Misplaced Pages

#453546

69-539: Touchpads operate in several ways, including capacitive sensing or resistive touchscreen . The most common technology used in the 2010s senses the change of capacitance where a finger touches the pad. Capacitance-based touchpads will not sense the tip of a pencil or other similar ungrounded or non-conducting implements. Fingers insulated by a glove may also be problematic, and capacitive touchpads are rarely used as pointing devices for medical hardware. Like touchscreens, touchpads sense absolute position but their resolution

138-511: A digital signal processor (DSP). Capacitive sensing is commonly used for mobile multi-touch displays, popularized by Apple 's iPhone in 2007. Capacitive sensors are constructed from many different media, such as copper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and printed ink. Copper capacitive sensors can be implemented on standard FR4 PCBs as well as on flexible material. ITO allows the capacitive sensor to be up to 90% transparent (for one layer solutions, such as touch phone screens). Size and spacing of

207-446: A square wave ). For an example capacitive sense IC, Texas Instruments 's FDC1004 applies a 25-kHz step waveform to charge up an electrode, and after a defined amount of time, converts the analog voltage representing that charge into a digital value of capacitance using a built-in analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The design of a simple capacitance meter is often based on a relaxation oscillator . The capacitance to be sensed forms

276-521: A "trackpad"; it replaced the trackball of previous PowerBook models. Since 2008, Apple's revisions of the MacBook and MacBook Pro incorporated a "Tactile Touchpad" design with a button integrated into the tracking surface (the lower part of the touchpad surface acts as a clickable button). Another early adopter of the GlidePoint pointing device was Sharp. Later, Synaptics introduced their touchpad into

345-557: A 100 Wh battery; this is the largest battery that can be easily carried onto a commercial airliner under U.S. Transportation Security Administration rules. On November 10, 2020, Apple announced a new model of the MacBook Pro incorporating the new Apple M1 system on a chip. It has a fan, allowing sustained operation of the M1 chip at its full performance level, which is claimed to match or exceed that of Intel versions. Unlike Intel Pro models,

414-522: A 13-inch screen and was Apple's thinnest notebook computer until the introduction of the MacBook in March 2015. This MacBook Air model features two USB Type-A 3.0 ports and a Thunderbolt 2 port, as well as an SDXC card slot (only on the 13-inch model). This model of MacBook Air did not have a Retina display. A MacBook Air model with an 11-inch screen was available from early October 2010 to late October 2016. In 2017,

483-561: A capacitance bridge configuration , similar to a Wheatstone bridge . The capacitance bridge helps to compensate for any variability that may exist in the applied signal. While not specific to capacitive sensing, charge transfer uses a switched capacitor network to accumulate charge onto an integrating capacitor over a series of discrete steps, to produce an accurate sum of all the individual charge contributors. Delta-sigma modulation can also measure capacitance instead of voltage. The primary source of error in capacitance measurements

552-399: A capacitance sensing system requires first picking the type of sensing material (FR4, Flex, ITO, etc.). One also needs to understand the environment the device will operate in, such as the full operating temperature range, what radio frequencies are present and how the user will interact with the interface. There are two types of capacitive sensing systems: In both cases, the difference of

621-469: A capacitive divider (a voltage divider that uses capacitors instead of resistors). This consists of two capacitors in series, one of a known value and the other of an unknown value. An output signal is then taken from across one of the capacitors. The value of the unknown capacitor can be found from the ratio of capacitances, which equals the ratio of the output/input signal amplitudes, as could be measured by an AC voltmeter. More accurate instruments may use

690-446: A flat surface near the machine. The touchpad is close to the keyboard, and relatively short finger movements are required to move the cursor across the display screen; while advantageous, this also makes it possible for a user's palm or wrist to move the mouse cursor accidentally while typing. Laptops today feature multitouch touchpads that can sense in some cases up to five fingers simultaneously, providing more options for input, such as

759-399: A human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. Because of the sheet resistance of the surface, each corner is measured to have a different effective capacitance. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel: the larger the change in capacitance,

SECTION 10

#1732868624454

828-713: A human finger. MacBook MacBook is a brand of Mac notebook computers developed and marketed by Apple that use Apple's macOS operating system since 2006. The MacBook brand replaced the PowerBook and iBook brands during the Mac transition to Intel processors , announced in 2005. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air (2008–present) and the MacBook Pro (2006–present). Two different lines simply named "MacBook" existed from 2006 to 2012 and 2015 to 2019. The MacBook brand

