48-600: The Torokina River is a river on Bougainville Island , within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville , in northeastern Papua New Guinea . It empties to Empress Augusta Bay at 6°16′00″S 155°06′00″E / 6.2666667°S 155.1°E / -6.2666667; 155.1 . This article related to a river in Papua New Guinea is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bougainville Island Bougainville Island ( Tok Pisin : Bogenvil )
96-427: A lingua franca . English and Tok Pisin are the languages of official business and government. Other Austronesian languages include Nehan , Petats , Solos , Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz , all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in
144-571: Is estimated to have one billion tonnes of copper ore and 12 million ounces of gold. It was later shut down in a revolution against the Australian-run mine. The majority of people on Bougainville are Christian, an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. There are many indigenous languages in Bougainville Province, belonging to three language families. The languages of
192-752: Is the closest to Buka. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago . It was previously the main landmass in the North Solomons , which were associated with the German Empire . Most of the islands in this archipelago (which are primarily concentrated in the southern and eastern portions of it) are part of the politically independent Solomon Islands . Two of these islands—the closely connected Shortland Islands —are less than 9 km (5.6 mi) south or southeast of Bougainville, and about 30 km (19 mi) west of Choiseul , one of
240-516: Is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville , which is part of Papua New Guinea . Its land area is 9,300 km (3,600 sq mi). The population of the whole province, including nearby islets such as the Carterets , is approximately 300,000 (2019 census). The highest point is Mount Balbi , on the main island, at 2,715 m (8,907 ft). The much smaller Buka Island , c. 500 km (190 sq mi) , lies to
288-568: Is visible for many kilometres. In 2013, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake was detected on the Bougainville Island; its epicenter was located 57 kilometers (35.4 miles) south of Panguna , a town on Bougainville Island. Bougainville Island is primarily forested. Copper mining on the island by a Rio Tinto -owned mining operation in Panguna was known for their environmental impacts due to heavy metals . More recently, deforestation in order to feed
336-727: The Battle of the Coral Sea , the Japanese attempted a landward invasion from the north via the Kokoda Track . From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track , towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. Local Papuans, called Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels by the Australians, assisted and escorted injured Australian troops down
384-534: The Bougainville Civil War claimed over 15,000 lives. Peace talks brokered by New Zealand began in 1997 and led to autonomy. A multinational Peace Monitoring Group (PMG) under Australian leadership was deployed. In 2001, a peace agreement was signed, including the promise of a referendum on independence from Papua New Guinea. This referendum was held between 23 November and 7 December 2019, with results being declared on 11 December. The referendum question
432-738: The Caroline Islands , the Marianas Islands , the Palau Islands ) and Kiautschou in China. German Samoa was assigned to New Zealand; German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru to Australia as League of Nations Mandates : territories "formerly governed [by the Central Powers] and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of
480-629: The Territory of Papua , with Australian administration beginning in 1906. One of the first actions of Australia's armed forces during World War I was the seizure by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force of German New Guinea and the neighbouring islands of the Bismarck Archipelago in October 1914. Germany administered several territories in the south and central Pacific which
528-734: The Australian Territory of Papua , forming the Territory of Papua and New Guinea , a United Nations Trust Territory under Australian administration. On 9 September 1975, the Parliament of Australia passed the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975 . On 11 September 1975, Bougainville declared itself the Republic of the North Solomons . Though it was later absorbed politically into Papua New Guinea. Between 1988 and 1998,
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#1733085404369576-677: The British requested be captured by Australian and New Zealand forces. On 11 September 1914, a Royal Australian Navy force arrived off Rabaul with the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force and naval troops were landed at Herbertshohe and Kabakaul to search for German radio stations, facing some minor German resistance. Rabaul was occupied, unopposed, on 12 September. The German administration surrendered German New Guinea on 17 September. Australian troops and vessels were subsequently dispatched to occupy Germany's other territories including
