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105-397: Too Old to Die Young is an American crime drama miniseries directed by Nicolas Winding Refn , written by Refn, Ed Brubaker and Halley Gross , and starring Miles Teller and Augusto Aguilera . It premiered on Amazon on June 14, 2019. Amazon said in 2019 that they did not intend to produce a second season. Too Old to Die Young follows "a grieving police officer who, along with

210-774: A BAFTA nomination for directing. The film was also nominated in 2012 for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing , a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture nomination for Albert Brooks , Excellence in Production Design Award from the Art Directors Guild, won Best Director, Best Screenplay (for Hossein Amini ) and Best Supporting Actor (for Brooks) at the Austin Film Critics Awards, won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Albert Brooks) and Best Use of Music in

315-493: A sound man . I want to be all of them at once. And that film proved that you can do it because that movie is not a normal movie. Refn has said numerous times that his largest cinematic influence has been the director Alejandro Jodorowsky (to whom Refn dedicated Only God Forgives ), of whom he has said: I had been seeing Jodorowsky the last couple years in Paris and we'd become quite close. Before we'd have dinner, we'd always have

420-598: A Best Actor award at the 2005 Bodil Awards , Best Actor at the 2005 Robert Festival (where the film was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Film, among other nominations), and Best Actor at the 2005 Zulu Awards. The film was remade as a British version in 2012, Pusher , directed by Luis Prieto and executive produced by Refn. In 2008, Refn returned to the European art house film circuit after his unsuccessful Hollywood venture Fear X . He wrote and directed Bronson (2008), which starred Tom Hardy as

525-558: A Chinese Bookie and Kevin Smith 's 1994 indie film Clerks . Other favorites include Tokyo Drifter (1966), Kwaidan (1964), My Life as a Dog (1985), Man on Fire (2004), Pretty Woman (1990), Scorpio Rising (1963), Vampyr (1932), Videodrome (1983), Suspiria (1977), Cloverfield (2008), Flesh for Frankenstein (1973), Planet of the Vampires (1965), Liquid Sky (1982), The Shining (1980), Night of

630-827: A Film (by Cliff Martinez ), the Critics Choice Award at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Action Movie, Best Director, Best Picture and Breakthrough Film Artist at the Central Ohio Film Critics Association, Best Original Score (Martinez) and Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards, Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the Florida Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Foreign Film at

735-416: A Hollywood feature went from $ 20,000 in 1914 to $ 300,000 in 1924. Silver and Ursini stated that the earliest crime features were by Austrian émigré director Josef von Sternberg whose films like Underworld (1927) eliminated most of the causes for criminal behavior and focused on the criminal perpetrators themselves which would anticipate the popular gangster films of the 1930s. The groundwork for

840-402: A brief cameo, which premiered at the 2012 Venice Film Festival . The short film is entitled Gucci Premiere. He also directed the music video for his frequent collaborator Peter Peter 's band Bleeder, which featured his wife Liv Corfixen as a crazy nurse. He also directed a series of Lincoln commercials starring Matthew McConaughey . In 2019, Cannes Film Festival announced that it would host

945-478: A broader category called "film type", mystery and suspense as "macro-genres", and film noir as a "screenwriter's pathway" explaining that these categories are additive rather than exclusionary. Chinatown would be an example of a film that is a drama (film type) crime film (super-genre) that is also a noir (pathway) mystery (macro-genre). The definition of what constitutes a crime film is not straightforward. Criminologist Nicole Hahn Rafter in her book Shots in

1050-494: A car shop. After a fight with the man, who is naked, Martin kills him. At Larry's memorial service, where police serve orange juice and pancakes, Martin is promoted to the homicide division. Jesus escapes to Mexico to wait it out while things calm down in Los Angeles. His uncle, the terminally ill Don Ricardo, highly revered Rojas's mother, who he sees in her son. He also sees her in his nurse, Yaritza, whom he says he found out in

1155-505: A change signaled by films like Chinatown (1974) and The Wild Bunch (1969) noting that older genres were being transformed through cultivation of nostalgia and a critique of the myths cultivated by their respective genres. Todd found that this found its way into crime films of the 1980s with films that could be labeled as post-modern , in which he felt that "genres blur, pastiche prevails, and once-fixed ideals, such as time and meaning, are subverted and destabilized". This would apply to

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1260-569: A conservative era. For crime films, this led to various reactions, including political films that critiqued official policies and citizen's political apathy. These included films like Missing (1982), Silkwood (1983), and No Way Out (1987). Prison films and courtroom dramas would also be politically charged with films like Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985) and Cry Freedom (1987). While films about serial killers existed in earlier films such as M (1931) and Peeping Tom (1960),

1365-451: A crooked shell" and portrayed gangsters who showcased the "romantic mystique of the doomed criminal." The 1940s formed an ambivalence toward the criminal heroes. Leitch suggested that this shift was from the decline in high-profile organized crime, partly because of the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 and partly because of the well-publicized success of the FBI. Unlike the crime films of the 1930s,