897-478: A portion of the oscillator's RC circuit or LC circuit . The capacitance can be calculated by measuring the charging time required to reach the threshold voltage (of the relaxation oscillator), or equivalently, by measuring the oscillator's frequency. Both of these are proportional to the RC (or LC) time constant of the oscillator circuit. Another measurement technique is to apply a fixed-frequency AC-voltage signal across

966-403: A preceding absolute position from the present absolute position yields the relative motion of the object or finger during that time. The technologies are elaborated in the following section. In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with conductive material. A small voltage is applied to this layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor , such as

1035-423: A simple example of the above equation, if the charging current is constant and the starting voltage V ( t 0 ) {\displaystyle V(t_{0})} is 0 V, then the capacitance is simply the value of that constant current multiplied by the charging time duration ( t 1 − t 0 ) {\displaystyle (t_{1}-t_{0})} and divided by

1104-426: A small amount of water on the screen. Mutual capacitive sensors can provide a two-dimensional image of the changes in the electric field. Using this image, a range of applications have been proposed. Authenticating users, estimating the orientation of fingers touching the screen and differentiating between fingers and palms become possible. While capacitive sensors are used for the touchscreens of most smartphones,

1173-401: A specific point on the pad, instead of moving it in the direction of a stroke. Laptops with touchpads were launched by Olivetti and Triumph-Adler in 1992. Cirque introduced the first widely available touchpad, branded as GlidePoint, in 1994. Apple introduced touchpads with modern placing in the PowerBook 500 series in 1994, using Cirque's GlidePoint technology, which Apple refers to as

1242-408: A tap will execute a function, for example, pausing a media player or launching an application . All of these functions are implemented in the touchpad device driver software, and can be disabled. In 1980, Xerox offered one of the first, if not the first, touchpads on a computer system with their Xerox 860 , a word processing workstation aimed at medium- and large-sized businesses. Embedded on

1311-614: A third-generation butterfly mechanism keyboard, and the Touch ID sensor found in the fourth-generation MacBook Pro, but without the Touch Bar. The base price was also raised, although the base configuration of the 2017 model was retained until July 9, 2019, when it was discontinued along with the Retina MacBook. The base price of this model was also dropped to $ 1099 ($ 999 for students) on the same day. On November 10, 2020, Apple announced that

1380-454: A year after the release of the MacBook Air with Retina display. The MacBook Air is Apple's least expensive notebook computer. While the 1st generation was released as a premium ultraportable positioned above the 2006–2012 MacBook, lowered prices on subsequent iterations and the discontinuation of that MacBook have made it serve as the entry-level Mac portable. The 2010–2017 base model came with

1449-462: A year later, in 1983, the first battery-powered clamshell laptop, the Gavilan SC included a touchpad, which was mounted above its keyboard, rather than below, which became the norm. Psion 's MC 200/400/600/WORD Series , introduced in 1989, came with a new mouse-replacing input device similar to a touchpad, although more closely resembling a graphics tablet, as the cursor was positioned by clicking on

SECTION 20

#1732868624454

1518-400: Is stray capacitance , which if not guarded against, may fluctuate between roughly 10 pF and 10 nF. The stray capacitance can be held relatively constant by shielding the (high impedance) capacitance signal and then connecting the shield to (a low impedance) ground reference. Also, to minimize the unwanted effects of stray capacitance, it is good practice to locate the sensing electronics as near

1587-440: Is a technology, based on capacitive coupling , that can detect and measure anything that is conductive or has a dielectric constant different from air. Many types of sensors use capacitive sensing, including sensors to detect and measure proximity , pressure, position and displacement , force , humidity , fluid level , and acceleration . Human interface devices based on capacitive sensing, such as touchpads , can replace

1656-457: Is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus near the surface of the sensor changes the local electric field which reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at

1725-502: Is bundled with a 140W GaN power supply that supports USB-C Power Delivery 3.1 , though only MagSafe supports full-speed charging as the machine's USB-C ports are limited to 100W. On June 6, 2022, Apple announced an updated 13-inch MacBook Pro based on the Apple M2 system on a chip. It is housed in the same chassis as the previous M1 MacBook Pro. On January 17, 2023, Apple announced updated 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro models based on