624-553: The Buna-Gona area. The bitter Battle of Buna-Gona followed in which Australian and United States forces attacked the main Japanese beachheads in New Guinea, at Buna, Sanananda and Gona. Facing tropical disease, difficult terrain and well-constructed Japanese defences, the allies finally achieved victory after experiencing heavy casualties. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were
672-641: The Kokoda track. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater . The Japanese on the Kokoda Track were ordered to retreat to the coast so the Japanese could focus their efforts on the Battle of Guadalcanal , and the Australians pursued them back to
720-590: The League of Nations, Germans could no longer be expelled from the territory of a League of Nations mandate. In the 1930s there were 4,500 foreigners in the Mandate New Guinea, four times more than in Papua, including 1,000 Chinese and 400 Germans. In 1921 gold was found in Wau. A few years later, as a result of the gold rush, gold seekers streamed through the port of Salamaua to Wau. In 1926 another, more productive gold field
768-637: The New Guinea mainland, New Ireland , the Admiralty Islands , the Western Islands , Bougainville , and the German Solomons . The colony remained under Australian military control until 1921. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference following the war, Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes sought to secure possession of New Guinea from the defeated German Empire: telling the Conference: "Strategically
816-785: The Territory of New Guinea at all times retained a distinct legal status and identity until the advent of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea . The initial Australian mandate, entitled the Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean situated South of the Equator other than German Samoa and Nauru , was based on the previous German New Guinea , which had been captured and occupied by Australian forces during World War I . Most of
864-525: The Territory of New Guinea was occupied by Japan during World War II , between 1942 and 1945. During this time, Rabaul , on the island of New Britain , became a major Japanese base (see New Guinea campaign ). After World War II, the territories of Papua and New Guinea were combined in an administrative union under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act (1945–46). In 1884, Germany formally took possession of
912-412: The battles for New Britain and New Ireland in the Territory of New Guinea in 1942. Rabaul , the capital of the Territory was overwhelmed on 22–23 January and was established as a major Japanese base from whence they landed on mainland New Guinea and advanced towards Port Moresby and Australia. Having had their initial effort to capture Port Moresby by a seaborne invasion disrupted by the U.S. Navy in
960-442: The coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby Takuu Atoll , a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu . The Papuan languages are confined to the main island of Bougainville. These include Rotokas , a language with a very small inventory of phonemes, Eivo , Terei, Keriaka , Naasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi , Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (sometimes considered a dialect of Siwai), Uisai and several others. Cut off from
1008-472: The end of 1942. Shortly after the start of the Pacific War , New Guinea was invaded by the Japanese. Most of West Papua , at that time known as Dutch New Guinea , was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea but the Territory of Papua was protected to a large extent by its southern location and the near-impassable Owen Stanley Ranges to the north. The New Guinea campaign opened with
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#17330854043691056-530: The eruptions of the volcano Mount Tavurvur and its neighbouring summit Matupit on the Vulcan Island on May 29, 1937, led to extensive destruction of the infrastructure and made the city almost uninhabitable. The seat of the administration of the territory was moved to Lae on the island of New Guinea. When Lae was destroyed by a Japanese air raid on January 20, 1942, Administrator McNicoll moved the administration to Wau. McNicoll contracted malaria and had to resign at
1104-479: The former German colony, which occurred during the tenure of Governor Albert Hahl, stagnated because of the expropriations. Around 268 plantations, 20 larger shops, workshops and operating facilities were sold to new owners. Many of the new plantation owners, often former Australian soldiers, had little experience of farming in tropical climates. Originally, the German missionaries should also be expelled. However, through
1152-496: The growing population has affected the flow of many rivers on the island. The United Nations Environment Programme has offered to facilitate the cleanup of the Panguna mine and explore reopening it with more stringent environmental standards. Bougainville Island has a tropical rainforest climate ( Af on Köppen classification ). The driest month is February. Bougainville has one of the world's largest copper deposits, which has been under development since 1972. The Panguna mine
