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126-435: The South African government established native reserves in the 1913 Natives Land Act as areas designated for black citizens to live in. As a result of the 1913 act, blacks could no longer own land outside of the native reserves. The 1923 Native (Urban Areas) Act authorized local governments to establish residential areas designated for black citizens, leading to the development of low-wage laborer migration to urban areas from

252-612: A colourblind electoral franchise but in 1892 Cecil Rhodes got the Franchise and Ballot Act passed which disenfranchised many black Africans by tripling the wealth requirement to vote. In 1894, the Glen Grey Act was passed, beginning the segregation of races in South Africa through legislation . With the surplus of natural resources, including gold and diamonds, there was a rush to assert dominance in all regions of Africa. South Africa

378-548: A catalyst for the institutional and more intense discrimination that followed. The following is a brief description of the sections of the Natives Land Act: Defines that land outside the scheduled native areas, except by approval of the Governor-General, and until parliament acts on the commission's report, no Black African could purchase, hire or acquire land etc. other than from another Black African nor could

504-581: A certain psychological sense of isolation as South Africa left a club that it had belonged to since 1910 and of which it had been a prominent member. The Republic of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1961, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging that had brought the Second Boer War to an end in 1902, and the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Anglophobic Verwoerd timed

630-399: A devastating effect, but its full implementation was not immediate. The Act strengthened the chiefs, who were part of the state administration, but it forced many blacks in the "white" areas into wage labour. The Act, aimed at addressing issues related to serfdom or sharecropping, which had profound implications for indigenous people. It specifically prohibited these practices, which had been

756-455: A group of Stellenbosch University professors protested against the immigration of German Jews to South Africa, who were fleeing Nazi persecution. His efforts in the field of national welfare drew him into politics and in 1936 he was offered the first editorship of Die Transvaler , a position which he took up in 1937, with the added responsibility of helping to rebuild the National Party in

882-401: A massive increase of poverty for indigenous peoples. Prior to the implementation of the act there were relatively low rates of poverty for everyone in South Africa. However, with the dispossession of land combined with the forbidding of share cropping and free leasing/selling of land, the act was beginning of a long history of poverty for the indigenous. According to the paragraph 'The impact of

1008-564: A military industrial complex, that successfully pioneered developments in native armaments manufacturing, including aircraft, small arms, armoured vehicles, and even nuclear and biological weapons . Three days before his death, Verwoerd had held talks with the Prime Minister of Lesotho , Chief Leabua Jonathan , at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Following the meeting, a joint communique

1134-513: A move that significantly affected many black farmers who were sharecroppers or labour tenants. The full implementation of these restrictions was not immediate, but when enforced, it compelled numerous black individuals living in "white" areas into wage labour. Notably, before the Natives Land Act took effect, much of the white-owned land was occupied by the indigenous people engaging in share-cropping arrangements. Indigenous individuals would rent

1260-743: A new hierarchy for tribal, regional and territorial authorities. In 1950, the Federal Mission Council of the Dutch Reformed Church passed a resolution that called on the government to examine "native life," particularly with regards to socioeconomic development in the native reserves. That same year, the government appointed the Commission for the Socioeconomic Development of the Bantu Areas to devise "a comprehensive scheme for

1386-636: A number of renowned German psychology and philosophy professors of the time, and possibly due to his own anti-British views at the time. Verwoerd left for Germany in 1926, and proceeded to research psychology and sociology at the University of Hamburg , Berlin , and Leipzig . In Hamburg, he studied under William Stern ; in Berlin, under Wolfgang Köhler and Otto Lipmann ; and in Leipzig, under Felix Krueger . Most of these professors were not allowed to teach anymore once

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1512-880: A person who wasn't a Black African purchase, hire or acquire land, etc. from a Black African. This also applied to land within native areas and any exceptions made by the Governor-general was to be tabled in both houses of parliament. All agreement and transactions were null and void ab initio . Defines the appointment, by the Governor-General, of a commission after the commencement of the Act, that would inquire and report on areas where Black African shall not be permitted to acquire or hire land or have interests in land and likewise set aside areas where non-Black Africans were not permitted to acquire or hire land or have interests in land. The reports would include boundaries and maps. The commission had two years to report back to parliament. Defines

1638-613: A professor at Stellenbosch University, wrote an article in January 1957 for the South African Institute of Race Relations that criticized Verwoerd's decision to not allow for private industry in the reserves. Sadie argued that foreign capitalists had already invested heavily in South Africa without making the country any less "South African." Attendees at a June 1956 congress organized by the Dutch Reformed Churches, SABRA and

1764-463: A referendum would be called to determine the republican issue, the objective being a republic within the Commonwealth . Two weeks later, Harold Macmillan , then British Prime Minister , visited South Africa. In an address to both Houses of Parliament, Macmillan gave his famous Winds of Change speech. The speech, which implicitly criticized apartheid, together with the worldwide criticism following

1890-584: A republic, and the franchise was extended to whites in South-West Africa , most of whom were German or Afrikaans speakers. This was done even though English South Africans were slightly outnumbered by Afrikaners. The vast majority of English South Africans were against South Africa becoming a republic and were still loyal to the British Crown, especially in Natal, where anti-republican and secessionist sentiment

2016-613: A second thought that I would be caught. I was so disgusted with the racial policy that I went through with my plans to kill the prime minister." At the same time, the South African police gathered a plethora of evidence of Tsafendas's long history of political activism, from his membership of the South African Communist Party (SACP) between 1936 and 1942 to his time in London in the early 1960s, when he had attended meetings of

