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69-472: The Kingdom Assembly of Iran formerly ran a satellite television service from London, named 'Your TV'. It stopped broadcasting in 2008. API then initiated radio and television broadcasts from Los Angeles named 'Radio Tondar'. Exact membership of the API remains unknown. In 2010, the group claimed "100,000 members in the U.S.", despite experts estimating it to have a size of a few hundred worldwide. The core ideology of

138-439: A tribunal is warranted if suitability is problematic. British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state , separate from the head of government , and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party , but all people. Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play

207-566: A critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco , King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power. Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years. There remain a handful of countries in which the monarchy is an absolute monarchy . The majority of these countries are oil-producing Arab Islamic monarchies like Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , Oman , and

276-524: A gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign Magna Carta , which guaranteed the English barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. King Charles I was executed in 1649, and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. Highly unpopular, the republic was ended in 1660, and the monarchy was restored under King Charles II . In 1687–88,

345-517: A helpful unifying role in a multinational state , noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon " and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them. Thomas Hobbes wrote that

414-586: A kingdom after a republican interlude in 1925–1928. Since 1945 the country has operated as an independent republic. The Albanian Democratic Monarchist Movement Party (founded in 2004) and the Legality Movement Party (founded in 1924) advocate restoration of the House of Zogu as monarchs—the concept has gained little electoral support. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria

483-519: A marked increase in immigration which saw the arrival of both Jews and Protestants who were attracted by Brazil's reputation for religious tolerance. The final decades of the Empire under the reign of Pedro II saw a remarkable period of relative peace both at home and internationally, coupled with dramatic economic expansion, the extension of basic civil rights to most people and the gradual restriction of slavery , culminating in its final abolition in 1888. It

552-456: A political leader and his wife were killed in Iran in the span of two months. After great public outcry and journalistic investigation in Iran and publicity internationally, prosecutors announced in mid-1999 that one Saeed Emami had led "rogue elements" in Iran's intelligence ministry in the killings, but that Emami was now dead, having committed suicide in prison. In a trial that was "dismissed as

621-678: A sham by the victims' families and international human rights organisations", three intelligence ministry agents were sentenced in 2001 to death and twelve others to prison terms for murdering two of the victims. Two years later, the Iranian Supreme Court reduced two of the death sentences to life. Massoud Molavi Verdanjani, an online opposition activist, was shot and killed on a street in Istanbul 's Şişli neighborhood on Thursday, 14 November 2019. A Turkish security official later claimed Verdanjani's suspected killer had confessed to acting under

690-735: A sit-in against the Iranian Islamic government were arrested at the Brussels airport for refusing to leave a Lufthansa plane. At least one protester, Armin Atshgar, identified himself as a member of the group and told the press that "We want the European Union to remove the Islamic leaders from Iran." The group was also reportedly active at the annual Nowruz Persian parade in New York City . In 2010,

759-465: A vote on abolishing the monarchy and replacing it with a republic. The proposal failed, with a 134–35 result in favor of retaining the monarchy. The idea was highly controversial in Norway, as the vote was spearheaded by the sitting Minister of Culture and Equality , who had sworn an oath of loyalty to King Harald V of Norway the previous year. Additionally, when polls were conducted, it was found that 84% of

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828-470: Is also remembered for its thriving culture and arts. However, Pedro II had little interest in preserving the monarchy and passively accepted its overthrow by a military coup d'état in 1889 resulting in the establishment of a dictatorship known as the First Brazilian Republic . The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies . In a constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch

897-431: Is restricted by either a written or unwritten constitution, this should not be confused with a ceremonial monarchy , in which the monarch holds only symbolic power and plays very little to no part in government or politics. In some constitutional monarchies the monarch does play a more active role in political affairs than in others. In Thailand , for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej , who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played

966-491: Is the hereditary monarch and head of state of Japan . The Imperial Household Law governs the line of imperial succession . The emperor is personally immune from prosecution and is also recognized as the head of the Shinto religion, which holds the emperor to be the direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu . According to tradition, the office of emperor was created in the 7th century BC, but modern scholars believe that

1035-412: Is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist . Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism . Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on

1104-602: The Bourbon monarchy under Isabella II's more popular son, Alfonso XII . After the 1931 Spanish local elections , King Alfonso XIII voluntarily left Spain and republicans proclaimed a Second Spanish Republic . After the assassination of opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo in 1936, right-wing forces banded together to overthrow the Republic. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939, General Francisco Franco established