1470-484: A film described as "crime/ action " or an "action/crime" or other hybrids was "only a semantic exercise" as both genres are important in the construction phase of the narrative. Mark Bould in A Companion to Film Noir stated that categorization of multiple generic genre labels was common in film reviews and rarely concerned with succinct descriptions that evoke elements of the film's form, content and make no claims beyond on how these elements combine. Leitch, stated that

1575-481: A locker of the Hollywood Athletic Club. The Asphalt Jungle (1950) consolidated a tendency to define criminal subculture as a mirror of American culture. The cycle of caper films were foreshadowed by films like The Killers (1946) and Criss Cross (1949) to later examples like The Killing (1956) and Odds Against Tomorrow (1959). Leitch wrote that these films used the planning and action of

1680-490: A masterclass with Refn on working in Film and TV. In 2005, it was reported that Refn would co-wrote a screenplay with Nicholas St. John titled Billy's People . However, Refn scrapped the project because his films Bleeder (1999) and Fear X (2003) were box office disasters . In 2009, Refn expressed high interest in developing a film biopic of notorious English occultist Aleister Crowley , with Bronson star Tom Hardy in

1785-440: A meeting with his subordinates, Jesus orders his men to be as brutal and violent as possible, saying he wants to turn the city into "a theme park of pain." Diana masturbates while using VR equipment, shaves her legs, calls in sick to work, and dances. She prophesies that civilization will soon end and evil will prosper until things reach a breaking point, after which she will declare "the dawn of innocence." On February 8, 2017, it

1890-672: A mobster known as The Snapper Kid. Regeneration (1915) was an early feature-length film about a gangster who saved from a life of crime by a social worker. These two early films and films like Tod Browning 's Outside the Law (1920) that deal with the world of criminal activity were described by Silver and Ursini as being gangsters "constrained by a strong moral code". Stuart Kaminsky in American Film Genres (1974) stated that prior to Little Caesar (1931), gangster characters were in films were essentially romances . European films of

1995-467: A movie any other way?' It's like a painting—you paint the movie as you go along, and I like the uncertainty of not knowing exactly how it's going to turn out." Refn spoke more about shooting in chronological order in September 2011, in reference to Drive : It's always difficult with production. All my films previous to Drive had been shot in what I call 100-percent almost-chronological order. Where Drive

2100-522: A psychopathic personality." Drew Todd in Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society described the character as different than films featuring rebellious characters from the 1940s and 1950s, with a character whose anger is directed against the state, mixed with fantasies of vigilante justice. Films like Dirty Harry , The French Connection and Straw Dogs (1971) that presented a violent vigilante as

2205-470: A remake of The Defiant Ones (1958). The cycle generally slowed down by the mid 1970s. Prison films closely followed the formulas of films of the past while having an increased level of profanity, violence and sex. Cool Hand Luke (1967) inaugurated the revival and was followed into the 1970s with films like Papillon (1973), Midnight Express (1978) and Escape from Alcatraz (1979). When Ronald Reagan became president in 1980, he ushered in

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2310-413: A robbery todramatize the "irreducible unreasonableness of life." The themes of existential despair made the these film popular with European filmmakers, who would make their own heist films like Rififi (1955) and Il bidone (1955). Filmmakers of the coming French New Wave movement would expand on these crime films into complex mixtures of nostalgia and critique with later pictures like Elevator to

2415-420: A savior. By the mid-1970s, a traditional lead with good looks, brawn and bravery was replaced with characters who Todd described as a "pathological outcast, embittered and impulsively violent." Hollywood productions began courting films produced and marketed by white Americans for the purpose of trying to attract a new audience with blaxploitation film. These films were almost exclusively crime films following

2520-546: A tarot reading and talk about what it means. I feel that as a filmmaker, he's the last of the great giants of an era that's coming to a close. A year ago, he baptized me as his spiritual son and I wanted to reward that gesture. He stated that for his first film Pusher , he stole everything from Gillo Pontecorvo 's 1965 Oscar-nominated The Battle of Algiers and Ruggero Deodato 's 1980 highly controversial film Cannibal Holocaust . Also influential to his film viewing experience were John Cassavetes ' 1976 film The Killing of

2625-499: A way to do that is to ask the actor what they would like to do. It also forces them to be more truthful. Refn's color blindness has influenced his style: "I can't see mid-colors. That's why all my films are very contrasted, if it were anything else I couldn't see it." Refn has cited viewing The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) as inspiration for his filmmaking career: I grew up in a cinema family. My parents were brought up on

2730-470: Is a movie about a son [played by Mads Mikkelsen] who all his life wants his father's love, but realizes he needs to kill him to free the sins of the father from him. What plants the seed for him is realizing he has his own child, and the responsibility of that suddenly forces him to take action. And it's a happy ending, even though it's a dark ending, but for the character, it is what he was meant to become. It's almost like he achieved his true meaning. And Drive

2835-402: Is a style of crime film that originated from two cinematic precursors: the gangster film and the gentleman thief film. The essential element in these films is the plot concentration on the commission of a single crime of great monetary significance, at least on the surface level. The narratives in these films focus on the heist being wrapped up in the execution of the crime more or at as much as

