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79-412: The railway reached Toledo in 1858. The original station was of functional design and was opened on 12 June 1858 by Isabella II of Spain , accompanied by Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz . The present station opened on 24 April 1919. It was designed to echo the historic architecture of the city. The central section is flanked by two side naves, one of which is adjacent to the clock tower , which imitates

158-422: A single law and formed the basis of Spanish law through the medieval period. The Visigothic councils, however, gradually came to be completely dominated by the clergy under the leadership of the archbishop of Toledo ; with ecclesiastical prerogatives completely secure, they then tended to allow royal edicts to come into effect without further ratification. The royal councils ( Latin : curia regis ) of

237-602: A French invasion crushed the National Militia and restored absolutist rule in Spain. During the subsequent reaction, many liberals were forced into exile, many—ironically—ending up in France, but generally Ferdinand VII was less strident in his policies through the remainder of his reign. When the monarchy was overthrown in 1873, the king was forced into exile. The Senate was abolished because of its royally appointed nature. A republic

316-575: A cabinet, presided over by Joaquín María López y López . This government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at 13. Between the beginning of her reign in 1833, and the abdication of Margrethe II in 2024, at any given time, there was a queen regnant in Europe. Isabella was declared of age and swore the 1837 Constitution on 10 November 1843, age thirteen. Despite the alleged parliamentary supremacy, in practice,

395-490: A captain of the guard, Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans. In 1847, a major scandal took place when Isabella, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for General Serrano and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís; though Narváez and Isabella's mother Maria Christina solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain General of Granada in 1848—,

474-568: A conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the Liberal Union . Since the late summer, Isabella II had been enjoying her traditional holiday on the coast at Lekeitio , Biscay. The royal entourage moved to San Sebastián to hold a meeting with Napoleon III and Eugenia de Montijo , scheduled for 18 September, but it did not take place, as the French royals did not arrive in time and it

553-482: A former monarchist Minister wary of the authoritarianism of the right, dissolved Parliament. The next election was held in 1936. It was hotly contested, with all parties converging into three coalitions: the leftist Popular Front , the right-winged National Front  [ es ] and a Centre coalition. In the end, the Popular Front won with a small edge in votes over the runner-up National Front, but achieved

632-608: A group of homecoming exiles who taunted her with cries of "Down with the Bourbons!", "Long Live Liberty!" and "Long Live the Republic!". Prim—leader of the liberal progressives—was received in a festive mood by the Madrilenian people at his arrival in the capital in early October. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons. At the Puerta del Sol , he gave

711-810: A highly symbolic hug to Serrano, the leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea. Following the crossing of the French–Spanish border by train on 30 September, the Queen and King spent 5 weeks in the Château de Pau organising their Parisian future. They went to the French capital and arrived on 8 November, settling in the Rue de Rivoli 172. Isabella was forced to renounce to her dynastic rights in Paris in favour of her son Alfonso on 25 June 1870, officially "freely and spontaneously". Involving an economic settling,

790-596: A solid majority due to the new electoral system introduced by the CEDA government hoping that they would get the edge in votes. The new Parliament then dismissed Alcalá-Zamora and installed Manuel Azaña in his place. During the third term, the extreme polarisation of the Spanish society was more evident than ever in Parliament, with confrontation reaching the level of death threats. The already bad political and social climate created by

869-673: A stronger role for the Cortes but was crushed by the Constable 's royalist forces at the 1521 Battle of Villalar and then brutally suppressed. Reorganized, the corteses retained some power over the realm's finances—particularly in Aragon —but became limited to a consultative entity. By the reign of Philip II , the delegates of the Cortes of Castile were financially dependent on the Crown for their income. The Imperial Cortes and its deputation ( Spanish : Diputación General de Cortes ) primarily concerned themselves with overseeing previous agreements and

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948-509: A task because 208 out of 265 members of the Senate are elected by popular vote in each province, and only 58 are representatives appointed by the regional legislatures of autonomous communities. Proposals to reform the Senate have been discussed for at least ten years as of November 2007. One of the main themes of reform is to move towards a higher level of federalization and make the Senate a thorough representation of autonomous communities instead of

1027-497: Is depicted as a spoiled 11-year-old girl. Cortes Generales Supported by (20) Opposition (153) Supported by (25) Opposition (178) The Cortes Generales ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkoɾtes xeneˈɾales] ; English: Spanish Parliament , lit.   'General Courts') are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain , consisting of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house ) and