1173-539: The Enlightenment began. This resulted in new anti-monarchist ideas which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century American Revolution and the French Revolution which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . 1848 ushered in a wave of revolutions against

1242-778: The Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy , which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy , justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere. Following the Glorious Revolution, William III and Mary II were established as constitutional monarchs, with less power than their predecessor James II. Since then, royal power has become more ceremonial, with powers such as refusal to assent last exercised in 1708 by Queen Anne . Once part of

1311-646: The Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Albania , the Kingdom of Bulgaria , and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , were all abolished and replaced by socialist republics . In 1966, the Central African Republic was overthrown at the hands of Jean-Bédel Bokassa during the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état . He established the Central African Empire in 1976 and ruled as Emperor Bokassa I until 1979, when he

1380-529: The Prussian scheme which would have made Prince Henry of Prussia king of the United States. Hamilton proposed that the leader of America should be an elected monarch, while Gorham pushed for a hereditary monarchy. U.S. military officer Lewis Nicola also desired for America to be a monarchy, suggesting George Washington accept the crown of America, which he declined. All attempts ultimately failed, and America

1449-525: The United Arab Emirates . Other strong monarchies include Brunei and Eswatini . Absolute monarchy stands as an opposition to anarchism and, additionally since the Age of Enlightenment ; liberalism , capitalism , communism and socialism . Otto von Habsburg advocated a form of constitutional monarchy based on the primacy of the supreme judicial function, with hereditary succession , mediation by

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1518-508: The Weimar Republic ; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, as Adolf Hitler staunchly opposed monarchism. The aftermath of World War II saw the return of monarchist/republican rivalry in Italy , where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and

1587-502: The abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, Chinese historiography came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples. In India, monarchies recorded history of thousands of years before

1656-605: The reformists and the conservatives . It considers the Green Movement of Iran to be a deception by the regime, arguing that the elected president holds no real authority, which rests entirely with the Supreme Leader, who possesses dictatorial power. Like most Iranian opposition groups, Tondar views reformists as merely a faction within the existing regime. However, Iranian authorities tried to discredit 2009 Iranian presidential election protests by linking them to groups such as

1725-657: The Franks ( r.  507–511 ), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia , during the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 800s. In 1920s Germany, a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party (founded in 1918), which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to

1794-650: The Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death in 1922, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011), although no further attempts were made to take the Hungarian throne. France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I , king of

1863-476: The Iranian regime accused the organization of planning terror attacks in Iran. The group runs pro-Iranian opposition radio and television stations and has called for the overthrowing of the Iranian government. The group members have denied that the group is a terrorist organization and denied involvement with the attacks in Iran. Iran analysts said Iran may be pointing the finger at Tondar because it prefers to "blame

1932-499: The Islamic Republic of Iran . In January 2010 they were executed for moharebeh ("waging war against God") and attempting to overthrow the Iranian government. An Assembly spokesperson has denied that Ali Zamani had played any role in the post-election protests, stating that he had worked with the organization, but his job was "simply to pass on news for our radio station and to make broadcast packages". In 2005, 56 Iranians staging

2001-470: The Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : وزارت اطّلاعات جمهوری اسلامی ایران , romanized :  Vezarat-e Ettela'at Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran ) is the primary intelligence agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran and a member of the Iran Intelligence Community . It is also known as VAJA and previously as VEVAK ( Vezarat-e Ettela'at va Amniyat-e Keshvar ) or alternatively MOIS . It

2070-616: The Kingdom Assembly of Iran blames 1,400 years of "shameful Islamic tradition" as the fundamental problem of Iran due to Gender Inequality and Oppression, Cultural Repression and Violence and Intolerance which existed in Iran ever since the Arab invasion. Tondar opposes the violent and forced destruction of Iranian culture following the Arab invasion, asserting that Iranians had a distinct cultural identity prior to this event. It argues that Iranians were indirectly pressured to convert to Islam through

2139-414: The Kingdom Assembly of Iran during a series of trials . In a 2010 interview with The Wall Street Journal , spokespersons for the group acknowledged that the group has "fighters" who seek replacing of Iran's current system with monarchy. On its Facebook page, as of May 2010 the API called for "the overthrow of the Islamic regime... by ALL MEAN[s]!!!!". In 2020 the intelligence minister of the regime accused

