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76-604: Tomoe ( 巴 , also written 鞆絵 ) , commonly translated as " comma ", is a comma-like swirl symbol used in Japanese mon (roughly equivalent to a heraldic badge or charge in European heraldry). It closely resembles the usual form of a magatama . The tomoe appears in many designs with various uses. The simplest, most common patterns of the device contain from one to four tomoe , and are reminiscent of similar designs that have been found in wide distribution around
152-421: A Sichuan toponym to a crust formed by dryness, parts of the body such as hands or cheeks, and, as a verb, bearing the sense of "to hope", "expect" or "be anxious over". The Chinese character used to depict, according to Bernhard Karlgren 's interpretation of the small seal script graph, a python . The most common view is that the word refers to a picture e ( 絵 ) of a tomo ( 鞆 ) , or drawings on
228-436: A Taiji symbol illustrating the mutual complement of man and woman. In socialist times, it was alternatively interpreted as two fish symbolizing vigilance, because fish never close their eyes. The modern symbol has also been widely used in martial arts, particularly tai chi , and Jeet Kune Do , since the 1970s. In this context, it is generally used to represent the interplay between hard and soft techniques . The dots in
304-459: A Yangshao bowl dates back to 2,000 BCE. The motif of two encircling dolphins biting each other's tails has been found on Cretan ceramics dating from the Minoan period (1700–1400 BCE), and the two fish biting each other in circular fashion recurs in both Chinese and Central Mexican ware. It is frequently seen on prehistoric Celtic remains, and one mirror from Balmaclellan is almost identical to
380-462: A tensor . In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal. This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits, and often for four or five digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, periods or spaces are used instead;
456-489: A comma and no conjunction (as in "It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark." ) is known as a comma splice and is sometimes considered an error in English; in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with the literary device called asyndeton , in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted for a specific stylistic effect. A much debated comma
532-520: A comma before quotations unless one would occur anyway. Thus, they would write Mr. Kershner says "You should know how to use a comma." When a date is written as a month followed by a day followed by a year, a comma separates the day from the year: December 19, 1941. This style is common in American English. The comma is used to avoid confusing consecutive numbers: December 19 1941. Most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style and
608-461: A comma may prevent ambiguity: The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence: As a rule of thumb , The Guardian Style Guide suggests that straightforward lists ( he ate ham, eggs and chips ) do not need a comma before the final "and", but sometimes it can help the reader ( he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea ). The Chicago Manual of Style and other academic writing guides require
684-533: A comma, called the serial comma , is one of the most disputed linguistic or stylistic questions in English: The serial comma is used much more often, usually routinely, in the United States. A majority of American style guides mandate its use, including The Chicago Manual of Style , Strunk and White 's classic The Elements of Style and the U.S. Government Publishing Office 's Style Manual . Conversely,
760-413: A comma. Using commas to offset certain adverbs is optional, including then , so , yet , instead , and too (meaning also ). Commas are often used to enclose parenthetical words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks or
836-401: A cool day" parenthetical: As more phrases are introduced, ambiguity accumulates, but when commas separate each phrase, the phrases clearly become modifiers of just one thing. In the second sentence below, that thing is the walk : A comma is used to separate coordinate adjectives (i.e., adjectives that directly and equally modify the following noun). Adjectives are considered coordinate if
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#1732876966783912-723: A diagram was first introduced by Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhou Dunyi of the Song Dynasty in his Taijitu shuo ( 太極圖說 ). The Daozang , a Taoist canon compiled during the Ming dynasty , has at least half a dozen variants of the taijitu . The two most similar are the Taiji Xiantiandao and wujitu ( 無極圖 ; wújítú ) diagrams, both of which have been extensively studied since the Qing period for their possible connection with Zhou Dunyi's taijitu . Ming period author Lai Zhide simplified
988-494: A number of functions in English writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage – and their rigidity – vary from language to language. Commas are placed between items in lists, as in They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice. Whether the final conjunction, most frequently and , should be preceded by
