Sydney without the appropriate background checks. The former worker, Jonathan Luke Lord, has since been convicted of offences relating to the abuse of twelve boys in his care, some as young as six. On 18 January 2013, Lord
2346-523: The commission's hearings but the inquiry has been told he refutes the allegations of sexual abuse. The inquiry heard that officers were moved interstate if they were accused of child sexual abuse. One officer was dismissed from the Salvation Army in 2005 due to allegations of child sexual abuse. The whistleblowers testified that boys at the home were used for alleged sexual exploitation and were allegedly subject to physical abuse. "They were given drink and chocolates, well, they were used that day in Brisbane and
2415-491: The commissioners are often retired or serving judges. They usually involve research into an issue, consultations with experts both within and outside government and public consultations as well. The warrant may grant immense investigatory powers, including summoning witnesses under oath , offering of indemnities, seizing of documents and other evidence (sometimes including those normally protected, such as classified information ), holding hearings in camera if necessary and—in
2484-424: The community, and pressuring victims and their families not to report the crimes to the police. Gutnick said that people reporting abuse were ostracized moser s ("informers"). He said "a culture of cover-up, often couched in religious terms, pervaded our thinking and our actions." He said that rabbis in these situations had misused their power, and that anyone who insists a child sexual abuse victim should go first to
2553-544: The establishment of a royal commission, most especially in Victoria . In July 2012, John Pirona, a victim of notorious priest Father John Denham, took his own life. Pirona left a note that said "Too Much Pain". The prime minister, Julia Gillard , visited Newcastle on 8 August 2012, the day of Pirona's funeral, where mourners backed The Newcastle Herald 's "Shine the Light" campaign for a royal commission. Journalist Joanne McCarthy's report on Pirona's death and clergy abuse in
2622-535: The first time ever the reform that is so critical seems much closer. Thank you Rabbi Gutnick. Hopefully the rest of the Orthodox Rabbinate will now follow suit. What an incredible day for justice." On 23 February 2015 the commission started hearings concerning the response of Knox Grammar School and the Uniting Church in Australia to complaints and criminal proceedings involving teachers who sexually abused students. The Commission's remit includes inquiring into
2691-533: The form of a governor-general or governor) on the advice of the government and formally appointed by letters patent . In practice—unlike lesser forms of inquiry—once a commission has started the government cannot stop it. Consequently, governments are usually very careful about framing the terms of reference and generally include in them a date by which the commission must finish. Royal commissions are called to look into matters of great importance and usually controversy. These can be matters such as government structure,
2760-525: The good name of the church". Fox went public with his allegations in November 2012, when he spoke about the "evil of paedophilia within the Catholic Church". On 9 November 2012, the Premier of New South Wales , Barry O'Farrell , announced the appointment of a special commission of inquiry into allegations raised about police handling of abuse by clergy in the Roman Catholic Church in the Hunter region. The commission
2829-718: The governments of the ACT, NSW, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia made submissions. The list of government agencies which made submissions is extensive and includes the ACT Children & Young People Commissioner, the Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority , the Australian Federal Police , the Australian Human Rights Commission , the Australian Senate ,
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse - Misplaced Pages Continue
2898-475: The gubernatorial style was chief commissioner in various (not all) provinces (often after being an entity under a lower ranking official), the style being applied especially where an elected assembly did not exist, notably: On two occasions in the late 20th century, local elected government in the City of Melbourne was temporarily replaced by panels of commissioners headed by a chief commissioner. Chief commissioner
2967-571: The history of abuse in educational institutions, religious groups, sporting organisations, state institutions and youth organisations. The final report of the commission was made public on 15 December 2017. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, allegations were made of child sexual abuse in the Catholic Church in Australia and in a number of other religious and non-religious institutions. Some of these allegations led to convictions, trials and ongoing investigations into acts committed by Catholic priests and members of Catholic religious orders . Some of
3036-406: The next day they were sent down to Sydney ... (Another officer) told me the boys were useless and bad, and it had to be drummed into them that rules are rules." Witnesses who testified included alleged victims of child abuse. A male witness told the royal commission that while at the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn, aged 12 years, he was regularly sexually abused by a Salvation Army officer. "... (I