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2208-454: The Kingdom Assembly of Iran is monarchism , which it embraces more on organic, emotional and romantic elements rather than a political reasoning. In contrast to typical monarchists who glorify the Pahlavi dynasty , the group looks back more to pre-Islamic Persian Empire as a source of inspiration. The group is staunchly against Islam and characterizes it as "alien" and "violent". In a posting,

2277-672: The Norwegian public supported the monarchy, with only 16% unsure or against the monarchy. Monarchy in the Russian Empire collapsed in March 1917, following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II . Parts of the White movement , and in particular émigrés and their Supreme Monarchical Council  [ ru ] (founded in 1921 and now based in Canada) continued to advocate for monarchy as "the sole path to

2346-544: The United Kingdom (1801–1922), southern Ireland rejected monarchy and became the Republic of Ireland in 1949. Support for a ceremonial monarchy remains high in Britain: Queen Elizabeth II ( r.  1952–2022 ), possessed wide support from the U.K.'s population. The Vatican City State is considered to be Europe's last absolute monarchy. The microstate is headed by the Pope , who doubles as its monarch according to

2415-643: The Vatican constitution. The nation was formed under Pope Pius XI in 1929, following the signing of the Lateran Treaty . It was the successor state to the Papal States , which collapsed under Pope Pius IX in 1870. Pope Francis (in office from 2013) serves as the nation's absolute monarch. Canada possesses one of the world's oldest continuous monarchies, having been established in the 16th century. Queen Elizabeth II had served as its sovereign since her ascension to

2484-584: The authority of the British crown. The Thirteen American Colonies possessed a total of 10 monarchs, ending with George III . During the American Revolutionary War , the colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Despite erroneous popular belief, the Revolutionary war was in fact fought over independence, not anti-monarchism as is commonly believed. In fact, many American colonists who fought in

2553-617: The basis for the Spanish State (1939–1975). In 1938, the autocratic government of Franco claimed to have reconstituted the Spanish monarchy in absentia (and in this case ultimately yielded to a restoration, in the person of King Juan Carlos ). In 1975, Juan Carlos I became King of Spain and began the Spanish transition to democracy . He abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his son Felipe VI . In England, royalty ceded power to other groups in

2622-465: The conservative party who supported the idea of being part of an empire, and the liberals who wanted Central America to be a separate nation under a republican system. The greatest example of this separation was in the two most important cities of the province, on the one hand Comayagua , which firmly supported the legitimacy of Iturbide I as emperor and remained a pro-monarchist bastion in Honduras, and on

2691-661: The continental European monarchies. World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies, and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty. With the arrival of communism in Eastern Europe by the end of 1947, the remaining Eastern European monarchies, namely the Kingdom of Romania ,

2760-450: The country was declared a republic in 1950. King George VI had previously been the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj dissolved. Karan Singh served as the last prince regent of Jammu and Kashmir until November 1952. The emperor of Japan or Tennō ( 天皇 , pronounced [tennoꜜː] ) , literally " ruler from heaven " or " heavenly sovereign ",

2829-400: The dissolution of union with Sweden and the abdication of King Oscar II of Sweden as King of Norway, the 1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum saw 78.94% of Norway's voters approving the government's proposition to invite Prince Carl of Denmark to become their new king. Following the vote, the prince then accepted the offer, becoming King Haakon VII . In 2022, the Norwegian parliament held

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2898-511: The first emperors did not appear until the 5th or 6th centuries AD . During the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333, the shōguns were the de facto rulers of Japan, with the emperor and the imperial court acting as figureheads . In 1867, shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu stepped down, restoring Emperor Meiji to power. The Meiji Constitution was adopted In 1889, after which the emperor became an active ruler with considerable political power that

2967-683: The founding of the ministry, have been Mohammad Reyshahri (under Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi), Ali Fallahian (under President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani ), Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi (under President Mohammad Khatami , resigned after a year), Ali Younessi (under President Khatami, until 24 August 2005), Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei (under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , from 24 August 2005 to 24 August 2009) and Heyder Moslehi (under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, from 29 August 2009 to 15 August 2013). In late 1998, three dissident writers,