1064-558: A reference to the Japanese lightning god Raijin , further solidifying the symbol's association with lightning and electricity. The tomoe has also been adopted as a corporate logo in Japan. The mitsudomoe is also the logo of the OBS Studio application since it released in 2012. The two-fold tomoe is almost identical in its design elements to the Chinese symbol known as a taijitu , while
1140-417: A short clause . A comma-shaped mark is used as a diacritic in several writing systems and is considered distinct from the cedilla . In Byzantine and modern copies of Ancient Greek , the " rough " and " smooth breathings " ( ἁ, ἀ ) appear above the letter. In Latvian , Romanian , and Livonian , the comma diacritic appears below the letter, as in ș . In spoken language , a common rule of thumb
1216-464: A word, or a group of words, has been omitted, as in The cat was white; the dog, brown. (Here the comma replaces was .) Commas are placed before, after, or around a noun or pronoun used independently in speaking to some person, place, or thing: In his 1785 essay An Essay on Punctuation , Joseph Robertson advocated a comma between the subject and predicate of long sentences for clarity; however, this usage
1292-593: Is Non-Polar". Non-polar ( wuji ) and yet Supreme Polarity ( taiji )! The Supreme Polarity in activity generates yang ; yet at the limit of activity it is still. In stillness it generates yin ; yet at the limit of stillness it is also active. Activity and stillness alternate; each is the basis of the other. In distinguishing yin and yang , the Two Modes are thereby established. The alternation and combination of yang and yin generate water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. With these five [phases of] qi harmoniously arranged,
1368-416: Is The Japanese word itself may be of Mongolic origin , since it bears comparison with Middle Mongol [tomuγa] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) "twisted horse headdress", from the verb tomu (plait, twist), and Ordos Mongolian t'omok ('a little bag hung on a horse's head'). In this latter connection Tang ceramic figures of horses show small sacks tethered to
1444-572: Is also the symbol of the Electro element in the video game Genshin Impact , due to the fact that the element's associated domain, Inazuma, is based on ancient or medieval Japan. Eneru, the antagonist of the Skypiea arc of One Piece – whose body is made of lightning – has a shoulder accessory consisting of four drums with mitsudomoe designs, which he can tap with his staff to amplify his power. This is, itself,
1520-623: Is an intellectual fashion of Neo-Confucianism during the Song period (11th century), and it declined again in the Ming period, by the 16th century. During the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty , Taoist traditions and diagrams were compiled and published in the encyclopedia Shilin Guangji by Chen Yuanjing . The original description of a taijitu is due to Song era philosopher Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073), author of
1596-406: Is descended from a / , a diagonal slash known as virgula suspensiva , used from the 13th to 17th centuries to represent a pause. The modern comma was first used by Aldus Manutius . In general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked grammatically to those immediately after the comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs
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#17328769667831672-548: Is directly related. Neil Gordon Munro argued that the basis for the mitsudomoe pattern, a motif found also among the Ainu , was the eastern European and western Asian figure of the triskelion , which he believed lay behind the Chinese three-legged crow design, and, in his view, its reflex in the mythical Japanese crow, the Yatagarasu (八咫烏). As a leather wrist protector tomo appear to have been employed at least as early as
1748-424: Is non- restrictive , as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction ( for , and , nor , but , or , yet , so ) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction. In the following sentences, where
1824-443: Is referred to as "the two-part Taiji diagram" ( 太極兩儀圖 ). Ornamental patterns with visual similarity to the "yin yang symbol" are found in archaeological artefacts of European prehistory ; such designs are sometimes descriptively dubbed "yin yang symbols" in archaeological literature by modern scholars. The taijitu consists of five parts. Strictly speaking, the "yin and yang symbol", itself popularly called taijitu , represents
1900-436: Is regarded as an error in modern times. Taijitu In Chinese philosophy , a taijitu ( Chinese : 太極圖 ; pinyin : tàijítú ; Wade–Giles : tʻai⁴chi²tʻu² ) is a symbol or diagram ( 圖 ; tú ) representing taiji ( 太極 ; tàijí ; 'utmost extreme') in both its monist ( wuji ) and its dualist ( yin and yang ) forms in application is a deductive and inductive theoretical model. Such
1976-510: Is said to be located on roofs and gables as a charm against fire. Since Hachiman was worshipped as the guardian of warriors, it was adopted as a common design element in Japanese family emblems ( 家紋 , kamon ) by various samurai clans such as the Nagao , Kobayakawa and Utsunomiya . Among aristocrats, the Saionji family used it as its family emblem. The Koyasan Shingon sect of Buddhism uses