3105-401: The number of commissioners and suggested areas of expertise, the proposed timetable and reporting requirements. Archbishop Denis Hart , president of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference , stated that he welcomed and promised co-operation with a Royal Commission to broadly investigate child sexual abuse in institutions across Australia. The Australian Bishops Conference said that "talk of
3174-461: The perpetrator(s); the adequacy of the policies, procedures and practices within religious and other non-government organisations that related to the prevention of, and response to, child abuse; and suggestions for reform, to help prevent abuse and ensure that allegations of abuse are properly dealt with. During its proceedings it heard from a police report that detailed 40 suicide deaths directly related to abuse by Roman Catholic clergy. In October 2012,
3243-587: The profound effect the sexual abuse had on their lives. The first published case study of the royal commission dealt with the response of institutions to the conduct of Steven Larkins, who occupied positions of responsibility in Scouts Australia NSW and in the Hunter Aboriginal Children's Service. Larkins was prosecuted in 2012 for offences he had committed 15 years earlier, and was convicted and imprisoned. Between October 2013 and January 2014,
3312-547: The public to make submissions, either orally over the telephone, in writing, or via face-to-face meetings with a commission officer. To help people planning to give evidence, in July 2013 the attorney-general , Mark Dreyfus , announced provision of a free national legal service, independent of the royal commission, by the National Association of Community Legal Centres. Witnesses were offered the opportunity to tell their story to
3381-580: The royal commission was established by Julia Gillard, supported by the opposition leader, Tony Abbott , and by the Greens, as were the terms of reference and the choice of commissioners. The inaugural chief executive officer was Janette Dines, who served from January 2013 until June 2014. The powers of royal commissions in Australia are set out in the enabling legislation, the Royal Commissions Act 1902 (Cth). The Royal Commissions Amendment Act 2013
3450-491: The school. Paterson also stated that he had allowed several teachers accused of sexual abuse to resign and subsequently gave them positive references. Paterson denied that he had covered up the sexual abuse of students, arguing that he had responded to the allegations brought to his attention, and stated that "I should have known and I should have stopped the events that led to the abuse and its tragic consequences for these boys in my care and their families". Paterson stated that he
3519-553: The sexual abuse scandal. The council was chaired by the Honourable Barry O'Keefe until his 2014 death. He was succeeded by the Honourable Neville Owen , a former judge, barrister and solicitor. The commission detailed the number of abuse claims against 10 religious orders from 1950 to 2010; four orders had allegations of abuse against more than 20% of their members. Hearings were conducted in every capital city and
SECTION 50
#17330845105473588-510: The teacher to the police child protection unit, but the relevant police inspector gave evidence that a report had not been made. Royal commission A royal commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies . They have been held in the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Norway , Malaysia , Mauritius and Saudi Arabia . In republics an equivalent entity may be termed
3657-561: The treatment of minorities, events of considerable public concern or economic questions. Many royal commissions last many years and, often, a different government is left to respond to the findings. Royal commissions have been held in Australia at a federal level since 1902. Royal commissions appointed by the Governor-General operate under the Royal Commissions Act 1902 passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1902. A defunct alternative
3726-531: Was abused) ... at least four out of every seven days. Many times he would drag me out of bed at 3am for allegedly making a noise, ... He would punish me by taking me down to the bathrooms and making me scrub the toilets with a toothbrush. I was always there on my own. He would then sexually abuse me and send me back to bed at 5am. I would then have to get up at 6am to start my chores ... (He) flogged me when we got back for telling lies. He hit me with his open palm on my head, chest, arms and upper body." In December 2014,
3795-564: Was alleged that a former member of Scouts Australia, suspended from the organisation for abusing two Scouts in the 1990s, was employed as the chief executive officer of an Aboriginal child welfare agency two months prior to the formal introduction of working-with-children checks. In testimony before the commission in September 2013, it was revealed that the applicant's suitability for the role may have been assessed by relatively junior staff; and that he later falsified his working-with-children check. It
3864-562: Was alleged that the NSW Department of Community Services (DOCS) gave the man permission to have a 17-year-old boy, whom he was grooming for sex, live with him. A former CEO of Scouts Australia testified that during his three years in the job, he dealt with ten allegations of child sexual abuse. He admitted a number of children were sexually abused or harmed and said the Scouts failed them. The commission heard testimony from two victims who spoke of
3933-513: Was also requested to issue letters patent, or their equivalent instruments of appointment, which allow the six commissioners to conduct an inquiry into institutional responses to child sexual abuse under their respective laws. The commissioners were formally appointed under Western Australian law on 22 January 2013, Queensland law on 24 January 2013, New South Wales law on 25 January 2013, Victorian law on 12 February 2013, Tasmanian law on 4 March 2013 and South Australian law on 7 March 2013. Despite both
