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83-774: The Toronto PET Users Group is one of the world's oldest extant computer user groups , and was among the very largest. The non-profit group is based in Toronto but has an international membership. It supports nearly all Commodore computers, including the PET , VIC-20 , C64 , C128 , Plus/4 , C16 , C65 , and Amiga , including the COMAL , CP/M and GEOS environments. TPUG is noted for its ties with Commodore Canada , its extensive and widely distributed software library, and its association with prominent computing pioneers such as Jim Butterfield , Brad Templeton , Karl Hildon, and Steve Punter . TPUG

166-401: A computer bulletin board service ( CBBS ), is a computer server running software that allows users to connect to the system using a terminal program . Once logged in, the user performs functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through public message boards and sometimes via direct chatting . In

249-449: A computer terminal after inserting a coin, and offered a "pure" bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). It did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could use in searches. The system acted primarily in the form of a buy and sell system with the tags taking the place of the more traditional classifications . But users found ways to express themselves outside these bounds, and

332-458: A mainframe computer and was accessed through terminals located in several San Francisco Bay Area neighborhoods. The poor quality of the original modem connecting the terminals to the mainframe prompted Community Memory hardware person, Lee Felsenstein , to invent the Pennywhistle modem , whose design was influential in the mid-1970s. Community Memory allowed the user to type messages into

415-978: A CD-ROM drive to make the files available. Advanced BBSes used Multiple CD-ROM disc changer units that switched 6 CD-ROM disks on demand for the caller(s). Large systems used all 26 DOS drive letters with multi-disk changers housing tens of thousands of copyright-free shareware or freeware files available to all callers. These BBSes were generally more family-friendly, avoiding the seedier side of BBSes. Access to these systems varied from single to multiple modem lines with some requiring little or no confirmed registration. Some BBSes, called elite, WaReZ , or pirate boards, were exclusively used for distributing cracked software , phreaking materials, and other questionable or unlawful content. These BBSes often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once. Most elite BBSes used some form of new user verification, where new users would have to apply for membership and attempt to prove that they were not

498-459: A Commodore 64, and within a week it had received hits from thousands of other Commodore machines. Though membership has dwindled, TPUG continues to hold monthly meetings where 12 to 15 attending members trade software, share hacking tips, and troubleshoot old hardware. The club continues to organize the annual World of Commodore expo in Toronto, with attendance figures around 100. On 20 January 2013,

581-411: A FidoNet-capable BBS would be bundled into one or more archive files over a set time interval. These archive files were then compressed with ARC or ZIP and forwarded to (or polled by) another nearby node or hub via a dialup Xmodem session. Messages would be relayed around various FidoNet hubs until they were eventually delivered to their destination. The hierarchy of FidoNet BBS nodes, hubs, and zones

664-433: A conventional handset. Internal modems could be software-controlled to perform outbound and inbound calls, but external modems had only the data pins to communicate with the host system. Hayes' solution to the problem was to use a small microcontroller to implement a system that examined the data flowing into the modem from the host computer, watching for certain command strings. This allowed commands to be sent to and from

747-412: A desire to connect systems together to share messages and files with distant systems and users. The largest such network was FidoNet . As is it was prohibitively expensive for the hobbyist system operator to have a dedicated connection to another system, FidoNet was developed as a store and forward network. Private email (Netmail), public message boards (Echomail) and eventually even file attachments on

830-1021: A free call. Today, these services have moved to the Web. Some general-purpose Bulletin Board Systems had special levels of access that were given to those who paid extra money, uploaded useful files or knew the system operator personally. These specialty and pay BBSes usually had something unique to offer their users, such as large file libraries, warez , pornography , chat rooms or Internet access. Pay BBSes such as The WELL and Echo NYC (now Internet forums rather than dial-up), ExecPC , PsudNetwork and MindVox (which folded in 1996) were admired for their close, friendly communities and quality discussion forums. However, many free BBSes also maintained close communities, and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends. These events were especially popular with BBSes that offered chat rooms . Some of

913-419: A handful of BBS developers implemented multitasking communications routines inside their software, allowing multiple phone lines and users to connect to the same BBS computer. These included Galacticomm's MajorBBS (later WorldGroup), eSoft The Bread Board System (TBBS), and Falken . Other popular BBS's were Maximus and Opus, with some associated applications such as BinkleyTerm being based on characters from