2142-561: A symbol of apartheid itself. Apparently, most white South Africans now speak of Verwoerd as an embarrassment and only a minority still praise him. However, in 2004 Verwoerd was elected by popular poll as one of the top 20 South Africans of all time in the TV show Great South Africans . Melanie Verwoerd , who was married to Verwoerd's grandson Willem, joined the African National Congress (ANC) (like her ex-husband). She recalled that bearing

2268-575: A tool of Nazis in South Africa, and he knew it" (cited by Scheub 2010, 42; Bunting 1964, 106–107). Die Transvaler had triumphantly headlined every Nazi victory and constantly attacked "British Jewish liberalism." The South African general election of 1948 was held on 26 May 1948 and saw the Nationalist Party together with the Afrikaner Party winning the general elections. Malan's Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) concluded an election pact with

2394-539: A veneer of intellectual respectability to the previously crude policy of baasskap . Verwoerd felt that the political situation of South Africa had become stagnant over the past century and called for reform. Under the Premiership of Verwoerd, the following legislative acts relating to apartheid were introduced: The creation of a republic was one of the National Party 's long-term goals since originally coming to power in 1948. In January 1960, Verwoerd announced that

2520-534: A vital role in helping the far-right National Party come to power in 1948, serving as their political strategist and propagandist , becoming party leader upon his premiership. He was the Union of South Africa 's last prime minister, from 1958 to 1961, when he proclaimed the founding of the Republic of South Africa , remaining its prime minister until his assassination in 1966. Verwoerd was an authoritarian , socially conservative leader and an Afrikaner nationalist . He

2646-515: A voluntary arms embargo against South Africa, and in the same year, a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the authorities. From 1964, the US and UK discontinued their arms trade with South Africa. Economic sanctions against South Africa were also frequently debated in the UN as an effective way of putting pressure on the apartheid government. In 1962,

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2772-611: Is disputed, since many suicides during the apartheid era were actually murders and killings by police. In 1961, UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld visited South Africa where he could not reach an agreement with Prime Minister Verwoerd. On 6 November 1962, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 , condemning South African apartheid policies. On 7 August 1963, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 181 calling for

2898-540: Is important to note that differently from other discriminatory systems the apartheid system in South Africa was a white minority, discriminating against an indigenous, black majority. Being the minority group, the apartheid government had to ensure they kept control of their power. The way the apartheid government was able to do this was through only allowing white people to vote and hold government positions, essentially making it impossible for them to be overthrown no matter how unjustly they acted. The Natives Land Act of 1913

3024-488: Is restful. There is no need for any immediate operation.' Once his condition stabilised, Verwoerd was transferred to a Pretoria hospital. The neurologists who treated Verwoerd later stated that his escape had been 'absolutely miraculous'. Specialist surgeons were called in to remove the bullets. At first, there was speculation that Verwoerd would lose his hearing and sense of balance, but this was to prove groundless. He returned to public life on 29 May, less than two months after

3150-592: Is still very prominent, in years after the abolition, rights and quality of life have slowly got better for members of the affected communities. In 2013, the South African Government held a centenary ceremony to remember the Natives Land act of 1913. This ceremony served as a reflection upon how horrible the act was and all the damage it caused for indigenous people for the last 100 years. Through this reflection, citizens of South Africa were able to acknowledge

3276-526: The Bantu Education Act , which was to have a deleterious effect on the ability of black South Africans to be educated. Verwoerd himself noted that the purpose of the Bantu Education Act was to ensure that blacks would have only just enough education to work as unskilled labourers. The Bantu Education Act ensured that black South Africans had only the barest minimum of education, thus entrenching

3402-561: The Sharpeville massacre , created a siege mentality in South Africa. Verwoerd seized upon this to booster his case for a republic, presenting Elizabeth II as the ruler of a hostile power. Verwoerd also ensured that South African media gave generous coverage of the breakdown of society in the Congo in the summer of 1960 following independence from Belgium as an example of the sort of "horrors" that allegedly would ensue in South Africa if apartheid

3528-589: The "liberals" such as Jan Smuts who argued for a reconciliation with Britain vs. the "extremists" who expressed anti-British sentiments due to the Boer War. Both the "liberals" and the "extremists" believed that South Africa was a "white man's country", though the latter were more stridently committed to white supremacy. Verwoerd belonged to the anti-British faction in Afrikaans politics who wanted to keep as much distance as possible from Britain. In 1936, Verwoerd joined by

3654-505: The 1958 election and the death shortly thereafter of Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom, Verwoerd was nominated, together with Eben Dönges and C. R. Swart from the Orange Free State, as candidates to head the party. Verwoerd got the most votes in the second round and thus succeeded Strijdom as Prime Minister. Hendrik Verwoerd is often called the architect of apartheid for his role in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy when he

3780-716: The Act, followed by organised protests: "Between 28 February and 26 April 1913 African leaders continued criticism of the Land Bill in columns of newspapers. However, this changed dramatically after the first reading of the bill on 25 February. Protest meetings were organised in various parts of the country. On 9 May the first major protest meeting was organised by the SANNC at the Masonic Hall in St. James, Cape Town." These protests were unsuccessful in generating any change in policies. Furthermore, there

3906-505: The Afrikaner Party in 1947. They won the elections with a very narrow majority of five seats in Parliament, although they only got 40 percent of the voter support. This was due to the loaded constituencies in cities, which was to the advantage of rural constituencies. The nine Afrikaner Party MPs thus made it possible for Malan's HNP to form a coalition government with the Afrikaner Party of Klasie Havenga . The two parties amalgamated in 1951 as