2940-429: Is about to collapse due to global warming and rising fascism. The instinctual violent side of humans will come back. He believes it's up to them to protect the innocence in humanity as much as they can. Martin stalks the pornographers. Eventually they stop to drink at a bar, where he casually gets to know them. They suggest he make a movie with him in it. As they are about to take off his clothes, Martin shoots everyone in

3045-455: Is after her. Martin has taken sick leave after being stabbed. He spends his free time celebrating Janey's 18th birthday and killing more pedophiles with Larsen. Theo, Janey's father, makes more sexual advances toward Martin when they are alone. He ends up inviting Martin to see a movie, which appears similar to the show itself. Afterwards, Theo starts masturbating while talking about Janey, causing Martin to kill him. Larsen helps Martin get rid of

3150-423: Is different just as crime are different than horror, science fiction and period drama films. Rafter also suggested that Westerns could be considered crime films, but that this perception would only be "muddying conceptual waters." The history of the crime film before 1940 follows reflected the changing social attitudes toward crime and criminals. In the first twenty years of the 20th Century, American society

3255-436: Is getting too sick to continue the work. When Martin helps him to bed, Larsen asks him to hold him. They embrace for a long time. After Martin's death, Diana has a vision, with her eyes clouding over. She performs a ritual with lemon-flavored soda, which reveals Yaritza to her and clears her eyes. Meanwhile, Yaritza and Jesus role-play scenes from his childhood, acting out an incestuous relationship between him and his mother. At

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3360-403: Is like 80 percent. The reason why it didn't go 100 was that I just simply couldn't afford the last remaining pieces. I could afford what I call the "emotional chronological order". So nobody would die or leave the movie in the middle of their shooting schedule. It would always be the end. So there was a build-up as much as possible. On his approach to working with actors, Refn has said: I think

3465-463: Is similar in the sense that The Driver was meant to become a superhero, and he's denied all these things—relationships, companionship. And why would he be denied that? It was because he was meant for something greater. Refn prefers to shoot his films in chronological order: "I read that [director John Cassavetes ] had done it on some of his films, so I thought, 'That's a pretty cool approach.' And after I did it on my first movie, I felt, 'How can you do

3570-576: The Pusher trilogy (1996–2005), the crime drama Bronson (2008), and the adventure film Valhalla Rising (2009). In 2011 he directed the action drama film Drive (2011) for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director . He was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction . Refn's next films were the stylistically driven action film Only God Forgives (2013), and

3675-516: The 2013 Cannes Film Festival . The film was awarded the Sydney Film Prize at the 2013 Sydney Film Festival . Liv Corfixen , Refn's wife, directed the documentary My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn , centered on the life and work of Refn and their relationship. The documentary film premiered on July 17, 2014, in Denmark. In September 2011, Refn said his next film would be I Walk with

3780-617: The British Board of Film Censors or conveyed mostly through narration. Box-office receipts began to grow stronger towards the late 1960s. Hollywood's demise of the Hays Code standards would allow for further violent, risqué and gory films. As college students at the University of Berkeley and University of Columbia demonstrated against racial injustice and the Vietnam, Hollywood generally ignored

3885-565: The Copenhagen -based production company Space Rocket Nation . Refn was born in Copenhagen , Denmark, and raised partly in New York City , United States . Refn's parents are Danish film director and editor Anders Refn and cinematographer Vibeke Winding. His half-brother is Kasper Winding, who has become a singer in Denmark. He attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts but

3990-604: The FIPRESCI prize for the film at the 2000 Sarajevo Film Festival the work won Best Lighting at the Robert Festival. The film was nominated for Best Film and Best Supporting Actress at the 2000 Bodil Awards , as well as for the Grand Prix Asturias for Best Feature at the 1999 Gijon International Film Festival . In 2003, Refn directed and wrote his first English-language film, Fear X , which starred John Turturro and

4095-496: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935), promoted bigger budgets and wider press for his organization and himself through a well-publicized crusade against such real world gangsters as Machine Gun Kelly , Pretty Boy Floyd and John Dillinger . Hoover's fictionalized exploits were glorified in future films such as G Men (1935). Through the 1930s, American films view of criminals were predominantly glamorized, but as

4200-501: The French New Wave . That was God to them, but to me it was the antichrist, and how better to rebel against your parents than by watching something your mother is going to hate, which were American horror movies. When I saw Texas Chain Saw Massacre , I realized: I don't want to be a director, I don't want to be a writer, I don't want to be a producer, I don't want to be a photographer, I don't want to be an editor , I don't want to be

4305-1031: The Western film as they lack both the instantly recognizable or the unique intent of other genres such as parody films. Leitch and Rafter both write that it would be impractical to call every film in which a crime produces the central dramatic situation a crime film. Leitch gave an example that most Westerns from The Great Train Robbery (1903) to Unforgiven (1992) often have narratives about crime and punishment, but are not generally described as crime films. Films with crime-and-punishment themes like Winchester 73 (1950) and Rancho Notorious (1952) are classified as Westerns rather than crime films because their setting takes precedence over their story. Alain Silver and James Ursini argued in A Companion to Crime Fiction (2020) that "unquestionably most Western films are crime films" but that that their overriding generic identification