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996-404: A host of features that would be difficult or impossible under a terminal-based solution, including bi-directional information flow and non-blocking operation that allowed the user to exchange files in both directions while continuing to use the message system and chat, all in separate windows. Will Price's "Hermes", released in 1988, combined a familiar PC style with Macintosh GUI interface. (Hermes

1079-476: A law enforcement officer or a lamer . The largest elite boards accepted users by invitation only. Elite boards also spawned their own subculture and gave rise to the slang known today as leetspeak . Another common type of board was the support BBS run by a manufacturer of computer products or software. These boards were dedicated to supporting users of the company's products with question and answer forums, news and updates, and downloads. Most of them were not

1162-409: A members' club. By 1982 it had over 2000 members, with 40 more signing up each week, and a magazine circulation of 3000. The club reached its peak in the mid-1980s, with membership figures variously reported between 15,000 and 22,000. It thus became one of the largest and longest-running user groups in the world. The club's scope grew to include other Commodore computers, with dedicated chapters for

1245-468: A much reduced scale. In its early decades, the club kept in touch with members and associates around the world through its dial-up bulletin board system , which was programmed and operated by Steve Punter and Sylvia Gallus. TPUG also maintained a presence on private online services of the day and eventually the Internet and World Wide Web . In the 2000s the club set up a special web server running on

1328-427: A network of associated Commodore user groups across North America and around the world. Jim Butterfield authored much of the original TPUG software library and he continued to distribute new programs through the club. As of 2009 the software library was still maintained, and has been released in its entirety on CD-ROM, though there is little demand for titles for the very oldest machines. TPUG's publishing arm produced

1411-605: A new class of BBS systems, dedicated solely to file upload and downloads. These systems charged for access, typically a flat monthly fee, compared to the per-hour fees charged by Event Horizons BBS and most online services. Many third-party services were developed to support these systems, offering simple credit card merchant account gateways for the payment of monthly fees, and entire file libraries on compact disk that made initial setup very easy. Early 1990s editions of Boardwatch were filled with ads for single-click install solutions dedicated to these new sysops . While this gave

1494-483: A number of print periodicals for internal and external distribution, including the standalone journals TPUG Magazine (1984–1986) and TPUG Newsletter (1988–), as well as TPUG News (1987–1988) which was distributed as an insert in Karl Hildon's magazine The Transactor . An earlier club magazine, The TORPET , was produced independently under commercial contract from 1980. In 1984 its owner, Bruce Beach, dissociated

1577-473: A number of years while various companies attempted to introduce non-standard systems with higher performance – normally about 19.2 kbit/s. Another delay followed due to a long V.34 standards process before 28.8 kbit/s was released, only to be quickly replaced by 33.6 kbit/s, and then 56 kbit/s. These increasing speeds had the side effect of dramatically reducing the noticeable effects of channel efficiency. When modems were slow, considerable effort

1660-464: A particular type of user who used the BBS as a unique type of communications medium, and when these local systems were crowded from the market in the 1990s, their loss was lamented for many years. Speed improved with the introduction of 1200 bit/s asynchronous modems in the early 1980s , giving way to 2400 bit/s fairly rapidly. The improved performance led to a substantial increase in BBS popularity. Most of

1743-682: A popular form of communication for Taiwanese youth (see PTT Bulletin Board System ). Most surviving BBSes are accessible over Telnet and typically offer free email accounts, FTP services, and IRC . Some offer access through packet switched networks or packet radio connections. A precursor to the public bulletin board system was Community Memory , which started in August 1973 in Berkeley, California . Microcomputers did not exist at that time, and modems were both expensive and slow. Community Memory ran on

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1826-415: A single connection to be used to contact multiple services simultaneously; for example, downloading files from an FTP library while checking the weather on a local news website. Even with a shell account , it was possible to multitask using job control or a terminal multiplexer such as GNU Screen . In comparison, a connection to a BBS allowed access only to the information on that system. According to

1909-562: A specific operating system , such as Linux . While many hackers use free and open source software , others use Macintosh , RISC OS , Windows and Amiga OS . There are also other user groups that concentrate on either Mac OS ( Macintosh User Group or MUG) or Linux ( Linux User Group or LUG). Many computer user groups belong to an umbrella organization, the Association of Personal Computer User Groups or APCUG. Bulletin board system A bulletin board system ( BBS ), also called

