The Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( Spanish : Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur ), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina , is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field . It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet , which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period , locally called the Llanquihue glaciation .
32-613: Torre Egger is one of the peaks in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in South America , located between Argentina and Chile , west of Cerro Chalten (or Fitz Roy). Torre Egger lies between Cerro Torre , the highest in a four mountain chain and Cerro Standhardt . It is named after the Austrian alpinist Toni Egger (1926–1959), who died while climbing on Cerro Torre. In 1976, John Bragg , Jim Donini and Jay Wilson from
64-521: A "provocation" and made a call to the central government of Chile to reinforce the sovereignty in the zone. After the Argentine government published its inventory of glaciers including undefined territory the Chilean Foreign Ministry informed that a claim note had already been sent denying the Argentine inventory. In 2021, there was a controversy since CONAF (from Chile) installed a dome in
96-525: A meeting over the cartographic controversy. Kirchner served as the governor of the Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003. In the maps published in Argentina, until today, the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle, as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency. While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps, the rectangle is shown and it
128-459: A point defined to the west) was drawn, however, they also agreed that section B (from Fitz Roy to Murallón) would wait until completion of a detailed 1:50,000 scale map of the area with further negotiations. To date, this one section remains the final non-concluded boundary section and has been an irritant in Argentina-Chile relations . In February 2006, Ricardo Lagos appeared in a photo with
160-562: A worker, Plüschow felt safe enough to take souvenir photographs of himself at the London docks. He occupied his time by reading books about Patagonia , and also visited the British Museum . For security reasons, no notices were published announcing the departure of ships, but by observing the river he saw the ferry Princess Juliana , sailing for the neutral Netherlands and sneaked on board. He arrived safely and finally reached Germany, where he
192-458: Is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty. In 2018, Argentina made a National Ice Inventory in which are included some disputed glaciers. From September 20 to October 4 of the same year, the Argentine army traveled to into the area that is pending to be demarcated. This caused controversy mainly in Chile where the mayor of Villa O'Higgins denounced the fact as
224-466: The Circo de los Altares which its southern part is claimed by both countries. As of 2024, the demarcation is still pending. Gunther Pl%C3%BCschow Gunther Plüschow (February 8, 1886 – January 28, 1931) was a German aviator, aerial explorer, and author from Munich , Bavaria . His feats include the only escape by a German prisoner of war in either world war from Britain back to Germany; he
256-602: The Cordillera Darwin , Cape Horn, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , and the Torres del Paine of Patagonia. In 1929, Plüschow had to sell the Feuerland to obtain funds to return to Germany. There he published his explorations and photographs in a book, Silberkondor über Feuerland ("Silver Condor over Tierra del Fuego"), and a documentary film of the same name. The ship Feuerland was brought to Weddell Island and sailed between
288-549: The Reichsmarine . After he left the Navy, Plüschow worked at various jobs before he was hired on the sailing vessel Parma , bound for South America. The ship took him around Cape Horn to Valdivia, Chile ; he then traveled overland across Chile to Patagonia. On his return to Germany, he published Segelfahrt ins Wunderland ("Voyage to Wonderland"), which earned him enough for further explorations. On November 27, 1927, Plüschow took
320-735: The Aviator from Tsingtau , which sold more than 700,000 copies. In 1918, his son, Guntolf Plüschow, was born. 1918 was a year of profound crisis in Germany. In November, Wilhelm II, German Emperor , was forced to flee to the Netherlands as his nation dissolved into chaos. In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was impressed upon Germany, and Germans unhappy with the outcome held several military and civil revolts. Kapitänleutnant ( lieutenant ) Plüschow refused to participate. Instead, at age 33, he reluctantly resigned from