1200-684: The influence of American and Australian Lutherans, the Neuendettelsau missionaries were able to continue their work and were allowed to travel to New Guinea again from 1928. The Steyler missionaries and the Steyler Missionary Sisters were also affected by the planned deportation. The Apostolic Delegate in Australia, Archbishop Bartolomeo Cattaneo (1866–1933), advocated the whereabouts of the German-speaking Catholic missionaries, from
1248-603: The ingenuity with which the Bougainvillean people survived for almost a decade (1989–1997) without trade or contact with the outside world because of the PNG military blockade. Mr. Pip (2012) is a film by New Zealand director Andrew Adamson based on the book Mister Pip by New Zealand author Lloyd Jones . 6°14′40″S 155°23′02″E / 6.24444°S 155.38389°E / -6.24444; 155.38389 Territory of New Guinea The Territory of New Guinea
1296-484: The island in 1902. During World War I , Australia occupied German New Guinea, including Bougainville. It became part of the Australian Territory of New Guinea under a League of Nations mandate in 1920. In 1942, during World War II , Japan invaded the island, but Allied forces launched the Bougainville campaign to regain control of the island in 1943. Despite heavy bombardments, the Japanese garrisons remained on
1344-437: The island until 1945. Following the war, the Territory of New Guinea, including Bougainville, returned to Australian control. On 18 April 1943, in Bougainville Island, during the Pacific War , the Japanese admiral, commander-in-chief of Combined Fleet Isoroku Yamamoto , died after his plane was attacked by US fighter planes and crashed into the jungle. In 1949, the Territory of New Guinea , including Bougainville, merged with
1392-541: The largely Australian force and the Japanese 18th Army based in New Guinea until the Surrender of Japan to end the war on 2 September 1945. The New Guinea campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War. In all, some 200,000 Japanese soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the campaign against approximately 7,000 Australian and 7,000 American service personnel. After the war, civil administration of Papua and of New Guinea
1440-572: The modern world". Article 22 said: There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to
1488-409: The nearby island of Buka are a single landmass separated by a deep 300-metre (980 ft) wide strait. The island has an area of 9,000 km (3,500 sq mi), and there are several active, dormant or inactive volcanoes that can rise to 2,400 m (7,900 ft). Bagana (1,750 metres [5,740 ft]) in the north central part of Bougainville is conspicuously active, spewing out gas that
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1536-413: The north, across the 400–500 m (1,300–1,600 ft) wide Buka Strait . Even though the strait is narrow, there is no bridge across it, but there is a regular ferry service between the key settlements on either side. The main airstrip in the north is in the town of Buka. Buka has an outcropping that is 175 km (109 mi) from New Ireland . Among the large islands of Papua New Guinea, New Ireland
1584-421: The northeast quarter of New Guinea and it became known as German New Guinea . In the same year, the British government proclaimed a protectorate over the southeastern quarter of New Guinea. The protectorate, called British New Guinea , was annexed by Britain outright on 4 September 1888. The territory was transferred to the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia on 18 March 1902, and British New Guinea became
1632-759: The northern end of the island, and some scattered around the coast, belong to the Austronesian family . The languages of the north-central and southern lobes of Bougainville Island belong to the North and South Bougainville families. The most widely spoken Austronesian language is Halia and its dialects, spoken on the island of Buka and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. The larger languages, such as Nasioi , Korokoro Motuna, Terei , and Halia, are split into dialects that are not always mutually understandable. For general communication, most Bougainvilleans use Tok Pisin as
1680-613: The northern islands (such as New Guinea) encompass Australia like fortresses. They are as necessary to Australia as water to a city." Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles provided for the division of Germany and the Central Powers ' imperial possessions among the victorious Allies of World War I . In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands ,
1728-535: The northern tip of Buka Island to the Nggela Islands . The earliest evidence of human settlement is at Kilu Cave on Buka Island, where the earliest remains are from 26,700 to 18,100 BC. The first settlers were Melanesian people , likely related to modern Papuans and Indigenous Australians . In the 2nd millennium BC, Austronesian people arrived, bringing with them domesticated pigs, chickens, dogs, and obsidian tools. The first European contact with Bougainville