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4410-490: The gangster film as both a genre on its own terms and a subgenre of the crime film. In these films, the gangster and their values have been imbedded through decades of reiteration and revision, generally with a masculine style where an elaboration on a codes of behavior by acts of decisive violence are central concerns. The archetypal gangster film was the Hollywood production Little Caesar (1931). A moral panic followed

4515-602: The 1940s films were based more on fictional tales with gangsters played by Paul Muni in Angel on My Shoulder (1946) and Cagney in White Heat (1949) were self-consciously anachronistic. Filmmakers from this period were fleeing Europe due to the rise of Nazism. These directors such as Fritz Lang , Robert Siodmak , and Billy Wilder would make crime films in the late 1930s and 1940s that were later described as film noir by French critics. Several films from 1944 like The Woman in

4620-676: The 1980s had an emphasis on the serial nature of their crimes with a larger number of films focusing on the repetitive nature of some murders. While many of these films were teen-oriented pictures, they also included films like Dressed to Kill (1980) and Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) and continued into the 2000s with films like Seven (1995), Kiss the Girls (1997), and American Psycho (2000). In an article by John G. Cawelti titled " Chinatown and Generic Transformations in Recent American Films" (1979), Cawleti noticed

4725-638: The 1990s with films like Wild at Heart (1990). Quentin Tarantino would continue this trend in the 1990s with films where violence and crime is treated lightly such as Reservoir Dogs (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994) and Natural Born Killers (1994) while Lynch and the Coens would continue with Fargo (1996) and Lost Highway (1997). Other directors such as Martin Scorsese and Sidney Lumet would continue to more traditional crime films Goodfellas , Prince of

4830-579: The 2010 Fantasporto Festival, and won the Titra Film Award for Refn at the 2010 Neuchatel International Fantastic Film Festival . The film also won a Best Make-Up award at the 2011 Robert Festival. In 2011, Refn directed the American action drama film Drive (2011). It premiered in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , where he received the Best Director Award . The film earned Refn

4935-442: The American crime film which began rejecting linear storytelling and distinctions between right and wrong with works from directors like Brian de Palma with Dressed to Kill and Scarface and works from The Coen Brothers and David Lynch whose had Todd described as having "stylized yet gritty and dryly humorous pictures evoking dream states" with films like Blood Simple (1984) and Blue Velvet (1986) and would continue into

5040-518: The City (1980), Q & A (1990), and Casino (1995). Other trends of the 1990s extended boundaries of crime films, ranging from main characters who were female or minorities with films like Thelma and Louise (1991), Swoon (1991), Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), Bound (1996) and Dolores Claiborne (1996). Every genre is a subgenre of a wider genre from whose contexts its own conventions take their meaning, it makes sense to think of

5145-575: The Dead , with Carey Mulligan , co-star of Drive , slated to play the lead. According to Refn, it was to be a horror-movie sex thriller that may be set in Tokyo or Los Angeles. In October 2013 playwright Polly Stenham was confirmed to write the screenplay with Refn. They stated that the film will have an all-female cast. Refn admitted that he asked Stenham to write the screenplay to compensate for his perceived inability to write female characters. By November 2014,

5250-1161: The Fotogramas de Plata, Best Director from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society, a Top Films Award from the National Board of Review , Best Supporting Actor (Brooks) at the National Society of Film Critics Awards, the San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards and the New York Film Critics Circle Awards, Best Director at the San Diego Film Critics Society Awards. Refn wanted to cast Drive actress Christina Hendricks as Wonder Woman , but later focused on Batgirl instead. The Bangkok-set crime film Only God Forgives , starring Ryan Gosling and Kristin Scott Thomas , premiered in competition at

5355-779: The Gallows (1958), Breathless (1960) and Shoot the Piano Player (1960). Following the classical noir period of 1940 to 1958, a return to the violence of the two previous decades. By 1960, film was losing popularity to television as the mass form of media entertainment. Despite To The crime film countered this by providing material no acceptable for television, first with a higher level of onscreen violence. Films like Psycho (1960) and Black Sunday (1960) marked an increase in onscreen violence in film. Prior to these films, violence and gorier scenes were cut in Hammer film productions by

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5460-576: The Living Dead (1968), To Die For (1995), Sixteen Candles (1984), The Night of the Hunter (1955), Alien (1979) and Beauty and the Beast (1946). Some of the films Refn helped restore include Ron Ormond 's The Burning Hell (1974), Curtis Harrington 's Night Tide (1961) and Ray Dennis Steckler 's Wild Guitar (1962). He has also stated he is influenced by extraterrestrials . After