1992-669: Is the Apple User Group Connection . A computer user group (also known as a computer club ) is a group of people who enjoy using microcomputers or personal computers and who meet regularly to discuss the use of computers, share knowledge and experience, hear from representatives of hardware manufacturers and software publishers, and hold other related activities. They may host special interest workgroups, often focusing on one particular aspect of computing. Computer user groups meet both virtually and in hackerspaces . Computer user groups may consist of members who primarily use

2075-401: The 1040ST . The earlier machines generally lacked hard drive capabilities, which limited them primarily to messaging. MS-DOS continued to be the most popular operating system for BBS use up until the mid-1990s, and in the early years, most multi-node BBSes were running under a DOS based multitasker such as DESQview or consisted of multiple computers connected via a LAN . In the late 1980s,

2158-744: The Apple Macintosh platform, including TeleFinder and FirstClass , but these were mostly confined to the Mac market. In the UK, the BBC Micro based OBBS software, available from Pace for use with their modems, optionally allowed for color and graphics using the Teletext based graphics mode available on that platform. Other systems used the Viewdata protocols made popular in the UK by British Telecom 's Prestel service, and

2241-591: The Berkley Breathed cartoon strip of Bloom County . Though most BBS software had been written in BASIC or Pascal (with some low-level routines written in assembly language ), the C language was starting to gain popularity. By 1995, many of the DOS-based BBSes had begun switching to modern multitasking operating systems, such as OS/2 , Windows 95 , and Linux . One of the first graphics-based BBS applications

2324-548: The Borland Graphics Interface library. A competing approach called Remote Imaging Protocol (RIP) emerged and was promoted by Telegrafix in the early to mid-1990s but it never became widespread. A teletext technology called NAPLPS was also considered, and although it became the underlying graphics technology behind the Prodigy service , it never gained popularity in the BBS market. There were several GUI-based BBSes on

2407-614: The FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web and AOL became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and ExecPC BBS , evolved into Internet service providers . The website textfiles.com serves as an archive that documents

2490-605: The Great Blizzard of 1978 , the two began preliminary work on the Computerized Bulletin Board System , or CBBS . The system came into existence largely through a fortuitous combination of Christensen having a spare S-100 bus computer and an early Hayes internal modem, and Suess's insistence that the machine be placed at his house in Chicago where it would be a local phone call for more users. Christensen patterned

2573-453: The Mosaic web browser offered ease of use and global access that BBS and online systems did not provide, and led to a rapid crash in the market starting in late 1994 to early 1995. Over the next year, many of the leading BBS software providers went bankrupt and tens of thousands of BBSes disappeared. Today, BBSing survives largely as a nostalgic hobby in most parts of the world, but it is still

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2656-637: The Telnet protocol rather than dialup, or by using legacy DOS-based BBS software with a FOSSIL -to-Telnet redirector such as NetFoss . BBSes were generally text-based, rather than GUI -based, and early BBSes conversed using the simple ASCII character set. However, some home computer manufacturers extended the ASCII character set to take advantage of the advanced color and graphics capabilities of their systems. BBS software authors included these extended character sets in their software, and terminal program authors included

2739-611: The University of Southern California BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the HTML Dynamic web page . A complete Dynamic web page implementation was accomplished using TBBS with a TDBS add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user. The demand for complex ANSI and ASCII screens and larger file transfers taxed available channel capacity , which in turn increased demand for faster modems. 14.4 kbit/s modems were standard for

2822-514: The World Wide Web , social networks , and other aspects of the Internet . Low-cost, high-performance asynchronous modems drove the use of online services and BBSes through the early 1990s. InfoWorld estimated that there were 60,000 BBSes serving 17 million users in the United States alone in 1994, a collective market much larger than major online services such as CompuServe . The introduction of inexpensive dial-up internet service and

2905-476: The 2000s, most traditional BBS systems migrated to the Internet using Telnet or SSH protocols. As of September 2022, between 900 and 1000 are thought to be active via the Internet  – fewer than 30 of these being of the traditional "dial-up" (modem) variety. Unlike modern websites and online services that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial data centers , BBS computers (especially for smaller boards) were typically operated from

2988-481: The BBS possible for the first time, as it allowed software on the computer to pick up an incoming call, communicate with the user, and then hang up the call when the user logged off. The first public dial-up BBS was developed by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess , members of the Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists' Exchange (CACHE). According to an early interview, when Chicago was snowed under during