1106-513: Is partly directly elected in that four senators per province are elected as a general rule and partly appointed by the legislative assemblies of the autonomous communities , one for each community and another one for every million inhabitants in their territory. Although the Senate was conceived as a territorial upper house, it has been argued by nationalist parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party that it does not accomplish such

1185-722: The Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) ( right ). Initially, only the Radical Party entered the Government, with the parliamentary support of the CEDA. However, in the middle of the term, several corruption scandals (among them the Straperlo and the Nombela affairs) sank the Radical Party and the CEDA entered the Government in 1934. This led to uprisings by some leftist parties that were quickly suffocated. In one of them,

1264-511: The Cortes Generales serve four-year terms, and they are representatives of the Spanish people. In both chambers, the seats are divided by constituencies that correspond with the fifty provinces of Spain, plus Ceuta and Melilla . However, each island or group of islands within the Canary and Balearic archipelagos forms a different constituency in the Senate. As a parliamentary system ,

1343-608: The Count of San Luis (whose ascension to premiership had been solely founded on the support from the networks of the royal court), the system was in a critical state by June 1854. On 28 June 1854 a military pronunciamiento intending to force the queen to oust the government of the Count of San Luis, featuring Leopoldo O'Donnell (a "puritan" moderate), took place in Vicálvaro , the so-called Vicalvarada . The military coup (rather dominated by

1422-566: The Iberian peninsula 's various kingdoms came to be known as cortes ( Castilian Spanish ) or corts ( Valencian Spanish ). They began as advisory councils made up of the most powerful nobles and the feudal lords closest to the king. General councils were convened in 873, 1020, 1050, and 1063. The 1188 Cortes of León convened by Alfonso IX is sometimes taken to mark the beginning of parliamentary bodies in Western Europe because it

1501-665: The Nationalist faction , resulting in a bombing in May 1937. Francisco Franco did not prioritize the creation of a consultative or legislative type of assembly during his rule . In 1942, following the first symptoms of change in the international panorama in favour of the Allied Powers , a law established the Cortes Españolas (Spanish Cortes), a non-democratic chamber made up of more than 400 procuradores (singular procurador ). Both

1580-685: The Palacio Castilla . She paid some visits to Seville. She wrote her testament in Paris in June 1901, making her will to be entombed in El Escorial . Less than a month after passing through a cold categorised as "flu" by the physicians, she died on 9 April 1904, at 8:45 AM. Her corpse was moved from the Palacio Castilla to the Gare d'Orsay , and arrived to El Escorial on 15 April. The funeral took place on

1659-601: The Reconquista , the growth of trade and an urbanized middle class ( Spanish : burguesía ) expanded their importance at the various corteses. The king retained the ability to call and dismiss the Cortes but tended to exchange fueros , further grants of privileges and autonomy, to the residents of certain cities in exchange for lump sum payments to meet military and other obligations. (Modern Navarre preserves certain rights and privileges in its current statute of autonomy directly derived from these fueros.) In some cases,

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1738-625: The Senate (the upper house ). The Congress of Deputies meets in the Palacio de las Cortes . The Senate meets in the Palacio del Senado . Both are in Madrid . The Cortes are elected through universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage , with the exception of some senatorial seats, which are elected indirectly by the legislatures of the autonomous communities . The Cortes Generales are composed of 615 members: 350 Deputies and 265 Senators. The members of

1817-509: The baleen stays of her corset , and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly. Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso), was removed from sacerdocy and executed by garrote . Under the government of

1896-474: The "double trust" led to Isabella having a role in the making and toppling of governments, undermining the progressives. The uneasy alliance between moderates and progressives that had toppled Espartero in July 1843 was already disintegrating by the time of the coming of age of the queen. Following a brief government led by progressive Salustiano de Olózaga , the moderates elected their candidate, Pedro José Pidal , to

1975-617: The 1490s but her grandson the Habsburg emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) was able to easily provide for Ferdinand Magellan 's 1519 expedition and then to pointedly sell away all of Spain's rights to the Spice Islands (now Indonesia 's Malukus ) without any consultation with the Toledo Cortes in 1529. The 1520 Revolt of the Comuneros had intended to reverse this trend and provide

2054-466: The 1978 Constitution of Spain , but the institution has a long history. The tribal councils organized under Germanic law in the Visigothic Kingdom had the power of appointing and confirming kings, as well as passing laws and judgment. The Visigothic Code compiled under kings Chindasuinth and Recceswinth in the mid-7th century placed the kings, Visigoths , and native Spanish under