1794-490: Is limited by their size. For common use as a pointer device, the dragging motion of a finger is translated into a finer, relative motion of the cursor on the output to the display on the operating system, analogous to the handling of a mouse that is lifted and put back on a surface. Hardware buttons equivalent to a standard mouse's left and right buttons are sometimes positioned adjacent to the touchpad. Some touchpads and associated device driver software may interpret tapping

1863-520: Is typically measured indirectly, by using it to control the frequency of an oscillator, or to vary the level of coupling (or attenuation) of an AC signal. Basically the technique works by charging the unknown capacitance with a known current, since rearranging the current–voltage relation for a capacitor , I ( t ) = C d V ( t ) d t , {\displaystyle I(t)=C{\frac {\mathrm {d} V(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,,} allows determining

1932-1029: Is wrapped around like a wheel. Creative Labs also uses a touchpad for their Zen line of MP3 players , beginning with the Zen Touch. The second-generation Microsoft Zune product line (the Zune 80/120 and Zune 4/8 ) uses touch for the Zune Pad . Touchpads also exist for desktop computers as an external peripheral, albeit rarely seen. But touchpad layer can be integrated with graphics tablet as additional input option. External computer keyboards can be equipped with integrated touchpads (particularly keyboards oriented for HTPC use), and some keyboards can have only touch input surface instead of hardware buttons (a typical solution for clean rooms). Optical trackpads primary can be used as part of ultraportable electronics; some handheld laptops and early smartphones can be equipped with optical trackpads. On September 9, 2024, Apple unveiled

2001-507: The capacitance . When a virtual ground , such as a finger, is placed over one of the intersections between the conductive layer some of the electrical field is shunted to this ground point, resulting in a change in the apparent capacitance at that location. This method received U.S. patent 5,305,017 awarded to George Gerpheide in April 1994. The capacitive shunt method, described in an application note by manufacturer Analog Devices , senses

2070-466: The computer mouse . Digital audio players , mobile phones , and tablet computers will sometimes use capacitive sensing touchscreens as input devices. Capacitive sensors can also replace mechanical buttons. A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch sensor along with at least two complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ( CMOS ) integrated circuit (IC) chips, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) controller and

2139-491: The iPhone 16, iPhone 16 Plus , iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max to feature the single one-dimensional trackpad next to the side button called "Camera Control" which allows the users to take an easier way to take a photos and videos, the force sensor to distinguish between the firm press and the light press and the capacitance touch sensor to distinguish sliding with finger for adjusting the zoom, exposure or depth-of-field. There are two principal means by which touchpads work:

Touchpad - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-436: The 15-inch MacBook Pro, shared the latter's unibody aluminium casing, but lacked a FireWire port. A third design, introduced in late 2009, retained a similar unibody construction but changed back to white polycarbonate. The aluminum unibody design continued in productions as the newly introduced 13-inch Macbook Pro . In 2015, Apple introduced the 12-inch MacBook (unofficially called the Retina MacBook, officially marketed as

2277-518: The M1 version only comes with a 13-inch screen, has only two Thunderbolt ports, and has a maximum of 16 GB random access memory (RAM). On October 18, 2021, Apple announced new 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro models during an online event. They are based on the M1 Pro and M1 Max, Apple's first professional-focused ARM-based systems on a chip . This release addressed many criticisms of the previous generation by reintroducing hard function keys in place of

2346-512: The M2 Pro and M2 Max chips. The updated models also include Bluetooth 5.3 and Wi-Fi 6E connectivity, HDMI 2.1, longer battery life, and up to 96 GB of memory with M2 Max models. On October 30, 2023, Apple announced updated 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro models based on the M3 series of chips. Optional 24   GB at the time of purchase only. Optional 512   GB, 1   TB or 2   TB at

2415-577: The M2 model. On March 4, 2024, Apple announced updated 13-inch and 15-inch MacBook Air models based on the Apple M3 system on a chip. The MacBook Pro is Apple's higher-end notebook available in 14-inch and 16-inch configurations. The most recent 13-inch MacBook Pro was introduced in October 2018. It features a touch-sensitive OLED display strip located in place of the function keys , a Touch ID sensor integrated with