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4032-466: The Assembly. Four members of Parliament who were also trained doctors rushed to the aid of Verwoerd and started administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Verwoerd was rushed to Groote Schuur Hospital , but was pronounced dead upon arrival. Verwoerd's state funeral, attended by a quarter of a million people, was held in Pretoria on 10 September 1966, during which his South African flag -draped casket

4158-421: The Bantu Education Act of 1953, which caused generations of black South Africans to suffer an inferior education, saying: "After white people had taken the land, after white people had impoverished us in South Africa, the only way out of our poverty was through education. And he came up with the idea of giving us an inferior education." Prime Minister Daniel Malan announced his retirement from politics following

4284-559: The Bantu Homelands Constitution Act gave the president the power to create tribal, regional and territories authorities. The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act designated black workers as “foreign visitors” in white areas and led to the government forcibly resettling blacks in the bantustans. The Tomlinson Report had recommended that "all-Union Bantu" be regarded as foreigners. As the Tomlinson Commission had concluded,

4410-712: The Committee of African Organizations and had held "the posters up" at "anti-colonial", "anti-apartheid" and "anti-racial" meetings; in South Africa from 1939 to 1942, he had "engaged actively in Communistic propaganda"; he had fought on the Communist side in the Greek Civil War of 1947–49; and in London he had been a close associate and assistant of the ANC's local representative, Tennyson Makiwane. In short, and according to his own words, he

4536-618: The Emotion) was at the time regarded as a monumental academic achievement in field of Applied Psychology in South Africa. Due to the work undertaken by Verwoerd in his doctoral thesis , he was awarded two scholarships for post-doctoral research abroad—one by the Abe Bailey Trust to study at the University of Oxford , England, and another one to continue his studies in Germany. He opted for the latter, as Verwoerd wanted to continue his research under

4662-706: The Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organizations commended the Tomlinson Commission for its report without directing any criticism at the government. In 1956, more than 400 delegates to the Interdenominational African Ministers' Federation (IAMF) conference in Bloemfontein voted to reject the Tomlinson Report. The recommendations of the Tomlinson Report aligned with the government's belief in "separate development" for whites and blacks. Even though

4788-490: The Forensic Medical Laboratory due to his peculiar behaviour. Within minutes of the assassination attempt, Verwoerd—still conscious and blood gushing from his face—was rushed to the nearby Johannesburg Hospital. Two days later, the hospital issued a statement which described his condition as 'indeed satisfactory—further examinations were carried out today and they confirm good expectations. Dr. Verwoerd at present

4914-563: The Land Act', "Perhaps the most visible impact of the Act was that it denied Africans access to land which they owned or had been leasing from White farmers." The Natives Land Act not only stole land but almost all their possessions including cattle, crops and their homes. Indigenous people were also forced into becoming labourers for the European settlers and were treated poorly and were not compensated well. The land allocated for indigenous communities

5040-675: The National Party's success in the elections of 1953 . In the succession debate that followed Malan's retirement in 1954, N. C. Havenga and J. G. Strijdom were potential successors. The Young Turks of the Transvaal got the upper hand and thus J. G. Strijdom was elected as the new leader of the National Party, succeeding Malan as Prime Minister. Verwoerd gradually gained popularity with the Afrikaner electorate and continued to expand his political support. With his overwhelming constituency victory in

5166-468: The National Party, although Havenga was not comfortable with NP policy to remove coloured voters from the common voters' roll. Running on the platform of self-determination and apartheid as it was termed for the first time, Prime Minister Daniel Malan and his party benefited from their support in the rural electorates, defeating General Jan Christiaan Smuts and his United Party. General Smuts lost his own seat of Standerton . Most party leaders agreed that

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5292-535: The Native Affairs Department undergo a re-organization to better support development progress. Specifically, the commission called for establishing a development council that would advise the Minister of Native Affairs on native reserves by conducting research on trends and needs in the reserves. The commission also called for the creation of a development corporation that would both promote black enterprises in

5418-463: The Natives Land Act and testimonies from those directly subject to the act in the 1916 Book Native Life in South Africa . In the aftermath of the promulgation of the Natives Land Act of 1913, a long struggle for land restitution and reform was endured by indigenous communities. Through the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act of 1991 and the 1994 Restitution of Land Act of 1994, small progress

5544-592: The Natives Land act and majority of the damage was done prior to the act being enforced. The dispossession of indigenous people in this land started when the European colonists first entered the land and started to expand their territory. They used many tactics such as annexation, warfare and the purchase of land. Oftentimes, indigenous leaders would accept these annexations and purchases because they realized they were militarily outnumbered and warfare would not be beneficial to either party. Injustices against indigenous groups were prevalent in years prior, however 1913 served as

5670-735: The Nazis came to power in 1933. . Claims that Verwoerd studied eugenics during his German sojourn and later based his apartheid policy on Nazi ideology, are still being evaluated by scholars. Critics contend that eugenics was usually taught at medical faculties during this period. Christoph Marx asserts that Verwoerd kept a conspicuous distance from eugenic theories and racist social technologies, emphasising environmental influences rather than hereditary abilities. Verwoerd's fiancée, Betsie Schoombie , joined him in Germany and they were married in Hamburg on 7 January 1927. Later that year, he continued his studies in

5796-519: The Northern Cape province houses the Verwoerd collection—memorabilia collected during Verwoerd's lifetime which is now on display in the house where his widow lived for the last years before her death in 2000 at the age of 98. Verwoerd's legacy in South Africa today is a controversial one as for black South Africans, Verwoerd was and still is regarded as the epitome of evil, the white supremacist who become

5922-516: The Orange Free State . Defines when and where the Acts does not affect current laws of land purchase, sale and transfer, ownership and mortgages. Made provisions for the Cape Province where a non-white person could be a registered voter based on land ownership. Defines the right of the Governor-general to create regulations to manage sanitation for native areas not managed by a local authority. Defined