5565-649: The Mirror: Crime Films and Society (2006) found that film scholars had a traditional reluctance to examine the topic of crime films in their entirety due to complex nature of the topic. Carlos Clarens in his book Crime Movies (1980), described the crime film as a symbolic representation of criminals, law, and society. Clarens continued that they describe what is culturally and morally abnormal and differ from thriller films which he wrote as being more concerned with psychological and private situations. Thomas Schatz in Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and

5670-493: The Miu character and her so-called sister, Rakel, would essentially come from another dimension. I just had to figure out how I interpreted it into the story. Refn is married to actress Liv Corfixen , with whom he has two daughters. After making the movie Fear X , Refn was heavily in debt. The story of his recovery is recorded in the documentary Gambler , directed by Phie Ambo. At the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , Refn said that he

5775-509: The Studio System (1981) does not refer to the concept of crime film as a genre, and says that "such seemingly similar "urban crime" formulas" such as the gangster film and detective film were their own unique forms. Thomas Leitch, author of Crime Films (2004) stated that the crime film presents their defining subject as a crime culture that normalizes a place where crime is both shockingly disruptive and completely normal. Rafter suggested

5880-457: The Window , Laura , Murder, My Sweet and Double Indemnity ushered in this film cycle. These works continued into the mid-1950s. A reaction to film noir came with films with a more semi-documentary approach pioneered by the thriller The House on 92nd Street (1945). This led to crime films taking a more realistic approach like Kiss of Death (1947) and The Naked City (1948). By

5985-486: The best way to skirt complexities of various films that may be defined as crime films as works that focus primarily on crime and its consequences, and that they should be viewed as a category that encompasses a number genres, ranging from caper films , detective films, gangster films, cop and prison films and courtroom dramas. She said that like drama and romance film, they are umbrella terms that cover several smaller more coherent groups. The criminal acts in every film in

6090-440: The body. Martin then throws up and confesses who Theo was to Larsen, and admits that he isn't sure why he killed him. He says he doesn't want to be a police officer anymore. The police perform a bizarre nationalistic play about Jesus to Martin as goodbye. Meanwhile, Janey reports her father missing, and admits to the police that she's been in a relationship with Martin since she was 16. Martin kills another pedophile with Larsen, who

6195-596: The box office. The success of the film and its sequel The Godfather Part II (1974) reinforced the stature of the gangster film genre, which continued into the 1990s with films Scarface (1983), Once Upon a Time in America (1984), The Untouchables (1987), Goodfellas (1990) and Donnie Brasco (1997). Dirty Harry (1971) create a new form of police film, where Clint Eastwood 's performance as Inspector Callahan which critic Pauline Kael described as an "emotionless hero, who lives and kills as affectlessly as

6300-431: The character of Jimmy "Popeye" Doyle who Leitch described as a "tireless, brutal, vicious and indifferent" in terms of constraints of the law and his commanding officers. The film won several Academy Awards and was successful in the box office. This was followed in critical and commercial success of The Godfather (1972) which also won a Best Picture Academy Award and performed even better than The French Connection in

6405-429: The continual breakdown and re-establishment of borders among criminals, crime solvers and victims, concluding that "this paradox is at the heart of all crime films." Rafter echoed these statements, saying crime films should be defined on the basis of their relationship with society. Leitch writes that crime films reinforce popular social beliefs of their audience, such as the road to hell is paved with good intentions ,

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6510-412: The crime film was following changing attitudes towards the law and the social order that criminals metaphorically reflect while most film were also no more explicitly violent or explicitly sexual than those of 1934. White Heat (1949) inaugurated a cycle of crime films that would deal with the omnipresent danger of the nuclear bomb with its theme of when being threatened with technological nightmares,

6615-554: The criminal psychology and are characterized by and emphasis on the crime unfolding often though montage and extended sequences. The genre is sometimes used interchangeable with the term "caper". The term was used for the more dramatic films of the 1950s, while in the 1960s, it had stronger elements of romantic comedy with more playful elements as seen in films like The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) and Topkapi (1964). Leitch described combining genres as problematic. Screenwriter and academic Jule Selbo expanded on this, describing

6720-671: The decade ended, the attitudes Hollywood productions had towards fictional criminals grew less straightforward and more conflicted. In 1935, Humphrey Bogart played Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), a role Leitch described as the "first of Hollywood's overtly metaphorical gangsters." Bogart would appear in films in the later thirties: Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and The Roaring Twenties (1939). Unlike actor James Cagney , whose appeal as described by Leitch "direct, physical, and extroverted", Bogart characters and acting suggested "depths of worldly disillusionment beneath

6825-434: The desert. A mysterious vigilante is killing cartel members, making matters tense with the police. Don Ricardo is also worried about whether his son, Miguel, is suited to take over. Martin and Larsen begin working together to murder pedophiles for Diana. After one successful job, Larsen monologues about how humans used to have to be animals to survive. As civilization evolved, the animal side stayed beside us. He thinks society