2484-501: The MacBook Air received a small refresh, with the processor speed increasing to 1.8 GHz. On October 30, 2018, the MacBook Air underwent a major design change, dropping the USB Type-A ports, MagSafe , and the SD card slot in favor of two USB-C/Thunderbolt 3 ports and a headphone jack. It was updated with a Retina display and Intel Y-series Amber Lake i5 CPUs, as well as a Force Touch trackpad,

2553-404: The MacBook Air would use the new Apple M1 system on a chip. The M1 Air does not have a fan, ensuring silent operation but limiting the M1 chip speed in sustained operations. Performance was claimed to be higher than most current Intel laptops. On June 6, 2022, at WWDC 2022 , Apple announced a new MacBook Air based on the Apple M2 system on a chip. It incorporates several design elements from

2622-409: The Touch Bar, an HDMI 2.0 port, an SDXC reader and MagSafe charging. Other additions include a Liquid Retina XDR display with thinner bezels and an iPhone-like notch, ProMotion supporting a 120Hz variable refresh rate, a 1080p webcam , Wi-Fi 6 , 3 Thunderbolt 4 ports, a six-speaker sound system supporting Dolby Atmos , and support for a third 6K display on M1 Max models. The 16-inch version

2691-499: The Xerox 860's keyboard, to the right of the keys, is the circular touchpad, which Xerox dubbed the "Cat" (short for capacitance-activated transducer ). Xerox offered the Cat as an alternative input method for selecting strings of text to copy, delete, insert, or move around the document. By 1982, Apollo desktop computers were equipped with a touchpad on the right side of the keyboard. Introduced

2760-518: The ability to bring up the context menu by tapping two fingers, dragging two fingers for scrolling, or gestures for zoom in/out or rotate. The touchpads with physical buttons now are only hi-end business/professional laptops option. One-dimensional touchpads are the primary control interface for menu navigation on iPod Classic portable music players and additional input method on some Wacom digitizer tablets, where they are referred to as "click wheels", since they only sense motion along one axis, which

2829-870: The capacitance from the instantaneous current divided by the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor: C = I ( t ) d V ( t ) d t . {\displaystyle C={\frac {I(t)}{\frac {\mathrm {d} V(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}}\,.} That can be integrated over a charging time period from t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} to t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} to be expressed in integral form as: C = ∫ t 0 t 1 I ( t ) d t V ( t 1 ) − V ( t 0 ) . {\displaystyle C={\frac {\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}I(t)\,\mathrm {d} t}{V(t_{1})-V(t_{0})}}\,.} For

Touchpad - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-415: The capacitive image is typically not exposed to the application layer. Power supplies with a high level of electronic noise can reduce accuracy. Many stylus designs for resistive touchscreens will not register on capacitive sensors because they are not conductive. Styluses that work on capacitive touchscreens primarily designed for fingers are required to simulate the difference in dielectric offered by

2967-456: The capacitive sensor are both very important to the sensor's performance. In addition to the size of the sensor, and its spacing relative to the ground plane , the type of ground plane used is very important. Since the parasitic capacitance of the sensor is related to the electric field 's (E-field) path to ground, it is important to choose a ground plane that limits the concentration of E-field lines with no conductive object present. Designing

3036-611: The change in capacitance between a transmitter and receiver that are on opposite sides of the sensor. The transmitter creates an electric field which oscillates at 200–300 kHz. If a ground point, such as the finger, is placed between the transmitter and receiver, some of the field lines are shunted away, decreasing the apparent capacitance. Trackpads such as those found in some Blackberry smartphones work optically, like an optical computer mouse . Major manufacturers include: Capacitive sensing In electrical engineering , capacitive sensing (sometimes capacitance sensing )

3105-469: The closer the touch is to that corner. With no moving parts, it is moderately durable, but has low resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive coupling , and needs calibration during manufacture. Therefore, it is most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and interactive kiosks . Projected capacitance touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which allows more accurate and flexible operation, by etching

3174-566: The conductive layer. An X-Y grid is formed either by etching one layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes , or by etching two separate, parallel layers of conductive material with perpendicular lines or tracks to form the grid; comparable to the pixel grid found in many liquid crystal displays (LCD). The greater resolution of PCT allows operation with no direct contact, such that the conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass. Because