2133-593: The Bourbon dynasty, a Damnatio memoriae . The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by Manuel Pavía y Lacy by the revolutionary forces led by Marshal Serrano at the 28 September 1868 Battle of Alcolea led to the definitive demise of Isabella II's 35-year reign. In the light of the news, Isabella and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to Biarritz (France) on 30 September. As Isabella entered France after her abdication, her train passed

2212-633: The Carlist war, the regent, Maria Christina, resigned to make way for Baldomero Espartero , Prince of Vergara, the most successful and most popular Isabelline general. Espartero, a Progressive, remained regent for only two years. Her minority saw tensions with the United States over the Amistad affair . Baldomero Espartero was deposed in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento led by Generals Leopoldo O'Donnell and Ramón María Narváez . They formed

2291-455: The Congress holds the power to ultimately override any decision of the Senate by a sufficient majority (usually an absolute majority or three-fifths majority ). The Congress is composed of 350 deputies (but that figure may change in the future as the constitution establishes a maximum of 400 and a minimum of 300) directly elected by universal suffrage approximately every four years. The Senate

2370-528: The Conservatives and Liberals would have alternating periods as the majority in the Cortes, with other parties restricted to a smaller number of seats. Soon after the Soviet revolution (1917), the Spanish political parties started polarizing, and the left-wing Communist Party (PCE) and Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) blamed the Government for supposed election fraud in small towns ( caciquismo ), which

2449-515: The Cortes confirm and dismiss the Prime Minister of Spain and their government ; specifically, the candidate for Prime Minister has to be invested by the Congress with a majority of affirmative votes. The Congress can also dismiss the Prime Minister through a vote of no confidence . The Cortes also hold the power to enact a constitutional reform. The modern Cortes Generales were created by

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2528-492: The Cortes was able to independently select agents to act as permanent advisors to the king between its sessions. Beginning with the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand , monarchs' control over Spain's various kingdoms in personal union allowed them to curtail the power of the grandees and burghers. Queen Isabella initially had difficulty in securing funding for the voyages of Christopher Columbus in

2607-560: The Cortes was immediately set aside by Ferdinand upon his restoration in 1814. His conservative policies led to a series of military coups that culminated in Col.   Rafael del Riego forcing him to accept a more liberal constitution from 1820–1823, the Trienio Liberal ("Three Liberal Years"). Ferdinand vetoed nearly every law passed during the period and repeatedly asked other nations to invade and restore him to his previous authority. Finally,

2686-456: The Cortes' founding law and the subsequent regulations were based on the principles of rejection of parliamentarism and political pluralism. Members of the Cortes were not elected and exercised only symbolic power. It had no power over government spending, and the cabinet, appointed and dismissed by Franco alone, retained real legislative authority. In 1967, with the enaction of the Organic Law of

2765-460: The Isabelline monarchy. Dominated by the figure of Marshal Narváez , the Espadón ("Big Sword") of Loja, the so-called " Moderate decade " began in 1844. The constitutional reforms devised by Narváez moved away from the 1837 Constitution by rejecting national sovereignty and reinforcing the power of the monarch, to the point of a "co-sovereignty" between the Cortes and the Queen. On 10 October 1846,

2844-512: The Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (1822–1902), the same day that her younger sister, Infanta Luisa Fernanda , married Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier . Disgusted by her marriage, Isabella reportedly commented later to one of her intimates: "what shall I tell you about a man whom I saw wearing more lace than I

2923-425: The Republic had been backstabbed. Also, for the second time in Spanish history, some regions were granted autonomous governments within the unitary state. Many on the extreme right rose up with General José Sanjurjo in 1932 against the Government's social policies, but the coup was quickly defeated. The elections for the second term were held in 1933 and won by the coalition between the Radical Party ( center ) and

3002-583: The Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the Royal Palace intending to go with her parade to the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha : Martín Merino y Gómez  [ es ] , an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message, and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by

3081-535: The State , the accommodation of "two family representatives per province, elected by those on the electoral roll of family heads and married women" (the so-called tercio familiar ) ensued, opening a fraction of the Cortes' composition to some mechanisms of individual participation. The Cortes are a bicameral parliament composed of a lower house ( Congreso de los Diputados , congress of deputies ) and an upper house ( Senado , senate ). Although they share legislative power,

3160-456: The autonomy of the Crown of Aragon . Philip also acted to repeal or curtail most of the diverse grants of autonomy and privilege ( fueros ) throughout his kingdom. Navarre was finally merged during the 1833 territorial division of Spain . With both the Bourbon monarchs Charles IV and Ferdinand VII having abdicated their throne and Napoleon Bonaparte having appointed his brother Joseph as