6048-603: The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959. This act created "bantustans," or separate homelands for blacks, that were established based on linguistic and cultural differences. The act intended to develop self-government for the bantustans. In 1970, Parliament passed the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, and in 1971, the legislature passed the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act. The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act designated blacks as citizens of their bantustans, and

6174-553: The Transvaal. Die Transvaler was a publication which supported the aspirations of Afrikaner nationalism , agricultural and labour rights. Combining republicanism , populism and protectionism , the paper helped "solidify the sentiments of most South Africans, that changes to the socio-economic system were vitally needed." With the start of the Second World War in September 1939, Verwoerd protested against South Africa's role in

6300-477: The UN General Assembly requested that its members sever political, fiscal and transportation ties with South Africa. The National Party under Verwoerd won the 1966 general election . The election marked a major strengthening of power for the ruling NP, which gained a two-thirds majority in parliament for the first time. During this period, the National Party government continued to foster the development of

6426-712: The United Kingdom, and then proceeded to the United States. His lecture notes and memoranda at Stellenbosch University stressed that there were no biological differences between the big racial groups, and concluded that "this was not really a factor in the development of a higher social civilization by the Caucasians." Verwoerd's views on race were more likely influenced by his experience of American attitudes towards racial segregation than National Socialists in Germany. Verwoerd returned with his wife to South Africa in 1928 and

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6552-410: The ability of the Governor-General to use money allocated by parliament, to acquire any land or interest in land as described in section 2 and defines the laws to be used to expropriate land. Defines the fines or imprisonment for a person who attempted to purchase, sale, hire or lease land, or any agreement or transaction which is in contravention of the Act. Applied to companies and corporations to with

6678-454: The budget, expressing his wish to limit spending at £36.6 million. He rejected the idea of allowing, as the report suggested, white industrialists to enter the reserves; therefore, he stated that funding allocated for the development corporation, which was "presumably based upon the principle ... of the admission of large European privately owned industries into the Bantu areas," could be excluded from

6804-550: The budget. Instead of creating a program for "white capital" to enter the reserves, Verwoerd advocated for establishing “border industries." Verwoerd also argued that the amounts set aside for agricultural development and urban development could be brought down dramatically. Finally, he rejected the idea of eliminating communal ownership of land. Verwoerd stated that the Native Affairs Department would rely on “other considered views based upon much wider practical experience of administrative affairs” to determine proper financial funding for

6930-399: The commission surveyed 111 peasant farmers and stated, based on the results, that “£56 p.a. is large enough to attract a Bantu to full-time farming in mixed farming and pastoral areas, and to bind him permanently to the land.” Second, the commission recommended that native reserve land be divided into "economic farming units" under individual ownership. Third, the commission recommended that

7056-459: The conflict when the country declared war on Germany, siding with its former colonial power, the United Kingdom. In 1943, Verwoerd, editor of Die Transvaler , sued the English-language newspaper The Star for libel after it accused him of being a Nazi propagandist. In his judgment dismissing the case, Justice Mallin stated that Verwoerd "did support Nazi propaganda , he did make his paper

7182-559: The congregation in Bulawayo had appointed a second minister of religion. His father took up a position in the church in Brandfort , Orange Free State . Due to the worldwide Spanish flu epidemic, the younger Verwoerd only sat for his matriculation exams in February 1919, achieving first position in the Orange Free State and fifth in country. Verwoerd studied at Stellenbosch University , where he

7308-517: The declaration of a republic with the anniversary of the Treaty of Vereeniging as a form of revenge for the defeat of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State in the Boer War. The last Governor-General , Charles Robberts Swart , took office as the first State President . After South Africa became a republic, Verwoerd refused to accept black ambassadors from Commonwealth member states. Verwoerd's overt moves to block non-whites from representing South Africa in sports—starting with cricket—started

7434-412: The directors, managers, and corporate secretary's liable for prosecution and punishment. Defines that the Act will be used in addition to other laws governing Black African land ownership but if in conflict, it defined when this Act would supersede other laws. Defines what provisions of Orange Free State Law Book and Law No. 4 of 1895 remain in force as well as article twenty of Law No. 4 of 1895 of

7560-462: The economy as long as black labour could be controlled to advance the economic gains of Afrikaners. A second faction were the "purists", who believed in "vertical segregation", under which blacks and whites would be entirely separated, with blacks living in native reserves, with separate political and economic structures, which, they believed, would entail severe short-term pain, but would also lead to independence of white South Africa from black labour in

7686-419: The end of 1912, the Verwoerd family moved to Bulawayo , Rhodesia , where his father became an assistant evangelist in the Dutch Reformed Church . Verwoerd attended Milton High School , where he was awarded the Beit Scholarship, established by diamond magnate and financier Alfred Beit . Verwoerd received the top marks for English literature in Rhodesia. In 1917, the family moved back to South Africa, since

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7812-453: The exclusion of the nonwhite majority, was a major aspect of his support for a republic. To that same end, Verwoerd greatly expanded apartheid. When attempting to justify apartheid to international audiences, he branded it as a policy of "good-neighbourliness", stating that as different races and cultures have different beliefs and values, they could only reach their full potential if they lived and developed apart from each other. He stated that

7938-620: The farm land had been returned to the indigenous people. This discrepancy in aspiration and actuality shows the persistent hurdles experienced in post-apartheid South Africa. The land act of 1913 was eventually repealed in 1991. The Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act of 1991 initiated change for indigenous people. This act planned to amend the laws and restrictions placed on indigenous people and their ability to purchase, rent or acquire land. It also implemented standards for residential communities and rationalized or phased out racially based institutions and regulatory systems. Although poverty