6930-766: The direction of a remake of the 1980s crime show The Equalizer starring Denzel Washington , but the deal with Sony fell through for unknown reasons. The adaptation The Equalizer ended up being directed by Antoine Fuqua for release in 2014. In July 2016, Refn revealed that he had turned down the offer to direct the James Bond movie Spectre . On August 14, 2016, Refn announced via his Twitter page that his next project would be titled The Avenging Silence , calling it " Ian Fleming + William Burroughs + NWR = The Avenging Silence" and posted images for Fleming's novel Dr. No and for Burroughs's novel The Soft Machine . Variety reported that producer Lene Borglum described

7035-401: The end of the decade, American critics such as Parker Tyler and Robert Warshow regarded Hollywood itself as a stage for repressed American cultural anxieties following World War II. This can be seen in films such as Brute Force , a prison film where the prison is an existential social metaphor for a what Leitch described as a "meaningless, tragically unjust round of activities." By 1950,

7140-568: The episodes 4 out of a possible 5 stars, stating: " Too Old To Die Young is macabre, and nauseating in many ways, but very well made and very watchable." Crime film Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identified crime film as one of eleven super-genres in his Screenwriters Taxonomy , claiming that all feature-length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres.  The other ten super-genres are action, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, war and western. Williams identifies drama in

7245-457: The film had been retitled The Neon Demon , with filming planned to take place in Los Angeles in early 2015. The film starred Elle Fanning , Karl Glusman , Keanu Reeves , Christina Hendricks , Abbey Lee , Jena Malone and Bella Heathcote . The film was Refn's third consecutive in competition for the Palme d'Or . He directed an extended Gucci commercial featuring Blake Lively and himself in

7350-664: The film production to fall apart. Schrader directed the film, which starred Nicolas Cage and Anton Yelchin in the Ford and Tatum roles. Following its release, Refn joined with Schrader, Cage, and Yelchin in protesting the studio's final edit of the project, which was not to Schrader's original vision. Channing Tatum , who was to co-star with Ford in The Dying of the Light , originally wanted Refn to direct Magic Mike (2012), which Steven Soderbergh came to direct. In 2012, Refn became involved in

7455-514: The film to take place "in modern America and use as much credible science as possible." However, in February 2010, Refn dropped out of the project in order to work on Drive . In 2010, Refn planned to direct Paul Schrader 's script The Dying of the Light with Harrison Ford as the lead. However, in February 2010, Refn exited the project. In September 2011 during promotion for Drive , he claimed that Ford did not want his character to die, causing

7560-444: The first thing I ask any actor is what they would like to do, which sometimes can frighten people or can be looked upon as, 'Oh, you don't know what you want.' But I try to draw the actor in—to force them in, in some cases, because a lot of actors don't want to discuss things or go in deep; they just want to come and do the work, play their part and walk away. But for me, it doesn't work like that. You've got to get absorbed and dirty, and

7665-536: The gangster films of the early 1930s were influenced by the early 1920s when cheap wood-pulp paper stocks led to an explosion in mass-market publishing. Newspapers would make folk heroes of bootleggers like Al Capone , while pulp magazines like Black Mask (1920) helped support more highbrow magazines such as The Smart Set which published stories of hard-edged detetives like Carroll John Daly 's Race Williams. The early wave of gangster films borrowed liberally from stories for early Hollywood productions that defined

7770-456: The genre has been popular since the dawn of the sound era of film. Ursini and Silver said that unlike the Western, the horror film, or the war film, the popularity of crime cinema has never waned. Nicolas Winding Refn Nicolas Winding Refn ( Danish: [ˈne̝kolɑs ˈve̝nte̝ŋ ˈʁæfn̩] ; born 29 September 1970) is a Danish film director, screenwriter, and producer. He directed

7875-412: The genre represents a larger critique of either social or institutional order from the perspective of a character or from the film's narrative at large. The films also depend on the audience ambivalence towards crime. Master criminals are portrayed as immoral but glamourous while maverick police officers break the law to capture criminals. Leitch defined this as a critical to the film as the films are about

7980-566: The genre with films like Little Caesar (1931), The Public Enemy (1931), and Scarface (1932). In comparison to much earlier films of the silent era, Leitch described the 1930s cycle as turning "the bighearted crook silent films had considered ripe for redemption into a remorseless killer." Hollywood Studio heads were under such constant pressure from public-interest groups to tone down their portrayal of professional criminals that as early as 1931. Jack L. Warner announced that Warner Bros. would stop producing such films. Scarface itself

8085-518: The growing rage against the establishment spilled into portrayal police themselves with films like Bullitt (1968) about a police officer caught between mob killers and ruthless politicians while In the Heat of the Night (1967) which called for racial equality and became the first crime film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture . The French Connection (1971) dispensed Bullitt ' s noble hero for

8190-466: The killer as Jesus Rojas, whose mother Martin killed. In exchange for their silence, they pressure Martin into killing a man for them. Martin has dinner with the rich father of his 17-year-old girlfriend, Janey, who seems to approve of the relationship. In private, though, he acts bizarrely with Martin, imitating a tiger and making sexual advances toward him. After more coercion from Damian, Martin decides to do what he's asked. He tracks his target down to