3243-406: The fifth-generation MacBook Pro models, such as a flat, slab-shaped design, full-sized function keys, and a Liquid Retina display with rounded corners and a notch for a 1080p webcam, but retains the previous generation's fanless design. It includes two combination Thunderbolt 3 / USB 4 ports and adds MagSafe charging. On June 5, 2023, at WWDC 2023 , Apple announced a larger 15-inch version of

3312-531: The final voltage V ( t 1 ) . {\displaystyle V(t_{1})\,.} Either this charging time or voltage can be a predetermined constant. For instance, if measuring after a constant amount of time, then the capacitance can be determined using only the final voltage. Alternatively if using a fixed threshold voltage, then instead only need to measure the charging time duration to reach that voltage threshold. This step response measurement can be continually repeated (e.g. by using

3381-470: The marketplace, branded the TouchPad, and Epson was an early adopter of this product with their ActionNote . As touchpads began to be introduced in laptops in the 1990s, there was often confusion as to what the product should be called. No consistent term was used, and references varied, such as: glidepoint, touch sensitive input device, touchpad, trackpad, and pointing device. Users were often presented with

3450-406: The matrix approach and the capacitive shunt method. In the matrix approach, a series of conductors are arranged in an array of parallel lines in two layers, separated by an insulator and crossing each other at right angles to form a grid. A high frequency signal is applied sequentially between pairs in this two-dimensional grid array. The current that passes between the nodes is proportional to

3519-535: The new MacBook), which sat between the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro in Apple's laptop lineup. It was more compact than any other notebook in the MacBook family at the time and included a Retina display , fanless design, a Butterfly keyboard with lower key travel. It only had one USB-C port, used for both power and data, as well as a 3.5mm headphone jack . It was released in 2015, revised in 2017, and discontinued in July 2019,

SECTION 50

#1732868624454

3588-469: The newest compact lineup solders or glues all such components in place. All of the current MacBooks feature backlit keyboards. As part of the Mac transition to Intel processors , Apple released a 13-inch laptop simply named "MacBook", as a successor to the PowerPC -based iBook series of laptops. During its existence, it was the most affordable Mac, serving as the entry-level laptop that was less expensive than

3657-438: The object, drags without releasing pressure, and lets go when done. Touchpad drivers can also allow the use of multiple fingers to emulate the other mouse buttons (commonly two-finger tapping for right click). Touchpads are called clickpads if they rely on software buttons rather than physical buttons. Physically the whole clickpad formed a button, logically the driver interprets a click as a left or right button click depending on

3726-470: The option to purchase a pointing stick , touchpad, or trackball . Combinations of the devices were common, though touchpads and trackballs were rarely included together. Since the early 2000s, touchpads have become the dominant laptop pointing device as most consumer laptops produced during this period and beyond includes only touchpads, displacing the pointing stick. Touchpads are primarily used in self-contained portable laptop computers and do not require

3795-424: The pad as a mouse click , and a tap followed by a continuous pointing motion (a "click-and-a-half") can indicate dragging. Tactile touchpads allow for clicking and dragging by incorporating button functionality into the surface of the touchpad itself. To select, one presses down on the touchpad instead of a physical button. To drag, instead of performing the "click-and-a-half" technique, the user presses down while on

3864-521: The panel surface can interfere with the performance. Such conductive smudges come mostly from sticky or sweaty finger tips, especially in high humidity environments. Collected dust, which adheres to the screen because of moisture from fingertips can also be a problem. There are two types of PCT: self capacitance, and mutual capacitance. Mutual capacitive sensors have a capacitor at each intersection of each row and each column. A 12-by-16 array, for example, would have 192 independent capacitors. A voltage

3933-462: The placement of fingers. Some touchpads have "hotspots", locations on the touchpad used for functionality beyond a mouse. For example, on certain touchpads, moving the finger along an edge of the touch pad will act as a scroll wheel , controlling the scrollbar and scrolling the window that has the focus , vertically or horizontally. Many touchpads use two-finger dragging for scrolling . Also, some touchpad drivers support tap zones, regions where