8064-510: The following prospective allocations for the £104 million: The commission was critical of existing development efforts within the native reserves, stating that “individually and collectively the existing organisations do not comply with the new requirements set by the development programme. The deplorable conditions which prevail in the Bantu Areas today also testify to their present incapacity to bring about any significant development, and even to prevent deterioration." The commission suggested that

8190-414: The government did not follow several recommendations in the report, the government still sought to confine blacks to the reserves as much as they could without curtailing dependence on black labor. Parliament passed several pieces of legislation that defined the segregated nature and structure of the reserves in the following years. Under Verwoerd , who became Prime Minister in 1958, the legislature passed

8316-490: The government push for industrialization in the reserves to incorporate those who, as a result of land reform, would become dispossessed. The commission called for investment in "European capital" and in education, particularly through the previously mentioned development corporation. Verwoerd refused to implement several of the report's recommendations despite accepting the report "in principle". Verwoerd's objection focused in part on certain items that were allocated funding in

8442-404: The hope that after Verwoerd's "disappearance" "a change of policy would take place." He added, "I wanted to see a government representing all the South African people. I do not think the Nationalist Government is representative of the people and I wanted to see a different government … I did not care about the consequences, for what would happen to me afterwards. I didn't care much and didn't give it

8568-524: The indigenous communities got very overpopulated creating crowded slums with poor nutrition, many diseases and little healthcare. The opposition to the Act was modest but vocal. John Dube used his newspaper to generate international recognition and support. As president of what would become the African National Congress , he supported whites like William Cullen Wilcox , who had created the Zululand Industrial Improvement Company . That had led to them supplying land to thousands of black people in Natal. Dube

8694-552: The indigenous land, and the ability to use indigenous workers generated a lot of wealth. The Native Land Act is remembered in South African history as one step towards the institutional discrimination and injustice of the Apartheid era and for underlying geographic segregation of races that still remains. Other policies that followed the Native Land Act include prohibition of interracial marriage, restricted access to many white-only spaces, creation of different public facilities including bathrooms, water fountains, parks and beaches. It

8820-402: The international movement to ostracise South Africa from international sporting competition. The last Olympic Games in which the country participated—until the abolition of apartheid—was in 1960. South Africa was expelled from FIFA in 1976, and whenever South African teams did participate in sports, protests and disruptions were the result. When supporters of South Africa decried their exclusion,

8946-455: The land for cultivation, sharing the resulting crops with the landowners. This mutually beneficial system drastically changed after the implementation of the Act, as sharecropping and renting of white-owned land by indigenous people were banned. Instead of a partner-ship, the indigenous farmers had to work for their "white-master". Consequently, this prohibition created severe challenges for the indigenous population, rendering them unable to work on

9072-454: The land they had previously cultivated. Compounded by the forced relocation into poorly planned homelands and townships allocated strictly for indigenous groups, the Act initiated a cycle of lasting poverty. The government's relocation efforts, coupled with the inability for the indigenous to find work and provide for themselves, led to a rapid increase in socio-economic issues within these communities. Discrimination had been prevalent prior to

9198-447: The long-term. Verwoerd belonged to a third faction, which sympathised with the purists, but allowed for the use of black labour, while implementing the purist goal of vertical separation. Verwoerd's vision of a South Africa divided into multiple ethno-states appealed to the reform-minded Afrikaner intelligentsia, and it provided a more coherent philosophical and moral framework for the National Party's racist policies, while also providing

9324-421: The make-up of the commission as no less than five people with the ability to appoint persons to assist them and set procedures. Final reports and recommendations were considered accepted if the majority of the commission agreed with the decision. Defines the right of the commission or its representatives to enter any land, obtain any document needed, without fee or charge in order to carry out its inquires. Defines

9450-513: The meanings of common words within the Act. Special emphasis was given to defining the meaning of a who is a Black African farm labourer and who isn't, something the former would have to prove himself if in court. Other emphasis was given to defining who is a person who hires land in relation to the Act. Defined the name of the Act. The land act had set aside 13% of agricultural land for the indigenous people. However, initially they were only given about 7%. It took them 23 years of fighting to receive

9576-401: The medical reports submitted to it by five different psychiatrists, all of which confirmed that Pratt lacked legal capacity and could not be held criminally liable for having shot the prime minister. On 26 September 1960, he was committed to a mental hospital in Bloemfontein. On 1 October 1961, his 53rd birthday, he committed suicide, shortly before parole was to be considered. His cause of death

9702-699: The minister of native affairs under Prime Minister Malan in 1950, until his appointment as prime minister in 1958. In that position, he helped to implement the Nationalist Party's programme. Among the laws that were drawn and enacted during Verwoerd's time as minister for native affairs were the Population Registration Act and the Group Areas Act in 1950, the Pass Laws Act of 1952 and the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953. Verwoerd wrote

9828-495: The nationalist policies were responsible for the National Party's victory. To further cement their nationalist policies, Herenigde Nasionale Party leader Daniel Malan called for stricter enforcement of job reservation protecting the rights of the white working class, and the rights of white workers to organise their own labour unions outside of company control. Verwoerd was elected to the Senate of South Africa later that year, and became

9954-468: The native reserves. Verwoerd, who became head of the Native Affairs Department in 1950, stated in a 1948 speech to Parliament both that South Africa was a "white man’s country and that he must remain master here," but that, in the reserves, "we are prepared to allow the Natives to be the masters." Verwoerd stated in 1950 his belief in the importance of separate political development for the reserves, stating there