3239-677: The beginning of the Glorious Revolution . The defeat of her forces by Marshal Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre brought her reign to an end, and she went into exile in France. In 1870, she formally abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of her son, Alfonso . In 1874, the First Spanish Republic was overthrown in a coup. The Bourbon monarchy was restored, and Alfonso ascended the throne as King Alfonso XII. Isabella returned to Spain two years later but soon again left for France, where she resided until her death in 1904. Isabella

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3318-656: The capital of Spain on 28 July, and proceeded to separate again Isabella from the influence of Maria Christina. In any case, though Isabella accepted advice from Maria Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother. By virtue of a royal decree, Iloilo in the Philippines was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe. A Liberal Constitution ("the Unborn One")

3397-563: The collection of taxes in Castile and the larger empire; separate deputations oversaw similar work in Aragon and Navarre. The corteses were able to regain some of their previous powers and influence during the 17th century, as repeated sovereign defaults reduced the monarchy to financial dependency and a series of deputies including the Count-Duke of Olivares oversaw most day-to-day government. Under

3476-579: The deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on. Following the near-revolution of 1848 , Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849. In late 1851, Isabella II gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as María Isabel Francisca de Asís . Historians have attributed the Princess of Asturias' biological parenthood to José Ruiz de Arana , Gentilhombre de cámara . On 2 February 1852, Isabella and

3555-561: The dominant figure of the new regime, became convinced that the figure of Isabella had become an issue for the Crown and wrote her a letter bluntly stating "Your Majesty is not a person, it is a reign, it is a historical time, and what the country needs is another reign, a different time", hellbent on avoiding the former queen stepping onto the Spanish capital before the proclamation of the new constitution in June 1876 . She returned to Spain in July 1876, stayed in Santander and El Escorial and

3634-544: The fight over the succession was the subject of a number of Carlist Wars in the 19th century. Isabella's reign was maintained only through the support of the army. The Cortes and the Moderate Liberals and Progressives reestablished constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders and confiscated their property (including that of the Jesuits ), and tried to restore order to Spain's finances. After

3713-556: The formal separation between Isabella and Francisco had pended on the passing of the former queen's dynastic rights to her son. Following the election to the Spanish throne of Amadeo of Savoy (second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy ) in November 1870, Isabella reconciled in 1871 with her brother-in-law, the Duke of Montpensier, who assumed the political management of the family. The First Spanish Republic that followed Amadeo's short reign

3792-642: The fruitless Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) against Peru and Chile . In August 1866, exiled forces comprising both elements from the Democratic and the Progressive Party met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the Pact of Ostend  [ es ] under the initiative of Marshal Prim , seeking to topple Isabella. On 7 July 1868, Isabella banished her sister and brother-in-law from Spain, as they were linked to

3871-472: The inauguration of the Madrid–Toledo high-speed rail line in 2005. The old line along the Tagus valley in the direction of Aranjuez has been dismantled, and Toledo no longer has a conventional line. This article about a Spanish railway station is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Isabella II of Spain Isabella II ( Spanish : Isabel II , María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904)

3950-437: The left wing government of Catalonia, which had been granted home rule, formally rebelled against the central government, denying its power. This provoked the dissolution of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the imprisonment of their leaders. The leftist minority in the Cortes then pressed Alcalá Zamora for a dissolution, arguing that the uprising were the consequence of social rejection of the right-wing government. The President,

4029-432: The long-term left-right confrontation worsened, and many right-wing rebellions were started. Then, in 1936, the Army's failed coup degenerated into the Spanish Civil War , putting an end to the Second Republic. From November 1936 to October 1937, the Cortes were held at Valencia City Hall , which was still being used for its local purposes at the same time. The building was a target for the Italian Air Force in service of

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4108-434: The moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by Ángel Fernández de los Ríos and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ) proceeded then to seek for civilian support, promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the Manifesto of Manzanares , drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854. Days later,

4187-406: The monarchist cause nationally, but most provincial capitals and other sizable cities sided heavily with the republicans. This was interpreted as a victory, as the rural results were under the always-present suspicion of caciquismo and other irregularities while the urban results were harder to influence. The King left Spain, and a Republic was declared on 14 April 1931. The Second Spanish Republic