1776-873: The orders of the Sacred Heart Missionaries (MSC), Marists (SM) and the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) ), who held this post in Australia from 1917 to 1933. The Archbishops of Sydney and New York also appealed to the Australian and American governments, asking that the deportation plans be withdrawn. To this day, German missionaries from the Protestant Neuendettelsauer Mission and the Catholic Sacred Heart of Jesus and Steyler missionaries work in Papua New Guinea. From 1926, after Germany joined
1824-569: The outbreak of the Pacific War and Japanese invasion in December 1941 brought about its suspension. The first civilian administrator, Brigadier-General Evan Wisdom , made Rabaul on the island of New Britain the capital of the Australian Mandate New Guinea. The German settlers in the territory of New Guinea were expropriated from 1921 and expelled to Germany, only a few Germans were allowed to stay. The dynamic economic development of
1872-441: The outside world for several years by a Papua New Guinean blockade during the civil war, the islanders suffered many deaths from a lack of medical resources. A 2013 United Nations survey of 843 men found that 62% (530 respondents) of those have raped a woman or girl at least once, with 26% (217 respondents) of the men reported having raped a non-partner, whereas 9% (74 respondents) reported having committed gang rape. Additionally,
1920-576: The safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population. The British Government, on behalf of Australia, assumed a mandate from the League of Nations for governing the Territory on 17 December 1920. The terms of the mandate were not received in Australia until April 1921. This mandate was enacted and administered by the Australian Government through the New Guinea Act 1920 until
1968-472: The settlements of which, Poroporo, faces Bougainville. In a 2019 referendum , the citizens of Bougainville voted to become independent from Papua New Guinea by 2027, but the referendum was non-binding on the Papua New Guinea government, which has not committed to this. During the Last Ice Age , present-day Bougainville Island was part of a single landmass known as "Greater Bougainville", which spanned from
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2016-542: The single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. The Supreme Commander of operations was the United States General Douglas Macarthur , with Australian General Thomas Blamey taking a direct role in planning and operations being essentially directed by staff at New Guinea Force headquarters in Port Moresby. Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between
2064-413: The survey also found that 8% (67 respondents) of the men had raped other men or boys. The Coconut Revolution , a documentary about the struggle of the indigenous population to save their island from environmental destruction and gain independence, was made in 1999. An Evergreen Island (2000), a film by Australian documentary filmmakers Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films , showed
2112-521: Was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea or full independence. Of the valid votes, 98.31% were in favour of full independence. The vote is not binding; the Government of Papua New Guinea has the final say on the status of Bougainville. Bougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago. It is part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion . Bougainville and
2160-424: Was an Australian -administered League of Nations and then United Nations trust territory on the island of New Guinea from 1914 until 1975. In 1949, the Territory and the Territory of Papua were established in an administrative union by the name of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea . That administrative union was renamed as Papua New Guinea in 1971. Notwithstanding that it was part of an administrative union,
2208-544: Was found on Edie Creek near Wau. Since there were no roads yet and the transport over mountain paths was very laborious for the gold prospectors, it was necessary to fly in the heavy equipment. In 1937 and 1938, Bulolo Gold Dredging & Co and Guinea Airways moved more air freight with four Junkers G 31 cargo planes between Lae and Wau than in the rest of the world combined. Wisdom was replaced on June 13, 1933, by Brigadier General Thomas Griffiths. Brigadier General Walter Ramsay McNicoll followed on September 13, 1934. In Rabaul,
2256-544: Was in 1768, when the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville arrived and named the main island after himself. British and American whaling ships visited the island for provisions, water, and wood in the 19th century. The first on record was the Roscoe in 1822, and the last was Palmetto in 1881. Later, the German Empire laid claim to Bougainville in 1899, annexing it into German New Guinea . Christian missionaries arrived on
2304-521: Was restored, and under the Papua New Guinea Provisional Administration Act, 1945–46, Papua and New Guinea were combined in a new administrative union. The Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 united the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea . However, for the purposes of Australian nationality a distinction was maintained between the two territories. The act provided for
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