352-751: The British Crown, as part of the documentation of the 1902 award, illustrates a clear demarcation line (from the Fitz Roy to the Stokes) to the east of the Southern Patagonian Ice Fields leaving most of the territory in question in the Chilean side. The 1902 award considered that in that area the high peaks are water dividing and therefore there was no dispute. Both experts, Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on
SECTION 10
#1732885078554384-566: The British arrested him as an enemy alien. They soon discovered he was the famous aviator of Tsingtau. On May 1, 1915, Plüschow was sent to a prisoner of war camp in Donington Hall in Leicestershire. On July 4, 1915, he escaped during a storm and headed for London. Scotland Yard issued an alert, asking the public to be on the lookout for a man with a "dragon tattoo" on his arm. Disguised as
416-486: The German evacuation of Kiautschou Bay was understandably ignored, and eight days later Japan declared war against Germany. Japanese and British forces then jointly besieged the German colony . By November 1914, the military situation at Kiautschou Bay had become untenable, and on November 6 Plüschow (who had flown reconnaissance and had downed a Japanese aircraft with his pistol) was ordered to fly out in his Taube , carrying
448-765: The United States climbed Torre Egger by climbing first to the col between the peak and Cerro Torre, the Col of Conquest, and then up the ridge to the peak. The ascent was hampered by bad weather and took from December 1975 to February 22, 1976, when the 3-person team summited. In January 2008, Rolando Garibotti and Colin Haley made the first complete traverse of the entire massif , climbing Aguja Standhardt, Punta Herron, Torre Egger and Cerro Torre together. They rate their route at YDS VI 5.11 A1 WI 6 Mushroom Ice 6, with 2,200 m (7,200 ft) total vertical gain. This had been "one of
480-551: The United States to New York City. He was reluctant to approach the German consulate there, as he had entered the country under a false identity. Worse, he read in a newspaper that he was presumed to be in New York. His luck saved him again. He met a friend from Berlin who managed to get him travel documents for a ship that sailed on January 30, 1915, for Italy. After crossing the Atlantic Plüschow's ship docked at Gibraltar , where
512-529: The aforementioned Los Glaciares in Argentina. There are two known volcanoes under the ice field; Lautaro and Viedma . Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina. Circo de los Altares is an important hiking place. Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert (1913–1914), Alberto de Agostini (1931), and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros (1955–1956); as well as Eric Shipton (1960–61). The first (North-South) crossing of
544-594: The area, among which are the Upsala (765 km ), Viedma (978 km ) and Perito Moreno (258 km ) in the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, and the Pío XI Glacier or Bruggen Glacier (1,265 km , the largest in area and longest in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica), O'Higgins (820 km ), Grey (270 km ) and Tyndall (331 km ) in Chile. The glaciers going to
576-701: The border arguing that the border should be in the Mariano Moreno range. In 1994, the Laguna del Desierto dispute was solved which involved territory of the Ice Field, an international tribunal awarded almost the whole zone to Argentina. After a refused appeal in 1995, Chile accepted the award. Since then, Chile has a small corridor to access Mount Fitz Roy and the Marconi Pass was defined as an international border crossing point. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of
608-428: The border between Mount Fitz Roy and Stokes. Since 1898, the demarcation of the border in the ice field, between the two mountains, was defined on the next mountains and their natural continuity: Fitz Roy, Torre, Huemul, Campana, Agassiz, Heim, Mayo and Stokes. In 1914 the Mariano Moreno range was visited by an expedition, however, Francisco Pascasio Moreno already knew of its existence. Argentina started to question
640-424: The border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón Section A (between Cerro Murallón and Daudet) and small part of B (from Fitz Roy to
672-529: The field was accomplished in 1998 by Pablo Besser, Mauricio Rojas, José Montt and Rodrigo Fica. Nevertheless, some areas of the field remain largely unexplored. From the air, initial exploration was conducted in 1928–29 by Gunther Plüschow after whom a glacier is named. From April 1944 to April 1945, the United States Army Air Forces conducted an aerial survey using the Trimetrogon method at
SECTION 20