4002-526: Was approved by Parliament to give the Child Abuse Royal Commission additional powers to fulfil its terms of reference. Notable changes were: Royal commissions, appointed pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act or otherwise, have powers to issue a summons to a person to appear before the commission at a hearing to give evidence or to produce documents specified in the summons; require witnesses to take an oath or give an affirmation; and require
4071-509: Was chaired by a former Supreme Court of Victoria Justice, the Hon. Philip Cummins , and reported in January 2012. The report considered the issue of the sexual and other abuse of children by personnel in religious organisations and recommended that a formal investigation should be conducted into the processes by which religious organisations respond to the criminal abuse of children by personnel in their organisation. A bi-partisan parliamentary inquiry
4140-581: Was established in 2000 and presented its final report to the Dáil in 2009, covering allegations of child abuse from 1936 onwards. A 1996 parliamentary inquiry in Western Australia attempted to review the extent of abuse, including sexual abuse, of children in state care; however it realised that the scope of the task was too big. In South Australia there were allegations that the Government of South Australia
4209-459: Was established in May 2012 in that state to seek information about the causes and effects of criminal abuse within religious and other non-government organisations; whether victims were discouraged from reporting such abuse; if such abuse was reported, how the reporting of their experience of abuse was handled; the consequences of abuse, including the effect on the victims and others, and the consequences for
SECTION 60
#17330845105474278-405: Was given at the Commission. Witnesses included Manny Waks and his father. Several Chabad rabbis were found to have been publicly sermonizing that it was religiously forbidden to report child sex abuse to the police. The prohibition against reporting a fellow Jew to the authorities is referred to as Mesirah As of 1 September 2015, four Chabad Rabbis had resigned in relation to the controversy. As
4347-585: Was headed by Margaret Cunneen . The Special Commission inquiry centred around internal church documents obtained by Newcastle Herald journalist Joanne McCarthy , that revealed a group of senior clergy allegedly attempting to conceal the crimes of Father Denis McAlinden, a prolific paedophile. The inquiry found that Fox was not a credible witness, prone to exaggeration and his evidence must be "approached with caution". The report also found that senior Catholic Church officials, including former Bishop Leo Clarke, withheld information from police. On 12 November 2012,
4416-464: Was issued by the Commission for his arrest. During hearings in early March 2015, several former Knox students and staff alleged that headmaster Ian Paterson did not refer several allegations of sex abuse he received to the police, despite there being a requirement for such allegations to be reported from 1988. The commission heard that in fact Paterson had never reported any student's allegation of sexual abuse to police during his thirty years in charge of
4485-524: Was not accurately reporting the numbers of children being sexually abused in remote parts of the state. In Queensland , during 1999 the Commission of Inquiry into Abuse of Children in Queensland Institutions (headed by Leneen Forde , a former Governor of Queensland ), investigated the treatment of children in 159 licensed government and non-government institutions from 1911 to 1999. In its report,
4554-435: Was not aware that it was a crime for a teacher to grope or sexually proposition a student. Following the section of the hearing concerning Paterson, the current headmaster John Weeks stated that the school had changed considerably since the end of Paterson's period in the role and that Knox's Paterson Centre for Ethics and Business Studies would be renamed. Weeks also gave evidence to the Royal Commission. During this hearing he
4623-427: Was questioned over why he had not sacked the teacher who was arrested in 2009 despite having received allegations in 2007 that the teacher had behaved improperly with a student during the 1980s. Weeks told the media that the allegations had not been detailed or specific, and he had received advice that "it would have been difficult on industrial grounds" to have dismissed the teacher. Weeks also stated that he had reported
4692-522: Was sentenced to 10 years and a non-parole period of 6 years. He was sentenced for 13 offences involving 12 children and another 16 offences were taken into account. Following evidence presented before the commission, the NSW Department of Education and Communities wrote to the Chief Executive Officer of YMCA NSW and issued a compliance notice that set out strict conditions for continuation of
4761-510: Was sentenced to two years and four months of imprisonment; his conviction was overturned in 1991. The Ashram issued an acknowledgement and apology to the survivors of Akhandananda's sexual abuse. The apology and acknowledgement stated that the ashram accepted that the child sexual abuse did occur, and that the organisation had not responded in a way that was helpful to victims. Testimony by victims of sexual abuse at two Chabad schools, Yeshiva in Melbourne and Yeshiva in Bondi, and school officials
#546453