2052-627: Is taken to represent the three aspects of the four mitama or 'souls' (the other, the kushimitama being considered far rarer). It is also commonly displayed on banners and lanterns used in festivals and rituals related to Amaterasu-ōmikami , who in the Kojiki confronts her brother Susanoo when he usurps her terrain on earth by dressing as an archer, adorned with magatama beads and 'an awesome high arm-guard' ( itu nö takatömö ). A third element of its symbolic panorama concerns water, an association engendered by its swirling pattern. For this reason, it
2128-415: Is that the function of a comma is generally performed by a pause . In this article, ⟨x⟩ denotes a grapheme (writing) and /x/ denotes a phoneme (sound). The development of punctuation is much more recent than the alphabet. In the 3rd century BC, Aristophanes of Byzantium invented a system of single dots ( théseis ) at varying levels, which separated verses and indicated
2204-649: Is the one in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , which says "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." but ratified by several states as "A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed." which has caused much debate on its interpretation. Commas are always used to set off certain adverbs at
2280-534: Is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative , as in: The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long coordinate clauses , particularly when separated by "but", are often separated by commas: In some languages, such as German and Polish , stricter rules apply on comma use between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions. The joining of two independent sentences with
2356-598: The mitsudomoe . In China, the double comma form came to be assimilated to the Yin-Yang philosophy of opposing male/female principles, formalized in the Tàijítú design of the late Song dynasty period . This in turn recurs in the seventh century in Unified Silla (now Korea), where it was known as taegeuk . and also in the Japanese futatsudomoe and mitsudomoe patterns, the former in association with divinatory rites,
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2432-582: The AP Stylebook for journalistic writing advises against it. The serial comma is also known as the Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series comma. Although less common in British English, its usage occurs within both American and British English. It is called the Oxford comma because of its long history of use by Oxford University Press. According to New Hart's Rules , "house style will dictate" whether to use
2508-478: The AP Stylebook , also recommend that the year be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after it: "Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date." If just the month and year are given, no commas are used: "Her daughter may return in June 2009 for the reunion." When the day precedes the month, the month name separates the numeric day and year, so commas are not necessary to separate them: "The Raid on Alexandria
2584-497: The Kofun period , where they are frequently attested on haniwa terracotta figurines depicting archers, and may even have had, aside from their military function, a ritual or fetish value, perhaps related to their phallic shape. The pattern was also interpreted as water swirling, and because it is a water-related pattern, the Tomoe pattern was applied to roof tiles on buildings at the end of
2660-614: The Taijitu shuo ( 太極圖說 ; "Explanation of the Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate"), which became the cornerstone of Neo-Confucianist cosmology. His brief text synthesized aspects of Chinese Buddhism and Taoism with metaphysical discussions in the Yijing . Zhou's key terms Wuji and Taiji appear in the opening line 無極而太極 , which Adler notes could also be translated "The Supreme Polarity that
2736-735: The Ukraine pavilion at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. The interlocking design is found in artifacts of the European Iron Age . Similar interlocking designs are found in the Americas: Xicalcoliuhqui . While this design appears to become a standard ornamental motif in Iron-Age Celtic culture by the 3rd century BC, found on a wide variety of artifacts, it is not clear what symbolic value
2812-474: The baseline . In many typefaces it is the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark ’ . The comma is used in many contexts and languages , mainly to separate parts of a sentence such as clauses , and items in lists mainly when there are three or more items listed. The word comma comes from the Greek κόμμα ( kómma ), which originally meant a cut-off piece, specifically in grammar ,
2888-524: The taijitu of two interlocking spirals was a common yin-yang symbol in the first half of the 20th century. The flag of South Korea , originally introduced as the flag of Joseon era Korea in 1882, shows this symbol in red and blue. This was a modernisation of the older (early 19th century) form of the Bat Quai Do used as the Joseon royal standard. The symbol is referred to as taijitu , simply taiji (or