#1732885078554704-539: The head of the Air Force, General Osvaldo Sarabia, in the undemarcated area, this caused controversy with Argentina. In 2006, the Argentine Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) (today Instituto Geográfico Nacional ) edited a map without a note about the nondefined border but showed the Argentine claims as the official borderline. After Chilean diplomatic protests, the Argentine government withdrew
736-517: The last dispatches and documents from the governor. After flying about 250 kilometres (160 mi) in his much-repaired airplane, Plüschow crashed into a rice paddy. He set fire to the Taube , then started for Germany on foot. Plüschow walked to Daschou , where the local mandarin gave a party for him. He managed to obtain a pass to cross China, as well as a junk in which he sailed down a river, finally arriving safely at Nanking . Plüschow sensed that he
768-629: The map and urged Chile to expedite the demarcation of the international border according to the 1998 agreement. On August 24, 2006, the Argentine Undersecretary of Tourism stated that the maps used by the Secretariat of Tourism's website were official because they were approved by the National Geographic Institute of Argentina. In 2006, president of Chile Michelle Bachelet and president of Argentina Néstor Kirchner held
800-836: The photographer Guglielmo Plüschow . When the First World War began in August 1914, Lieutenant Plüschow was assigned to the East Asian Naval Station at Tsingtau , then part of the German Kiautschou Bay concession in China. Two Taube airplanes had been shipped in crates from Imperial Germany . After supervising the assembly of the planes, Plüschow began serving as pilot and aerial observer. The second plane, flown by Lt. Friedrich Müllerskowski, soon crashed, leaving Plüschow to fly alone. A Japanese ultimatum on August 15 demanding
832-449: The request of the Chilean government. Although the boundary between Argentina and Chile in the area was established by the 1881 treaty and delimited in 1898 by the experts of both countries during the works of the experts of both countries for the 1902 award , in which they agreed they didn't have differences on that part of the border. The award is established "to perpetuity" by both countries under British tutelage. The map published by
864-668: The west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean ; those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Viedma and Argentino , and eventually, through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz , to the Atlantic Ocean . An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks, such as the Bernardo O'Higgins and Torres del Paine in Chile, and
896-399: The wooden two-masted cutter Feuerland to Punta Arenas , Chile. His engineer, Ernst Dreblow, brought his seaplane , a Heinkel HD 24 D-1313, aboard a steamer. By December 1928, the airplane had been fully assembled and the inaugural flight brought the first air mail from Punta Arenas to Ushuaia , Argentina. In the months following, Plüschow and Dreblow were the first to explore by air
928-473: The world's most iconic, unclimbed lines", first attempted by Ermanno Salvaterra . Southern Patagonian Ice Field The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km belong to Chile and 2,600 km belong to Argentina . The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers in
960-514: Was at first arrested as a spy since no one believed he could have accomplished such a feat. Plüschow is the only German combatant during either World War to have successfully escaped from a British prison camp. Once he was identified, Plüschow was acclaimed as "the hero from Tsingtau". He was decorated, promoted, and assigned command of the naval base at Libau in occupied Latvian Courland. In June 1916, in an airplane hangar at Libau, Plüschow married. He also wrote his first book, The Adventures of
992-437: Was being watched, even by officials openly friendly to Germany. As he was about to be arrested, he leapt in a rickshaw and went to the railway station, where he bribed a guard and slipped on a train to Shanghai . In Shanghai, Plüschow met a friend who provided him with documents as a Swiss national, as well as money and a ticket on a ship sailing to Nagasaki, Honolulu, and, finally, to San Francisco. In January 1915, he crossed
Torre Egger - Misplaced Pages Continue
1024-492: Was the first man to explore and film Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia from the air. He was killed on a second aerial expedition to Patagonia in 1931. As an aviator and explorer, he is honored as a hero by the Argentine Air Force to this day. Gunther Plüschow was the son of Hermione and Eduard Plüschow, a journalist. His grandfather was an illegitimate son of a Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; his uncle Wilhelm became
#553446