3071-634: The BBS was in the circuit of the FidoNet organization. On the PC, efforts were more oriented to extensions of the original terminal concept, with the GUI being described in the information on the host. One example was the Remote Imaging Protocol , essentially a picture description system, which remained relatively obscure. Probably the ultimate development of this style of operation was the dynamic page implementation of

3154-556: The BBSes that provided access to illegal content faced opposition. On July 12, 1985, in conjunction with a credit card fraud investigation, the Middlesex County, New Jersey Sheriff's department raided and seized The Private Sector BBS, which was the official BBS for grey hat hacker quarterly 2600 Magazine at the time. The notorious Rusty n Edie's BBS , in Boardman, Ohio , was raided by

3237-699: The FBI in January 1993 for trading unlicensed software, and later sued by Playboy for copyright infringement in November 1997. In Flint, Michigan , a 21-year-old man was charged with distributing child pornography through his BBS in March 1996. Most early BBSes operated as individual systems. Information contained on that BBS never left the system, and users would only interact with the information and user community on that BBS alone. However, as BBSes became more widespread, there evolved

3320-531: The PET, VIC-20 , Commodore 64 , Commodore 128 , and Amiga . TPUG held over a hundred chapter meetings each year, with attendance at the largest ones reaching about 700. In the 1980s TPUG employed a full-time staff to process memberships and to operate its software library and magazine publishing operations. The club became a central clearing house for freeware for the PET, VIC-20 , C64 , and other Commodore 8-bit computers. Disks and tapes were distributed by mail to

3403-666: The TI-99/4A included Techie, TIBBS (Texas Instruments Bulletin Board System), TI-COMM, and Zyolog. In the early 1990s, a small number of BBSes were also running on the Commodore Amiga . Popular BBS software for the Amiga were ABBS, Amiexpress , C-Net, StormforceBBS, Infinity and Tempest. There was also a small faction of devoted Atari BBSes that used the Atari 800, then the 800XL, and eventually

Toronto PET Users Group - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-416: The ability to display them when a compatible system was called. Atari's native character set was known as ATASCII , while most Commodore BBSes supported PETSCII . PETSCII was also supported by the nationwide online service Quantum Link . The use of these custom character sets was generally incompatible between manufacturers. Unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on,

3569-426: The audience of users running those machines. The ubiquitous Commodore 64 (introduced in 1982) was a common platform in the 1980s. Popular commercial BBS programs were Blue Board , Ivory BBS , Color64 and CNet 64 . There was also a devoted contingent of BBS users on TI-99/4A computers, long after Texas Instruments had discontinued the computer in the aftermath of their price war with Commodore. Popular BBSes for

3652-632: The club staged a flash mob at Starbucks to celebrate the 30-year anniversary of the Commodore SX-64 portable computer. The publicity generated led to Starbucks Corporation approaching TPUG to recreate the event for a promotional documentary film . The short film, which shows club members invading a Kipling Starbucks with PETs, SX-64s, and other antique computers, was released by the corporation in October 2014 as part of its "Meet Me At Starbucks" series. Users%27 group Users' groups started in

3735-417: The early 1980s, message networks such as FidoNet were developed to provide services such as NetMail , which is similar to internet-based email . Many BBSes also offered online games in which users could compete with each other. BBSes with multiple phone lines often provided chat rooms , allowing users to interact with each other. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of

3818-453: The early days of mainframe computers, as a way to share sometimes hard-won knowledge and useful software, usually written by end users independently of the vendor-supplied programming efforts. SHARE , a user group originated by aerospace industry corporate users of IBM mainframe computers, was founded in 1955 and is the oldest computer user group still active. DECUS , the DEC User's Society,

3901-519: The history of the BBS. The historical BBS list on textfiles.com contains over 105,000 BBSes that have existed over a span of 20 years in North America alone. The owner of textfiles.com , Jason Scott , also produced BBS: The Documentary , a DVD film that chronicles the history of the BBS and features interviews with well-known people (mostly from the United States) from the heyday BBS era. In

3984-417: The information was displayed using ordinary ASCII text or ANSI art , but a number of systems attempted character-based graphical user interfaces which began to be practical at 2400 bit/s. There was a lengthy delay before 9600 bit/s models began to appear on the market. 9600 bit/s was not even established as a strong standard before V.32bis at 14.4 kbit/s took over in the early 1990s. This period also saw