8295-445: The law is above individuals, and that crime does not pay. The genre also generally has endings that confirm the moral absolutes that an innocent victim, a menacing criminal, and detective and their own morals that inspire them by questioning their heroic or pathetic status, their moral authority of the justice system, or by presenting innocent characters who seem guilty and vice-versa. Crime films includes all films that focus on any of

8400-399: The lead role. Refn admitted to not knowing anything about the life of the magician and referred to Crowley as a "Satan-worshipping cult personality". That year, he became attached to direct a modern retelling of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde with Keanu Reeves playing the titular roles. The working title of the film was Jekyll . According to an interview with SciFi Wire, he wanted

8505-498: The main gangster Jody Jarrett fights fire with fire. These themes extended into two other major crime films by bring the issues down from global to the subcultural level: The Big Heat (1953) and Kiss Me Deadly (1955) which use apocalyptical imagery to indicate danger with the first film which the film persistently links to images of catastrophically uncontrolled power and the "traumatic consequences" of nuclear holocaust and Kiss Me Deadly literally features an atom bomb waiting in

8610-424: The making of Copenhagen Cowboy , a "making-of" documentary was produced titled Copenhagen Cowboy: Nightcall with Nicolas Winding Refn , and it arrived on Netflix on January 31, 2023. In the documentary, Refn said: I am a very superstitious person, and I have contacts with extraterrestrials through my work that I regularly speak with. So it was very natural for me to bring that into the process. I always knew that

8715-463: The man who shot his partner, finds himself in an underworld filled with working-class hit men, Yakuza soldiers, cartel assassins sent from Mexico, Russian mafia captains and gangs of teenage killers." Los Angeles police officer Larry is shot dead while taking a selfie for his mistress, Amanda. His partner Martin Jones hides the picture from the police and instead shows it to gang leader Damian, who identifies

8820-405: The only or first gangster film following the fall of the production code, The Godfather (1972) was the most popular and launched a major revival of the style. The film followed the themes of the genres past while adding new emphasis on the intricate world of the mafia and its scale and seriousness that established new parameters for the genre. The heist film, also known as the "big caper" film

8925-441: The psychological horror film The Neon Demon (2016). In 2019, he directed his first television series Too Old to Die Young (2019) which premiered on Amazon Prime . After Amazon's Too Old to Die Young , Refn's next project took him to Netflix , and saw him returning to his native Copenhagen for the first time since Pusher 3 , and was the setting for his magical-realism series, Copenhagen Cowboy . In 2008, Refn co-founded

9030-491: The purported plot as following: "[A] former European spy [accepts] a mission from a Japanese businessman to take down the head of a Yakuza boss in Japan". Refn has spoken about characterization in his films: I've always liked characters that because of the circumstances, have to transform themselves, and in the end, it's inevitable that what they end up becoming is what they were meant to be. Take, for example, Pusher II , which

9135-434: The release of the early gangster films following Little Caesar , which led to the 1935 Production Code Administration in 1935 ending its first major cycle. As early as 1939, the traditional gangster was already a nostalgic figure as seen in films like The Roaring Twenties (1939). American productions about career criminals became possible through the relaxation of the code in the 1950s and its abolition in 1966. While not

9240-415: The room dead. He goes through the studio looking for the rest before giving up and getting in his car. The two remaining pornographers get into an electric car to chase him, but have trouble keeping up. As dawn breaks, the car runs out of power. Martin backs up into them and kills one of them. As he is about to shoot the other, he mentions a girl who's going to die out in the desert, mistakenly believing Martin

9345-647: The series has an approval rating of 70% with an average score of 6.6 out of 10 based on 37 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Grim and graphic, Too Old to Die Young is stylish, but its languid story does little to justify its violent tendencies – though fans of Refn's may find enjoyment in its neon laden misery." Conversely, Eric Kohn of IndieWire offered praise of the series, writing: "there’s certainly some potential in Too Old to Die Young , at least for audiences who can appreciate aspects of Refn’s dark style and punkish sensibility." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave

9450-435: The show was released on June 14, 2019. Episodes four and five of the series premiered out of competition at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on May 18. The full series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on June 14 of the same year. On February 28, 2018, a series of first look images from the series were released. On May 21, 2018, Refn released the first teaser trailer through his personal Twitter account. On Rotten Tomatoes ,

9555-532: The silent era differed radically from the Hollywood productions, reflecting the post-World War I continental culture. Drew Todd wrote that with this, Europeans tended to create darker stories and the audiences of these films were readier to accept these narratives. Several European silent films go much further in exploring the mystique of the criminal figures. These followed the success in France of Louis Feuillade 's film serial Fantômas (1913). The average budget for

9660-410: The success of Shaft (1971) which led to studios rushing to follow it's popularity with films like Super Fly (1972), Black Caesar (1973), Coffy (1973) and The Black Godfather (1974) The films were often derivations of earlier films such as Cool Breeze (1972), a remake of The Asphalt Jungle , Hit Man (1972) a remake of Get Carter (1971), and Black Mama, White Mama (1973)