2964-516: The taijitu to a design of two interlocking spirals with two black-and-white dots superimposed on them, became synonymous with the Yellow River Map . This version was represented in Western literature and popular culture in the late 19th century as the "Great Monad", this depiction became known in English as the "yin-yang symbol" since the 1960s. The contemporary Chinese term for the modern symbol
3040-470: The "beginning...and ending" of a life. The names of the taijitu are highly subjective and some interpretations of the texts they appear in would only call the principle of taiji those names rather than the symbol. Since the 1960s, the He tu symbol, which combines the two interlocking spirals with two dots, has more commonly been used as a yin-yang symbol. compare [REDACTED] with [REDACTED] In
3116-579: The Four Seasons proceed through them. The Five Phases are simply yin and yang ; yin and yang are simply the Supreme Polarity; the Supreme Polarity is fundamentally Non-polar. [Yet] in the generation of the Five Phases, each one has its nature. Instead of usual Taiji translations "Supreme Ultimate" or "Supreme Pole", Adler uses "Supreme Polarity" (see Robinet 1990) because Zhu Xi describes it as
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3192-597: The Heian period as a fire protection. The tomoe emblem established itself as a common emblem during the Fujiwara ascendency of the late Heian period , around the 10th–11th centuries, and proliferated through to Kamakura times. It is thought that a resemblance between the tomoe and the Emperor Ōjin found in the Nihongi may also account for its rising popularity among samurai, since Ōjin
3268-467: The Supreme Ultimate in English), hetu or "river diagram", "the yin-yang circle", or wuji , as wuji was viewed synonymously with the artistic and philosophical concept of taiji by some Taoists, including Zhou . Zhou viewed the dualistic and paradoxical relationship between the concepts of taiji and wuji , which were and are often thought to be opposite concepts, as a cosmic riddle important for
3344-423: The alternating principle of yin and yang , and: insists that taiji is not a thing (hence "Supreme Pole" will not do). Thus, for both Zhou and Zhu, taiji is the yin-yang principle of bipolarity, which is the most fundamental ordering principle, the cosmic "first principle." Wuji as "non-polar" follows from this. Since the 12th century, there has been a vigorous discussion in Chinese philosophy regarding
3420-432: The amount of breath needed to complete each fragment of the text when reading aloud. The different lengths were signified by a dot at the bottom, middle, or top of the line. For a short passage, a komma in the form of a dot ⟨·⟩ was placed mid-level. This is the origin of the concept of a comma, although the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated. The mark used today
3496-416: The beginning of a sentence, including however , in fact , therefore , nevertheless , moreover , furthermore , and still . If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are followed and preceded by a comma. As in the second of the two examples below, if a semicolon separates the two sentences and the second sentence starts with an adverb, this adverb is preceded by a semicolon and followed by
3572-521: The bowstring ( tsuru : 弦) twanging back to position on the release of an arrow, or to strike fear into the enemy from the sharp sound caused by the bowstring hitting the wrist guard. The 'tomo picture' ( tomoe ) can therefore be interpreted either as a visual pun on the tomo represented, or, otherwise, as taking its name from that object. Several such examples are conserved in Nara at the Shōsōin . Another view
3648-412: The circular diagram, the introduction of "swirling" patterns first appears in the Ming period and representative of transformation. Zhao Huiqian ( 趙撝謙 , 1351–1395) was the first to introduce the "swirling" variant of the taijitu in his Liushu benyi ( 六書本義 , 1370s). The diagram is combined with the eight trigrams ( bagua ) and called the "River Chart spontaneously generated by Heaven and Earth". By
3724-455: The comma is used as a decimal separator , equivalent to the use in English of the decimal point . In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group, which is of three digits. In some styles, the comma may not be used for this purpose at all (e.g. in the SI writing style ); a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead. Commas are used when rewriting names to present
3800-446: The end of the Ming period, this diagram had become a widespread representation of Chinese cosmology . The dots were introduced in the later Ming period (replacing the droplet-shapes used earlier, in the 16th century) and are encountered more frequently in the Qing period . The dots represent the seed of yin within yang and the seed of yang within yin; the idea that neither can exist without
3876-478: The former royal family's symbol. Today the symbol is still regarded as a symbol for Ryukyu and, to a lesser extent, Okinawa. The mitsudomoe is closely associated with Shinto shrines , in particular those dedicated to Hachiman , the god of war and archery. Hachiman in Shinto cosmology and ritual, as for example at Hakozaki Shrine , is repeatedly connected with the number three. In Shintoist thinking, this number