10080-476: The native reserves. While the government had intended to strictly control any limited presence of native laborers in urban areas, by World War II declining conditions had led to an outflow from the native reserves and the number of black urban residents had surpassed the number of white urban residents. In 1948, the National Party, which had campaigned on establishing an apartheid regime, came to power. The newly-elected government began to engage in dialogue over

10206-466: The new government wasn't overthrown. The main policy being only white people could vote or hold government positions and the lack of a strong education system for the indigenous. These injustices trapped the indigenous living in South Africa in a socio-economic crisis. The government claimed that the aim of the Natives Land Act was to control and redistribute farmland in South Africa in hope to remove poverty and benefit all. Despite this claim, it resulted in

10332-402: The other 6%. Prior to the act, the indigenous people of South Africa had owned majority of the farmland which was annexed, bought or handed over to the white colonists. However the indigenous remained the majority of the population of South Africa whilst only being able to live in 7-13% of the land. This act was an assertion of power within the new government, and policies were formulated to ensure

10458-570: The practice of serfdom or sharecropping . It also protected existing agreements or arrangement of land hired or leased by both parties. [5] This land was in "native reserve" areas, which meant it was under "communal" tenure vested in African chiefs: it could not be bought, sold or used as surety. Outside such areas, perhaps of even greater significance for black farming was that the Act forbade black tenant farming on white-owned land. Since so many black farmers were sharecroppers or labour tenants that had

10584-475: The primary sources of employment for the indigenous population. Additionally, the legislation safeguarded existing agreements regarding land leased by both parties, particularly in designated "native reserve" areas. In these areas, land, held under communal tenure vested in chiefs, could neither be bought nor sold, nor used as collateral. However, the impact extended beyond the designated reserve areas. The Act also prohibited black tenant farming on white-owned land,

10710-548: The principles of vertical segregation, but did not want to negatively impact business interests that depended on black labor by enforcing a complete separation between the black population and the white population. In 1951, the year after the Tomlinson Report was commissioned, the government passed the Bantu Authorities Act . The Bantu Authorities Act abolished the Natives Representative Council and created

10836-520: The rehabilitation of the Native Areas with a view to developing within them a social structure in keeping with the culture of the Native and based upon effective socio-economic planning." The commission was created with support from SABRA and included SABRA members. The commission was composed of 10 members, included four academics (including Tomlinson) and two Afrikaner farmers: In the process of drafting

10962-477: The report, the commission enlisted research specialists. The Tomlinson Report was presented to the government in October 1954 and ran, in its unabridged form, to 3,755 pages published in 17 volumes. The report included 589 tables and 66 maps. The report stated that the government could pursue either integration or total segregation, and strongly emphasized that the government pursue total segregation by industrializing

11088-484: The reserves and create enterprises that would be transferred to black ownership. As part of development activities, the commission stated that Church activities should be seen as integral to the development process. The report offered three major recommendations for the government's economic policies in the reserves. First, the commission advocated for an agricultural rehabilitation scheme. The scheme would separate peasant farmers from workers. In coming to this conclusion,

11214-511: The reserves as they existed could not provide economic opportunities for most black residents beyond agriculture; blacks that migrated to the bantustans were concentrated in border areas and commuted into white areas for their jobs. In 1986, the government abolished pass laws and in 1994, the end of apartheid also led to the end of the bantustans. Natives Land Act, 1913 The Natives Land Act, 1913 (subsequently renamed Bantu Land Act, 1913 and Black Land Act, 1913 ; Act No. 27 of 1913)

11340-401: The reserves to make them "economically viable." The report recommended that land additional to the land set aside in the 1936 Land Act be purchased and annexed to the reserves, and that the state develop industries in the reserves to create an additional 300,000 jobs. Even then, the report said, the reserves would only be able to include 15 million of South Africa's projected black population by

11466-483: The reserves. The law also restricted the terms of tenure under which Blacks could live on white-owned farms." The late 19th and early 20th centuries observed a junction of colonial imperialism, economic transformation and a rise in racially divisive ideals. As European powers expanded their territories into Africa the social identities of these regions were transformed. In 1853, the British Cape Colony introduced

11592-408: The reserves. Verwoerd's opinions reflected the opinions of others in the National Party who did not want to curb dependence on African labor. Some faculty members from SABRA received the report well, viewing it as evidence that “apartheid could and must be made to work.” Some members of SABRA voiced their displeasure with Verwoerd's refusal to implement most recommendations in the report. J.L. Sadie,

11718-480: The role of blacks in the apartheid economy as a cheap source of unskilled labour. In June 1954, Verwoerd in a speech stated: "The Bantu must be guided to serve his own community in all respects. There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour. Within his own community, however, all doors are open". One black South African woman who worked as an anti-apartheid activist, Nomavenda Mathiane, in particular criticized Verwoerd for

11844-474: The same opportunities as the white schools had. This cycle made it impossible for indigenous people to escape the poverty found in their communities. Indigenous groups were subject to use different facilities than the white people and had restricted access to resources. They were also required to carry around an internal passport which would be checked by law enforcement further restricting their rights and ability to move around within South Africa. As time progressed

11970-533: The same time greatly empowering, modernizing, and enlarging the white apartheid state's security forces (police and military). He banned black organizations such as the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress , and it was under him that future president Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for life for sabotage. Verwoerd's South Africa had one of the highest prison populations in

12096-609: The second his right ear. Colonel G. M. Harrison, president of the Witwatersrand Agricultural Society , leapt up and knocked the pistol from the gunman's hand. After the pistol fell to the floor, Harrison, with the help of Major Carl Richter, the Prime Minister's personal bodyguard, civilians and another policeman overpowered the gunman. He was taken to the Marshall Square police station and later transferred to