4067-461: The introduction of microcomputers with expansion slots, like the S-100 bus machines and Apple II , it became possible for the modem to communicate instructions and data on separate lines. These machines typically only supported asynchronous communications, and synchronous modems were much more expensive than asynchronous modems. A number of modems of this sort were available by the late 1970s. This made

4150-488: The invited speaker. Some 35 people showed up. Attendance at subsequent meetings grew rapidly, leading Duggan to shift them to ever-larger venues—first to the Ontario Science Centre and later to a theatre at Sheridan College . When Duggan was unexpectedly transferred by his employer to Florida in 1980, he nominated a board of directors to replace him, and TPUG was transformed from a privately run enterprise into

4233-421: The late 1970s and early 1980s as hobbyists united to help each other with programming and configuration and use of hardware and software . Especially prior to the emergence of the World Wide Web , obtaining technical assistance with computers was often onerous, while computer clubs would gladly provide free technical support . Users' groups today continue to provide "real life" opportunities for learning from

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4316-431: The late 1980s and early 1990s, most BBSes used ANSI to make elaborate welcome screens, and colorized menus, and thus, ANSI support was a sought-after feature in terminal client programs. The development of ANSI art became so popular that it spawned an entire BBS " artscene " subculture devoted to it. The Amiga Skyline BBS software in 1988 featured a script markup language communication protocol called Skypix which

4399-478: The market a bad reputation, it also led to its greatest success. During the early 1990s, there were a number of mid-sized software companies dedicated to BBS software, and the number of BBSes in service reached its peak. Towards the early 1990s, BBS became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, Boardwatch , BBS Magazine , and in Asia and Australia, Chips 'n Bits Magazine which devoted extensive coverage of

4482-420: The message's route only made one transfer call per day. FidoNet was platform-independent and would work with any BBS that was written to use it. BBSes that did not have integrated FidoNet capability could usually add it using an external FidoNet front-end mailer such as SEAdog, FrontDoor , BinkleyTerm, InterMail or D'Bridge, and a mail processor such as FastEcho or Squish . The front-end mailer would conduct

4565-498: The modem using the same data pins as all the rest of the data, meaning it would work on any system that could support even the most basic modems. The Smartmodem could pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. The Smartmodem was not necessary for BBS use but made overall operation dramatically simpler. It also improved usability for the caller, as most terminal software allowed different phone numbers to be stored and dialed on command, allowing

4648-816: The most popular. In 1981, the IBM Personal Computer was introduced and MS-DOS soon became the operating system on which the majority of BBS programs were run. RBBS-PC , ported over from the CP/M world, and Fido BBS, developed by Tom Jennings (who later founded FidoNet ) were the first notable MS-DOS BBS programs. Many successful commercial BBS programs were developed, such as PCBoard BBS, RemoteAccess BBS, Magpie and Wildcat! BBS . Oopular freeware BBS programs included Telegard BBS and Renegade BBS , which both had early origins from leaked WWIV BBS source code. BBS systems on other systems remained popular, especially home computers , largely because they catered to

4731-605: The on-line magazine Micronet 800 whom were busy giving away modems with their subscriptions. Over time, terminal manufacturers started to support ANSI X3.64 in addition to or instead of proprietary terminal control codes, e.g., color, cursor positioning. The most popular form of online graphics was ANSI art , which combined the IBM Extended ASCII character set's blocks and symbols with ANSI escape sequences to allow changing colors on demand, provide cursor control and screen formatting, and even basic musical tones. During

4814-426: The ones used by CBBS and similar early systems were usable, but generally expensive due to the manufacturer having to make a different modem for every computer platform they wanted to target. They were also limited to those computers with internal expansion, and could not be used with other useful platforms like video terminals . External modems were available for these platforms but required the phone to be dialed using

4897-420: The phone, dial a number, then press the handset into rubber cups on the top of the modem. Disconnecting at the end of a call required the user to pick up the handset and return it to the phone. Examples of direct-connecting modems did exist, and these often allowed the host computer to send it commands to answer or hang up calls, but these were very expensive devices used by large banks and similar companies. With