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#17328769667833952-409: The latter frequently linked to temple drums with apotropaic functions. According to Jean Herbert in these contexts, the mitsudomoe embodied three spirits, the yin-yang dyad being represented by an aramitama (rough kami ) and a nigimitama (gentle kami), while the third comma denoted the sakimitama , or lucky spirit. However, there is no clear evidence tomoe, taijitu and yin-yang
4028-445: The latter, the tomo in question, in archaic Japanese tömö , being a round leather arm protector, like the bracer or gauntlet tab of European archery. Roy Andrew Miller describes it as "a small hollow sack or bulb of sewn leather with leather tie straps, sometimes embossed with a comma like decorative device ( tomoe ) of continental origin". It was worn on the left elbow or wrist of an archer either to prevent chafing from
4104-452: The lower neck, perhaps to stop the horse from throwing its head back. The origin of the tomoe design is uncertain. The most common view is that tomoe patterns originated in magatama jewelry from late Jōmon period approximately 1,000 BCE of Japan which was used for the shinto rituals. A pattern resembling the two-comma tomoe ( futatsudomoe ) has been found in ancient cultures on all inhabited continents. A stylized design on
4180-423: The marks hinder optical character recognition . Canada Post has similar guidelines, only making very limited use of hyphens. Similar to the case in natural languages, commas are often used to delineate the boundary between multiple mathematical objects in a list (e.g., ( 3 , 5 , 12 ) {\displaystyle (3,5,12)} ). Commas are also used to indicate the comma derivative of
4256-471: The meaning would be the same if their order were reversed or if and were placed between them. For example: Some writers precede quoted material that is the grammatical object of an active verb of speaking or writing with a comma, as in Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma." Quotations that follow and support an assertion are often preceded by a colon rather than a comma. Other writers do not put
4332-564: The mitsudomoe as a visual representation of the cycle of life. Tomoe also is a personal name, dating at least back to Tomoe Gozen (巴御前), a famous female warrior celebrated in The Tale of the Heike account of the Genpei War . In Kyoto's Jidai Matsuri festival, she appears in the Heian period section of the procession in samurai costume, and parades as a symbol of feminine gallantry. The mitsudomoe
4408-493: The modern " yin-yang symbol " have been given the additional interpretation of "intense interaction" between the complementary principles, i.e. a flux or flow to achieve harmony and balance. Similarities can be seen in Neolithic – Eneolithic era Cucuteni–Trypillia culture on the territory of current Ukraine and Romania. Patterns containing ornament looking like Taijitu from archeological artifacts of that culture were displayed in
4484-575: The other and are never absolute. Lai Zhide's design is similar to the gakyil ( dga' 'khyil or "wheel of joy") symbols of Tibetan Buddhism ; but while the Tibetan designs have three or four swirls (representing the Three Jewels or the Four Noble Truths , i.e. as a triskele and a tetraskelion design), Lai Zhide's taijitu has two swirls, terminating in a central circle. The Ming-era design of
4560-400: The parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence. The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases: The parenthesization of phrases may change the connotation, reducing or eliminating ambiguity . In the following example, the thing in the first sentence that is relaxing is the cool day, whereas in the second sentence, it is the walk since the introduction of commas makes "on
4636-413: The second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is a dependent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject ), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause
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#17328769667834712-421: The second of these five parts of the diagram. The term taijitu in modern Chinese is commonly used to mean the simple "divided circle" form ( [REDACTED] ), but it may refer to any of several schematic diagrams that contain at least one circle with an inner pattern of symmetry representing yin and yang . While the concept of yin and yang dates to Chinese antiquity, the interest in "diagrams" ( 圖 tú )
4788-538: The serial comma. "The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently." No association with region or dialect is suggested, other than that its use has been strongly advocated by Oxford University Press. Its use is preferred by Fowler 's Modern English Usage . It is recommended by the United States Government Printing Office , Harvard University Press , and the classic Elements of Style of Strunk and White . Use of
4864-413: The serial comma: all lists must have a comma before the "and" prefacing the last item in a series ( see Differences between American and British usage below ). If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, semicolons may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a colon . In news headlines , a comma might replace