3036-427: The government got the approval of Ayatollah Khomeini to make it a ministry, but a restriction was added to the requirements of the minister: that he must be a doctor of Islam . The ministry was finally founded on 18 August 1983, either abandoning, silently subsuming, or relegating to hidden existence many small intelligence agencies that had been formed in different governmental organizations. The five ministers since

3105-513: The group of planning 27 attacks. The Jamestown Foundation reported that the organization took responsibility for the 2008 Shiraz explosion at the Hosseynieh Seyed al-Shohada Mosque where 12 people were killed and 202 injured. Mohammad-Reza Ali-Zamani and Arash Rahmanipour , alleged by the government to be members of the assembly, were arrested and tried for the bombing by the Judiciary of

3174-415: The imposition of the 'jizya,' an additional tax on non-Muslims. Failing to pay this tax could result in severe punishment for those who did not convert to Islam. The organization draws a clear line between Arab people and between Iranian/Persian and Islamic/Arabic identity. The group considers anyone associated with the Iranian government to be a "traitor", and does not recognize any distinguishment between

3243-733: The internal dissent and tumult on outside forces". On 1 August 2020, Iran's Ministry of Intelligence announced they detained Jamshid Sharmahd , spokesperson of the assembly. Iranian state television (IRIB) broadcast a report on Sharmahd's arrest, linking him to the 2008 bombing of the Hosseynieh Seyed Al-Shohada Mosque in Shiraz. It also said his group was behind a 2010 bombing at Ruhollah Khomeini 's mausoleum in Tehran that wounded several people. Monarchism Philosophers Works List of forms of government Monarchism

3312-673: The ministry's infiltration of left-wing dissident groups and of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party . The formation of the ministry was proposed by Saeed Hajjarian to the government of Mir-Hossein Mousavi and then the parliament . There were debates about which branch of the state should oversee the new institution, and the other options apart from the presidency were the Judiciary system , the Supreme Leader , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . Finally,

3381-466: The modern Republic of Italy was created. There have been 16 monarchs of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1608. The current Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II , has reigned since 1989. In 2003, during a referendum , 64.3% of the population voted to increase the power of the prince. The position of King of Norway has existed continuously since the unification of Norway in 872. Following

3450-599: The monarchists did not intend to establish an indigenous monarchy. Costa Rican monarchists were loyal to Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire . After the independence of the general captaincy of Guatemala from the Spanish empire , she joined the First Mexican Empire for a brief period, this unleashed the division of the Honduran elites. These were divided between the annexationists, made up mostly of illustrious Spanish-descendant families and members of

3519-591: The other hand Tegucigalpa who supported the idea of forming a federation of Central American states under a republican system. After obtaining independence from Spain, the First Mexican Empire was established under Emperor Agustín I . His reign lasted less than one year, and he was forcefully deposed. In 1864, the Second Mexican Empire was formed under Emperor Maximilian I . Maximilian's government enjoyed French aid, but opposition from America, and collapsed after three years. Much like Agustín I, Maximilian I

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3588-446: The private interest of the monarchy is the same with the public. The riches, power, and humour of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subjects. An elected Head of State is incentivised to increase his own wealth for leaving office after a few years whereas a monarch has no reason to corrupt because he would be cheating himself. Ministry of Intelligence (Iran) The Ministry of Intelligence of

3657-453: The rebirth of Russia". In the modern era, a minority of Russians, including Vladimir Zhirinovsky (1946–2022), have openly advocated for a restoration of the Russian monarchy . Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is widely considered the valid heir to the throne, in the event that a restoration occurs. Other pretenders and their supporters dispute her claim. In 1868, Queen Isabella II of Spain

3726-529: The rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent , Admiral Miklós Horthy , to represent the monarchy until the throne could be re-occupied. Horthy ruled as regent from 1920 to 1944. During his regency, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg ( r.  1916–1918 ) to return to

3795-505: The rule of the Shah , but it is unclear how much continuity there is between the two organizations—while their role is similar, their underlying ideology is radically different. It is suspected that the new government was initially eager to purge SAVAK elements from the new organization, but that pragmatism eventually prevailed, with many experienced SAVAK personnel being retained in their roles. Former SAVAK staff are believed to have been important in