4002-451: The power button, and four USB-C ports that also serve as Thunderbolt 3 ports. The 13-inch model was also available in a less expensive configuration with conventional function keys and only two USB-C/Thunderbolt 3 ports, but since July 2019, the base MacBook Pro model has the Touch Bar as well as quad-core processors, similar to the higher-end models, although it still has only two USB-C / Thunderbolt 3 ports. The May 2020 refresh adopts many of

4071-412: The purpose. One can even make a capacitive stylus by wrapping conductive material, such as anti-static conductive film, around a standard stylus or by rolling the film into a tube. Until recently, capacitive touchscreens were more expensive to manufacture than resistive touchscreens . Not any more (see touchscreen#Construction ). Some cannot be used with gloves and can fail to sense correctly with even

4140-506: The rest of the Mac laptop lineup (the MacBook Pro portable workstation, and later the MacBook Air ultra-portable). It was aimed at the consumer and education markets. Successive revisions of the MacBook were sold to consumers between May 2006 and July 2011, by which time it been superseded by the MacBook Air which had a lower entry price. Apple continued to sell the MacBook to educational institutions until February 2012. During its existence, it

4209-444: The same time. Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently. With self-capacitance, current senses the capacitive load of a finger on each column or row. This produces a stronger signal than mutual capacitance sensing, but it is unable to resolve accurately more than one finger, which results in "ghosting", or misplaced location sensing. Capacitance

SECTION 60

#1732868624454

4278-441: The sensor electrodes as possible. Capacitive touchscreens are more responsive than resistive touchscreens (which react to any object since no capacitance is needed), but less accurate. However, projective capacitance improves a touchscreen's accuracy as it forms a triangulated grid around the point of touch. A standard stylus cannot be used for capacitive sensing, but special capacitive styluses, which are conductive, exist for

4347-439: The time of purchase, not upgradable after. Optional 1   TB or 2   TB at the time of purchase, not upgradable after. Optional 32   GB at the time of purchase only. Optional 2   TB at the time of purchase, not upgradable after. Optional 48   GB, 64   GB, or 128   GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only Optional 2   TB, 4   TB or 8   TB (M4 Max only) at

4416-417: The top layer of a PCT is glass, PCT is a more robust solution versus resistive touch technology. Depending on the implementation, an active or passive stylus can be used instead of or in addition to a finger. This is common with point of sale devices that require signature capture. Gloved fingers may not be sensed, depending on the implementation and gain settings. Conductive smudges and similar interference on

4485-484: The upgrades seen in the 16" 2019 MacBook Pro, including the scissor mechanism keyboard ("Magic Keyboard") and a physical Escape button. On November 13, 2019, Apple released the 16-inch MacBook Pro, replacing the 15-inch model of the previous generation, and replacing the butterfly keyboard with a scissor mechanism keyboard (dubbed the Magic Keyboard by Apple), reverting to the old "inverted-T" arrow key layout, replacing

4554-550: The virtual Escape key on the Touch Bar with a physical key, and replacing the AMD Polaris and Vega graphics from the 15-inch model with options from AMD's Navi graphics architecture, as well as reengineering the speakers, microphone array, and the thermal system compared to the 15-inch; the latter had thermal limitations in the 15-inch model due to its design. In addition, the 16-inch is available with up to 64GB of DDR4 2667  MHz RAM and up to 8 TB of SSD storage. It also has

4623-425: Was inspired by the sunken keyboard of the original polycarbonate MacBooks. The now standardized keyboard brings congruity to the MacBook line, with black keys on a metallic aluminum body. The lids of the MacBook family are held closed by a magnet with no mechanical latch, a design element first introduced with the polycarbonate MacBook. The memory, drives, and batteries were accessible in the old MacBook lineup, though

4692-403: Was the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops" as of 2015 . The MacBook family was initially housed in designs similar to the iBook and PowerBook lines which preceded them, which changed to a unibody aluminum construction similar to the one first introduced with the MacBook Air. The unibody construction also has a black plastic keyboard that was first used on the MacBook Air, which itself

4761-507: Was the best-selling Mac in Apple's history. For five months in 2008, it was the best-selling laptop of any brand in US retail stores. Collectively, the MacBook brand was the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops." There have been three separate designs of this MacBook. The original design used a combination of polycarbonate and fiberglass casing which was modeled after the iBook G4 . The second design, introduced in October 2008 alongside

#453546