4940-575: The some forms of the Celtic spiral triskele as well as with the Basque lauburu and the Sicilian Trinacria . Comma The comma , is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. Some typefaces render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, but inclined from the vertical, others give it the appearance of a miniature filled-in figure 9 placed on
5016-496: The standard form of the contemporary symbol, one draws on the diameter of a circle two non-overlapping circles each of which has a diameter equal to the radius of the outer circle. One keeps the line that forms an "S", and one erases or obscures the other line. In 2008 the design was also described by Isabelle Robinet as a "pair of fishes nestling head to tail against each other". The Soyombo symbol of Mongolia may be prior to 1686. It combines several abstract shapes, including
5092-438: The surname first, generally in instances of alphabetization by surname: Smith, John . They are also used before many titles that follow a name: John Smith, Ph.D. It can also be used in regnal names followed by their occupation: Louis XIII, king of France and Navarre . Similarly in lists that are presented with an inversion: socks, green: 3 pairs; socks, red: 2 pairs; tie, regimental: 1 . Commas may be used to indicate that
5168-462: The symbol if not as their family crest. American historian George H. Kerr claims that King Shō Toku adopted the mitsudomoe as the crest of the royal house after his successful invasion of Kikai Island in 1465.( Kerr 2011 , p. 101) The Second Shō dynasty , who ruled the Ryukyu Kingdom from 1470 to 1879, adopted the mitsudomoe as its family crest. Since it was the royal family crest, its usage
5244-478: The three-fold tomoe is similar to the Korean tricolored taegeuk which is originated in taijitsu. However, there is no clear evidence tomoe and taijitu is directly related. Also note that the negative space in between the swirls of a fourfold tomoe forms a swastika -like shape, which is fairly prominent in many Indian religions such as Hinduism and Jainism and Buddhism . A similar design can also be found in
5320-461: The ultimate origin of Zhou Dunyi's diagram. Zhu Xi (12th century) insists that Zhou Dunyi had composed the diagram himself, against the prevailing view that he had received it from Daoist sources. Zhu Xi could not accept a Daoist origin of the design, because it would have undermined the claim of uniqueness attached to the Neo-Confucian concept of dao . While Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) popularized
5396-437: The word "and", even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters: Commas are often used to separate clauses . In English, a comma is often used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat. ) A relative clause takes commas if it
5472-452: The world. When circumscribed in a circle, it often appears in a set of three, with this design known as the mitsudomoe ( 三ツ巴 ) . Originally, the Chinese character 巴, a hieroglyphic character that represents a person lying on their stomach was applied, because of the similarity in shape. But it is likely not directly related to the Japanese word "Tomoe" itself. The character 巴 (Chinese pronunciation bā ) has several meanings, ranging from
5548-624: Was apotheosized as a god in Hachiman shrines. In the Nihongi account, when Ōjin was born, inspection of his body revealed a fleshy growth on his arm similar to a warrior's wrist or elbow pad, and for this reason he was called homuta (誉田: lit.(Lord) Armguard) ( OJ : pomuda ), an old word for a tomo . Fragmentary sources suggest that the First Shō dynasty , who founded the Ryukyu Kingdom , used
5624-618: Was attached to it. Unlike the Chinese symbol, the Celtic yin-yang lack the element of mutual penetration, and the two halves are not always portrayed in different colors. Comparable designs are also found in Etruscan art . Unicode features the he tu symbol in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, at code point U+262F ☯ YIN YANG . The related "double body symbol" is included at U+0FCA (TIBETAN SYMBOL NOR BU NYIS -KHYIL ࿊), in
5700-700: Was carried out on 19 December 1941." Commas are used to separate parts of geographical references, such as city and state ( Dallas, Texas ) or city and country ( Kampala, Uganda ). Additionally, most style manuals, including The Chicago Manual of Style and the AP Stylebook , recommend that the second element be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after: "The plane landed in Kampala, Uganda, that evening." The United States Postal Service and Royal Mail recommend leaving out punctuation when writing addresses on actual letters and packages, as
5776-642: Was once severely restricted. Okinawans who visited Japan shortly after the kingdom's annexation in 1879 were surprised that mitsudomoe banners were flown everywhere. During the American military occupation of Okinawa Prefecture , the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) made a failed attempt to recreate a Ryukyuan national flag with a mitsudomoe, only to find that Okinawans were apathetic towards, or did not recognize,
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