3864-519: The said ethnic group was reorganized under a single chief known as Ta Uplika, for the reign of his grandson King Oldman I this group had a very close relationship With the English, they managed to turn the Mosquitia coast into an English protectorate that would decline in the 19th century until it completely disappeared in 1894 with the abdication of Robert II . Currently, the Miskitos who are shot between

3933-431: The throne in 1952 until her death in 2022. Her son, King Charles III , now sits on the throne. The struggle between monarchists and republicans led to the Costa Rican civil war of 1823. Costa Rican monarchists include Joaquín de Oreamuno y Muñoz de la Trinidad, José Santos Lombardo y Alvarado and José Rafael Gallegos Alvarado. Costa Rica stands out for being one of the few countries with foreign monarchism, that is, where

4002-447: The throne, a regent , a pretender , or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed. Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions. The similar form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as Mesopotamia , Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley civilization . In some parts of

4071-431: The two countries have denounced the neglect of their communities and abuses committed by the authorities. As a result of this, in Nicaragua several Miskito people began a movement of separatism from present-day Nicaragua and a re-institution of the monarchy. English settlers first established the colony of Jamestown in 1607, taking its name after King James VI and I . For 169 years, the Thirteen Colonies were ruled by

4140-585: The war against George III were monarchists themselves, who opposed George, but desired to possess a different king. Additionally, the American colonists received the financial support of Louis XVI and Charles III of Spain during the war. After the U.S. declared its independence, the form of government by which it would operate still remained unsettled. At least two of America's Founding Fathers , Alexander Hamilton and Nathaniel Gorham , believed that America should be an independent monarchy. Various proposals to create an American monarchy were considered, including

4209-412: The world, chiefdoms became monarchies. Monarchs have generally ceded power in the modern era, having substantially diminished since World War I and World War II . This process can be traced back to the 18th century, when Voltaire and others encouraged " enlightened absolutism ", which was embraced by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and by Catherine II of Russia . In the 17th and 18th centuries

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4278-405: Was deposed and later executed by his republican enemies. Since 1867, Mexico has not possessed a monarchy. Today, some Mexican monarchist organizations advocate for Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide or Carlos Felipe de Habsburgo to be instated as the Emperor of Mexico. The miskito ethnic group inhabits part of the Atlantic coast of Honduras and Nicaragua , by the beginning of the 17th century

4347-410: Was deposed during the Spanish Glorious Revolution . The Duke of Aosta , an Italian prince, was invited to rule and replace Isabella. He did so for a three-year period, reigning as Amadeo I before abdicating in 1873, resulting in the establishment of the First Spanish Republic . The republic lasted less than two years, and was overthrown during a coup by General Arsenio Martínez Campos . Campos restored

4416-439: Was founded a Republic. During the American Civil War , a return to monarchy was considered as a way to solve the crisis, though it never came to fruition. Since then, the idea has possessed low support, but has been advocated by some public figures such as Ralph Adams Cram , Solange Hertz , Leland B. Yeager , Michael Auslin , Charles A. Coulombe , and Curtis Yarvin . From gaining its independence in 1822 until 1889, Brazil

4485-442: Was governed as a constitutional monarchy with a branch of the Portuguese Royal Family serving as monarchs. Prior to this period, Brazil had been a royal colony which had also served briefly as the seat of government for the Portuguese Empire following the occupation of that country by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The history of the Empire of Brazil was marked by brief periods of political instability, several wars that Brazil won, and

4554-412: Was initially known as SAVAMA , after it took over the Shah's intelligence apparatus SAVAK . The ministry is one of the three "sovereign" ministerial bodies of Iran due to nature of its work at home and abroad. Reliable and valid information on the ministry is often difficult to obtain. Initially, the organization was known as SAVAMA, and intended to replace SAVAK , Iran's intelligence agency during

4623-420: Was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law , which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss of 1938, the Nazi government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated. In Hungary,

4692-404: Was shared with the Imperial Diet . After World War II , the 1947 Constitution of Japan was enacted, defining the emperor as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people. The emperor has exercised a purely ceremonial role ever since. The last separate monarchy to take root in Europe, Albania began its recognised modern existence as a principality (1914) and became

4761-445: Was subsequently deposed during Operation Caban and Central Africa returned to republican rule. In 1974, one of the world's oldest monarchies was abolished in Ethiopia with the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie . For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs . Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c.  2070 BC , and ending with

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