4980-489: The public, became available in the late 1970s and formed the online service market that lasted into the 1990s. One particularly influential example was PLATO , which had thousands of users by the late 1970s, many of whom used the messaging and chat room features of the system in the same way that would later become common on BBSes. Early modems were generally either expensive or very simple devices using acoustic couplers to handle telephone operation. The user would pick up

5063-553: The publication from TPUG and relaunched it as an oceanography journal. TPUG was regularly involved in Commodore Canada 's annual World of Commodore computer expos since their launch in 1983. The early Toronto-based shows saw attendance of around 40,000, but the series became moribund some years after Commodore's demise in 1994. In 2004 TPUG revived the World of Commodore shows, which as of 2014 continue under their aegis, albeit on

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5146-451: The rapid rise in capacity and a dramatic drop in the price of hard drives . By the late 1980s, many BBS systems had significant file libraries, and this gave rise to leeching – users calling BBSes solely for their files. These users would use the modem for some time, leaving less time for other users, who got busy signals . The resulting upheaval eliminated many of the pioneering message-centric systems. This also gave rise to

5229-457: The same type of system as the BBS, the session would simply fall back to simple ASCII output. For example, a Commodore 64 user calling an Atari BBS would use ASCII rather than the native character set of either. As time progressed, most terminal programs began using the ASCII standard, but could use their native character set if it was available. COCONET, a BBS system made by Coconut Computing, Inc.,

5312-540: The shared experience of the members and may provide other functions such as a newsletter, group purchasing opportunities, tours of facilities, or speakers at group meetings. A users' group may provide its members (and sometimes the general public as well) with one or more of the following services: Users' groups may be organized around a particular brand of hardware (e.g., Mac ), software and operating systems (e.g. Linux ), or more rarely may be dedicated to retro systems (e.g., Apple II ). An example of an early user group

5395-674: The software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes. In addition, in the US, a major monthly magazine, Computer Shopper , carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings. Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was considerable experimentation with ways to develop user-friendly interfaces for BBSes. Almost every popular system used ANSI-based color menus to make reading easier on capable hardware and terminal emulators, and most also allowed cursor commands to offer command-line recall and similar features. Another common feature

5478-472: The sudden obsolescence of bulletin board technology in 1995 and the collapse of its supporting market. Technically, Internet service offered an enormous advantage over BBS systems, as a single connection to the user's Internet service provider allowed them to contact services around the world. In comparison, BBS systems relied on a direct point-to-point connection, so even dialing multiple local systems required multiple phone calls. Internet protocols also allowed

5561-463: The system after the cork board his local computer club used to post information like "need a ride". CBBS officially went online on 16 February 1978. CBBS, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected 253,301 callers before it was finally retired. A key innovation required for the popularization of the BBS was the Smartmodem manufactured by Hayes Microcomputer Products . Internal modems like

5644-419: The system operator's home. As such, access could be unreliable, and in many cases, only one user could be on the system at a time. Only larger BBSes with multiple phone lines using specialized hardware, multitasking software, or a LAN connecting multiple computers, could host multiple simultaneous users. The first BBSes each used their own unique software, quite often written entirely or at least customized by

5727-543: The system operators themselves, running on early S-100 bus microcomputer systems such as the Altair 8800 , IMSAI 8080 and Cromemco under the CP/M operating system. Soon after, BBS software was being written for all of the major home computer systems of the late 1970s era – the Apple II , Atari 8-bit computers , Commodore PET , TI-99/4A , and TRS-80 being some of

5810-446: The system spontaneously created stories, poetry and other forms of communications. The system was expensive to operate, and when their host machine became unavailable and a new one could not be found, the system closed in January 1975. Similar functionality was available to most mainframe users, which might be considered a sort of ultra-local BBS when used in this fashion. Commercial systems, expressly intended to offer these features to

5893-448: The true BBS experience, one can use NetSerial (Windows) or DOSBox (Windows/*nix) to redirect DOS COM port software to telnet, allowing them to connect to Telnet BBSes using 1980s and 1990s era modem terminal emulation software, like Telix , Terminate , Qmodem and Procomm Plus . Modern 32-bit terminal emulators such as mTelnet and SyncTerm include native telnet support. Since most early BBSes were run by computer hobbyists, content