12222-649: The shooting. David Pratt was initially held under the emergency regulations, declared on 30 March 1960, nine days after the Sharpeville massacre and shortly after Verwoerd received a death threat with a red note reading, "Today we kill Verwoerd". Pratt appeared for a preliminary hearing in the Johannesburg Magistrates' Court on 20 and 21 July 1960, once it was clear that the attempt was not fatal. Pratt claimed that he had been shooting 'the epitome of apartheid'. However, in his defence, he stated that he only wanted to injure, not kill, Verwoerd. The court accepted

12348-431: The standards of the people whose welfare is envisaged," and that Africans “should not be ignored nor treated as inferior, merely because they [scale of values] are different.” The commission concluded that if the reserves were to support the growing black population the government would need to invest at least £104 million over the following decade to ensure fully diversified economies in the reserves. The commission offered

12474-422: The state of the native reserves and how increased black urbanization affected the apartheid vision. The South African Bureau for Racial Affairs (SABRA), a conservative think tank at Stellenbosch University founded in September 1948, emphasized the need for "vertical" segregation, a system which would enforce total segregation for blacks from the broader political sphere but allow for political advancement within

12600-680: The struggles still experienced due to the act and hopefully help generate further reform. Much political irony surrounded the Act: Mukherjee, Arun P. (January 1990). "Whose post-colonialism and whose postmodernism?" . World Literature Written in English . 30 (2): 1–9. doi : 10.1080/17449859008589127 . ISSN   0093-1705 . L.M. Thompson, A History of South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ( Afrikaans pronunciation: [fərˈvuːrt] ; 8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), also known as H. F. Verwoerd ,

12726-420: The system, including his theoretical justifications and opposition to the limited form of integration known as baasskap , have led him to be described as the "Architect of Apartheid". His actions prompted the passing of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 , condemning apartheid, and ultimately leading to South Africa's international isolation and economic sanctions . On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd

12852-701: The usual response was: "Who started it?", in reference to Verwoerd. On 9 April 1960, Verwoerd opened the Union Exposition in Milner Park, Johannesburg, to mark the jubilee of the Union of South Africa. After Verwoerd delivered his opening address, David Pratt , a rich English businessman and farmer from the Magaliesberg, near Pretoria, attempted to assassinate Verwoerd, firing two shots from a .22 pistol at point-blank range, one bullet perforating Verwoerd's right cheek and

12978-423: The white minority had to be protected from the nonwhite majority by pursuing a "policy of separate development" and keeping power in the hands of whites. Apartheid saw the complete disfranchisement of the nonwhite population. Verwoerd heavily repressed opposition to apartheid during his premiership. He ordered the detention and imprisonment of tens of thousands of people and the exile of further thousands, while at

13104-450: The world and saw a large number of executions and floggings. By the mid-1960s Verwoerd's government to a large degree had put down internal civil resistance to apartheid by employing extraordinary legislative power, draconian laws, psychological intimidation, and the relentless efforts of the white state's security apparatus. Although apartheid began in 1948 with D. F. Malan 's premiership, Verwoerd's role in expanding and legally entrenching

13230-424: The year 2000; the commission projected that 6.5 million blacks would be residing in the "European Areas." The Report also concluded that the traditional 'tribal' authorities used to rule the reserves were not adequate for industrialized areas. In the report, the commission reiterated their commitment to separate development in the reserves to achieve racial harmony. One section stated that “welfare should be measured by

13356-468: Was "anti-colonial, against slavery and in favour of all colonies which were controlled by Belgium, France and Portugal to be afforded self-government." Nevertheless, none of these became known during a summary trial where Tsafendas escaped the death penalty on the grounds of insanity. Judge Andries Beyers ordered Tsafendas to be imprisoned indefinitely at the "State President's pleasure"; in 1999 he died aged 81 still in detention. The town of Orania in

13482-456: Was "no policy of oppression here, but one of creating a situation which has never existed for the Bantu; namely, that, taking into consideration their languages, traditions, history and different national communities, they may pass through a development of their own.” Verwoerd did not fully align with SABRA in his views; he belonged to a faction in the National Party that sought to enforce racial segregation to pursue grand apartheid and believed in

13608-483: Was Leendert (Len) Verwoerd (1899-1986) and his younger sister, the only one born in South Africa, was Hendrika Johanna Lucretia (Lucie) Verwoerd (1908-1959). His father was a shopkeeper and a deeply religious man who decided to move his family to South Africa in 1903 because of his sympathy towards the Afrikaner nation in the wake of the Second Boer War . Verwoerd went to a Lutheran primary school in Wynberg, Cape Town . By

13734-560: Was a Dutch-born South African politician, scholar in applied psychology, philosophy, and sociology, and newspaper editor who was Prime Minister of South Africa . He is commonly regarded as the architect of apartheid and nicknamed the "father of apartheid". Verwoerd played a significant role in socially engineering apartheid, the country's system of institutionalized racial segregation and white supremacy , and implementing its policies, as Minister of Native Affairs (1950–1958) and then as prime minister (1958–1966). Furthermore, Verwoerd played

13860-673: Was a member of the Afrikaner Broederbond ( Afrikaans : Brotherhood ), a secret white and Calvinist organization dedicated to advancing the Afrikaner " volk " interests, and protested against South Africa's declaration of war on Nazi Germany during World War II . Following the Nationalist electoral victory in 1948, Verwoerd assumed high positions in the government and wielded strong influence over South African society. Verwoerd became prime minister in 1958. His desire to ensure white, and especially Afrikaner dominance in South Africa, to