9765-407: The three parties to a crime: criminal, victims, and avengers and explores what one party's relation to the other two. This allows the crime film to encompass films as wide as Wall Street (1987); caper films like The Asphalt Jungle (1950); and prison films ranging from Brute Force (1947) to The Shawshank Redemption (1994). Crime films are not definable by their mise-en-scene such as

9870-462: The title character, the U.K. prisoner Charles Bronson , noted for mental illness, violence and art. The film won Best Film at the 2009 Sydney Film Festival , and was also nominated for the Grand Jury Prize (World Cinema — Dramatic) at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival . Hardy won a Best Actor award at the 2009 British Independent Film Awards for his portrayal of Charles Bronson (and the film

9975-450: The war in narratives, with exceptions of film like The Green Berets (1968). The crime film Bonnie and Clyde (1967) revived the gangster film genre and captured the antiestablishment tone and set new standards for onscreen violence in film with its themes of demonizing American institution to attack the moral injustice of draft. This increase of violence was reflected in other crime films such as Point Blank (1967). Leitch found

10080-408: Was announced that Miles Teller had been cast in the series lead role of Martin, a character described as "a police officer entangled in the world of assassins." On November 21, 2017, the rest of the main cast was announced and included Billy Baldwin , Jena Malone , John Hawkes , Cristina Rodlo, Augusto Aguilera , Nell Tiger Free , Babs Olusanmokun , and Callie Hernandez . On February 7, 2018, it

10185-430: Was announced that Amazon had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was slated to be written by Nicolas Winding Refn and Ed Brubaker both of whom were also set to executive produce alongside Jeffrey Stott. Additionally, Refn was expected to direct every episode of the series and Rachel Dik and Alexander H. Gayner were set to serve as producers. On March 27, 2017, it

10290-518: Was delayed for over a year as its director Howard Hughes talked with the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America 's Production Code Office over the films violence and overtones of incest. A new wave of crime films that began in 1934 were made that had law enforcers as glamourous and as charismatic as the criminals. J. Edgar Hoover , director the Bureau of Investigation (renamed

10395-530: Was expected to continue there through March before returning to Los Angeles. On August 11, 2018, principal photography for the series ended. Cliff Martinez composed the score for the series, his fourth collaboration with Nicolas Winding Refn. Like previous works of Winding Refn, the series also features a variety of electronic music and punk rock by bands like Goldfrapp , The Leather Nun , Frankie Miller and Jimmie Angel. A soundtrack album featuring Martinez's score as well as pre-existing pop music featured in

10500-504: Was expelled for allegedly throwing a chair into a wall. Refn made his directorial debut with the Danish crime film Pusher (1996). It garnered a Best Supporting Actor Award for Zlatko Burić at the 1997 Bodil Awards . Refn then directed Bleeder (1999), which featured much of the same cast from the Pusher Trilogy, including actors such as Kim Bodnia and Mads Mikkelsen . Refn won

10605-699: Was nominated for a Best Achievement in Production award as well). Hardy was nominated for Best Actor by the Evening Standard British Film Awards and the London Critics Circle Film Awards . In 2009, Refn teamed up again with frequent collaborator Mads Mikkelsen to write and direct Valhalla Rising , a surrealistic period piece about the Viking era. The film won an International Fantasy Film Special Jury Award and Special Mention at

10710-545: Was reported that Hart Bochner had joined the series in a recurring capacity. On August 29, 2018, Refn announced through his official Twitter account that George Payne had been cast in the series. On November 27, 2017, principal photography for the series began in Los Angeles , California . Filming for the first episode ended on January 17, 2018. On March 6, 2018, filming for an episode began in Albuquerque , New Mexico , and

10815-485: Was repulsed by the controversial remarks by Lars von Trier about Adolf Hitler , calling them unacceptable. His wife, Liv Corfixen, wrote and directed a documentary entitled My Life Directed by Nicolas Winding Refn , which chronicles the "behind the scenes" experience of shooting Only God Forgives when the entire family had to be relocated to Thailand. The documentary has received positive reviews after premiering at Fantastic Fest and Beyond Fest. The soundtrack for

10920-926: Was shot in Canada. Although a financial disappointment, the Danish-Canadian production won an International Fantasy Film Award for Best Screenplay at the 2004 Fantasporto Film Festival, and was nominated for best actor awards (for Turturro) at the Bodil Awards and the Fangoria Awards, and best film awards at festivals including Sitges Film Festival and the Sochi International Film Festival . Refn later made two sequels to Pusher , Pusher II (2004) (a.k.a. Pusher II: With Blood on My Hands ) and Pusher 3 (2005) (a.k.a. Pusher III: I'm The Angel of Death ). For Pusher II , lead actor Mads Mikkelsen won

11025-400: Was under intense social reform with cities rapidly expanding and leading to social unrest and street crime rising and some people forming criminal gangs. In this early silent film period, criminals were more prominent on film screens than enforcers of the law. Among these early films from the period is D.W. Griffith 's The Musketeers of Pig Alley (1912) involving a young woman hounded by

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