5976-569: The user the illusion of being somewhere else, such as in a sanatorium , wizard's castle, or on a pirate ship . In the early days, the file download library consisted of files that the system operators obtained themselves from other BBSes and friends. Many BBSes inspected every file uploaded to their public file download library to ensure that the material did not violate copyright law. As time went on, shareware CD-ROMs were sold with up to thousands of files on each CD-ROM . Small BBSes copied each file individually to their hard drive. Some systems used

6059-485: The user to easily connect to a series of systems. The introduction of the Smartmodem led to the first real wave of BBS systems. Limited in speed and storage capacity, these systems were normally dedicated solely to messaging, private email and public forums. File transfers were extremely slow at these speeds, and file libraries were typically limited to text files containing lists of other BBS systems. These systems attracted

6142-454: Was Excalibur BBS with low-bandwidth applications that required its own client for efficiency. This led to one of the earliest implementations of Electronic Commerce in 1996 with replication of partner stores around the globe. TCP/IP networking allowed most of the remaining BBSes to evolve and include Internet hosting capabilities. Recent BBS software, such as Synchronet , Mystic BBS , EleBBS, DOC , Magpie or Wildcat! BBS , provide access using

6225-476: Was already "venerable" by 1994 although the Hermes II release remained popular. ) Skypix featured on Amiga a complete markup language . It used a standardized set of icons to indicate mouse driven commands available online and to recognize different filetypes present on BBS storage media. It was capable of transmitting data like images, audio files, and audio clips between users linked to the same BBS or off-line if

6308-427: Was capable of giving the user a complete graphical interface, featuring rich graphics, changeable fonts, mouse-controlled actions, animations and sound. Today , most BBS software that is still actively supported, such as Worldgroup, Wildcat! BBS and Citadel/UX , is Web-enabled, and the traditional text interface has been replaced (or operates concurrently) with a Web-based user interface. For those more nostalgic for

6391-409: Was founded in 1961 and its descendant organization, Connect Worldwide , still operates. The Computer Measurement Group (CMG) was founded in 1974 by systems professionals with a common interest in (mainframe) capacity management , and continues today with a much broader mission. The first UNIX users' group organized in 1978. Users' groups began to proliferate with the microcomputer revolution of

6474-431: Was founded in 1978 or 1979 by Lyman Duggan, a Toronto -area resident who had recently bought a Commodore PET 2001 but could not find an existing user group with any PET owners. At the urging of local author and programmer Jim Butterfield , Duggan organized his own PET group—then known as CLUB 2001—and advertised it by word of mouth. The first meeting was held in the party room of Duggan's condominium, with Butterfield as

6557-564: Was largely technical, with user communities revolving around hardware and software discussions. As the BBS phenomenon grew, so did the popularity of special interest boards. Bulletin Board Systems could be found for almost every hobby and interest. Popular interests included politics, religion, music, dating , and alternative lifestyles . Many system operators also adopted a theme in which they customized their entire BBS (welcome screens, prompts, menus, and so on) to reflect that theme. Common themes were based on fantasy , or were intended to give

6640-456: Was maintained in a routing table called a Nodelist. Some larger BBSes or regional FidoNet hubs would make several transfers per day, some even to multiple nodes or hubs, and as such, transfers usually occurred at night or in the early morning when toll rates were lowest. In Fido's heyday, sending a Netmail message to a user on a distant FidoNet node, or participating in an Echomail discussion could take days, especially if any FidoNet nodes or hubs in

6723-517: Was put into developing the most efficient protocols and display systems possible. TCP/IP ran slowly over 1200 bit/s modems. 56 kbit/s modems could access the protocol suite more quickly than with slower modems. Dial-up Internet service became widely available in the mid-1990s to the general public outside of universities and research laboratories, and connectivity was included in most general-use operating systems by default as Internet access became popular. These developments together resulted in

6806-499: Was released in 1988 and only supported a GUI (no text interface was initially available but eventually became available around 1990), and worked in EGA/VGA graphics mode, which made it stand out from text-based BBS systems. COCONET's bitmap and vector graphics and support for multiple type fonts were inspired by the PLATO system , and the graphics capabilities were based on what was available in

6889-477: Was the use of autocomplete to make menu navigation simpler, a feature that would not re-appear on the Web until decades later. A number of systems also made forays into GUI-based interfaces, either using character graphics sent from the host, or using custom GUI-based terminal systems. The latter initially appeared on the Macintosh platform, where TeleFinder and FirstClass became very popular. FirstClass offered

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