13986-634: Was an Act of the Parliament of South Africa that was aimed at regulating the acquisition of land. It largely prohibited the sale of land from whites to blacks and vice-versa. Economic interests, political influence and racial prejudices were main contributors to the introduction of the Native's Lands Act. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica : "The Natives' Land Act of 1913 defined less than one-tenth of South Africa as Black "reserves" and prohibited any purchase or lease of land by Blacks outside

14112-583: Was appointed to the chair of Applied Psychology and Psycho Technique at the University of Stellenbosch where, six years later, he became Professor of Sociology and Social Work. During the Great Depression , Verwoerd became active in social work among poor white South Africans. He devoted much attention to welfare work and was often consulted by welfare organizations, while he served on numerous committees. Afrikaans politics from 1910 to 1948 were divided between

14238-597: Was ended. He then linked the Congo situation to the criticism of apartheid in Britain, arguing the Congolese "horrors" were what the British government was intent upon inflicting on white South Africans (via their opposition to apartheid), fanning the flames of Anglophobia. In order to bolster support for a republic, the voting age for whites was lowered from 21 to 18, benefiting younger Afrikaans speakers, who were more likely to favour

14364-423: Was gained. These acts addressed 3 facets of the injustices; land redistribution, land restitution and tenure reform. Indigenous groups were able to file claims for land that was stolen from their ancestors and were eligible to receive compensation or restitution. In 1994, the African National Congress announced they aspired to have 30% of land returned by 2014. A BBC article published in 2018 estimates that only 10% of

14490-411: Was impoverished and separated from the white-owned land. This caused many issues for indigenous people, since they had to travel far for work and weren't being paid enough to support their families. Furthermore, indigenous children were not required to get an education unlike the white children. When indigenous children did pursue education they were forced into schools that were worse and unable to provide

14616-520: Was incompatible with Commonwealth membership. Verwoerd abandoned the application to rejoin the Commonwealth after the Indo-Canadian resolution was accepted mostly by votes from non-white nations (Canada was the only majority white country to vote for the resolution), and stormed out of the conference. For many white South Africans, especially those of British extraction, leaving the Commonwealth imposed

14742-481: Was introduced to a surplus of mainly British and Dutch immigrants who tried to implement their own ideologies upon the indigenous people of this land. Tensions began to grow between the colonisers and the indigenous groups throughout the 19th century which ultimately lead to the introduction of the Native Land's Act in 1913. Through this act, the colonisers were able to profit majorly. The natural resources existing within

14868-505: Was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs". On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was stabbed to death in Cape Town, shortly after entering the House of Assembly at 14:15. A uniformed parliamentary messenger named Dimitri Tsafendas stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before being subdued by other members of

14994-580: Was laid on an artillery carriage towed by a military truck. He was buried in the Heroes' Acre in Pretoria. The still blood-stained carpet where Verwoerd lay after his murder remained in Parliament until it was removed in 2004. Over the days that followed the assassination, Tsafendas was questioned by the police while in custody, while the police turned every possible stone in order to obtain as much information as possible. Under questioning, Tsafendas made coherent statements explaining that he had committed his act in

15120-448: Was minister of native affairs and then prime minister. Verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness". At the time that the NP came to power in 1948, there were factional differences in the party about the implementation of systemic racial segregation. The larger baasskap faction, while favouring segregation, also favoured the participation of black Africans in

15246-453: Was one of six people who were sent to Britain to try to overturn the law once it came into force in South Africa. A viewpoint somewhat irreconcilable with the view expressed in the preceding paragraph, is that expressed in the paragraph 'Responses to the Land Act ' in this South African History Online reference: "The Natives Land Act sparked fierce opposition particularly by Black African people..." The paragraph goes on to outline criticism of

15372-630: Was regarded as a brilliant social science academic, and it was widely claimed that he possessed a photographic memory. Verwoerd was fluent in Afrikaans, Dutch, English and German. He obtained his B.A. with distinctions in Sociology, Psychology and Philosophy, and then completed his Masters cum laude. He then went on completing his Doctorate in Psychology in 1925 at Stellenbosch University. Verwoerd's over three hundred page Doctorate thesis titled "Die Afstomping van die Gemoedsaandoeninge" (Afrikaans: The numbing of

15498-522: Was stabbed several times by parliamentary aide Dimitri Tsafendas . He died shortly after, and Tsafendas was jailed until his death in 1999. Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd was born in Amsterdam in the Netherlands on 8 September 1901. Verwoerd was South Africa's only foreign-born prime minister. He was the second child of Anje Hendriks Strik (1873-1940) and Wilhelmus Johannes Verwoerd (1874-1961). His older brother

15624-524: Was the deputation made to the then Minister of Justice of South Africa, Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer: "Also in May 1913 the SANNC sent a deputation to Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer to persuade him to not proceed with the bill which would make Africans squatters and render them homeless." Sol Plaatje traveled to Britain with the SANNC (later the African National Congress ) to protest against the Natives Land Act but to no avail. He collected transcripts of court deliberations on

15750-521: Was the first major piece of segregation legislation passed by the Union Parliament. It was replaced in 1991 . The act decreed that blacks were not allowed to buy land from whites and vice versa. Exceptions had to be approved by the Governor-General . The black areas left initially totalled around 7% of the entire land mass of the Union, which was later expanded to 13%. The Act further prohibited

15876-446: Was very strong. The 1960 South Africa referendum was accepted by Parliament. In March 1961 at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London, Verwoerd abandoned an attempt for South Africa to become a republic within the Commonwealth , which was necessary given the intention to declare a republic following a resolution jointly sponsored by Jawaharlal Nehru of India and John Diefenbaker of Canada declaring that racism

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