4266-436: The new Constitution , with the ex-monarchist leader Niceto Alcalá Zamora as President of the Republic and the left-wing leader Manuel Azaña as Prime Minister. The election gave a majority in the Cortes and thus, the Government, to a coalition between Azaña's party and the PSOE. A remarkable deed is universal suffrage , allowing women to vote, a provision highly criticized by Socialist leader Indalecio Prieto , who said

4345-432: The new king, a " Cortes of Cádiz " was convened that claimed sovereignty over Spain and operated as a government-in-exile . The Cortes was the first to act as a single representative body for the entire country and empire, although substitutes had to be chosen from among the people of Cádiz for many regions occupied by the French and unable to send their own delegates. Extremely liberal, the Constitution of 1812 enacted by

4424-430: The next day at San Francisco el Grande . Isabella had twelve pregnancies, but only five children reached adulthood: There has been considerable speculation that some or all of Isabella's children were not fathered by Francisco de Asís; this has been bolstered by rumours that Francisco de Asís was either homosexual or impotent. Francisco de Asís recognised all of them: he played the offended, proceeding to blackmail

4503-403: The presidency of the Cortes. After the subsequent decision to dissolve the hostile Cortes by Olózaga on 28 November, rumours about an alleged forcing of the queen to sign the royal decree spread. As a result, Olózaga was prosecuted, removed from political office, and forced to exile, with the Progressive Party already being beheaded, in what was the starting point of their growing disaffection from

4582-401: The queen to receive money in exchange for keeping his mouth shut. The extortion by her husband would continue and intensify during Isabella's exile. She came to be known by the sobriquets of the Traditional Queen ( Spanish : la Reina Castiza ), and the Queen of Sad Mischance ( Spanish : la de los Tristes Destinos ). In the 1997 film Amistad , she was played by Anna Paquin , and

4661-431: The revolution highlight that peasantry , small bourgeoisie, and the proletariat formed an alternative to bourgeoisie proper, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces. By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political iconoclasm carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of

4740-415: The revolution included the weariness of the moderates alienated by the Crown and the progressives barely having even the chance to rule. Both developed a vis-à-vis with the Isabelline monarchy. Other factors were the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the bourgeoisie . Historians looking at social roots for

4819-430: The situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid, and barricades erected in the streets. With the prospect of a civil war on the horizon, Isabella was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister. This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the bienio progresista . Espartero entered

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4898-413: The style of Toledo church towers. The railway company responsible for the construction of Toledo station, the Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante , also built other stations in Neo-Mudejar style such as that of Aranjuez . The station has been declared a Property of Cultural Interest and classified as a monument . It was restored in the twenty-first century in connection with

4977-401: The throne a month before her third birthday, but her succession was disputed by her uncle Infante Carlos (founder of the Carlist movement ), whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the Carlist Wars . Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, adopting the Royal Statute of 1834 and Constitution of 1837 . Isabella

5056-479: The throne because Ferdinand VII had induced the Cortes Generales to help him set aside the Salic law , introduced by the Bourbons in the early 18th century, and to reestablish the older succession law of Spain. The first pretender to the throne, Ferdinand's brother Infante Carlos, Count of Molina , fought for seven years during Isabella's minority to dispute her title (see First Carlist War ). The supporters of Carlos and his descendants were known as Carlists , and

5135-405: The young and chronically ill Charles   II , the Cortes of Castile was responsible for naming his mother Mariana regent. During the War of the Spanish Succession , the Bourbon king Philip   V suppressed the Cortes of Aragon and Valencia in 1707 and those of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands in 1714. Following the Peace of Utrecht , the 1716 Nueva Planta Decrees fully abolished

5214-409: Was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868 . She is the only queen regnant in the history of unified Spain. Isabella was the elder daughter of King Ferdinand VII and Queen Maria Christina . Shortly before Isabella's birth, her father issued the Pragmatic Sanction to revert the Salic Law and ensure the succession of his firstborn daughter, due to his lack of a son. She came to

5293-449: Was born in the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1830, the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain , and of his fourth wife and niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies . She was entrusted to the royal governess María del Carmen Machín y Ortiz de Zárate . Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three-year-old daughter Isabella was proclaimed sovereign following the death of Ferdinand VII. Isabella succeeded to

5372-425: Was declared of age and began her personal rule in 1843. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military pronunciamientos . Her marriage to Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz was an unhappy one, and her personal conduct as well as rumours of affairs damaged her reputation. In September 1868, a naval mutiny began in Cadiz , marking

5451-467: Was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power. On 28 November 1857, Isabella II gave birth to a male heir, who was baptised on 7 December 1857 as Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María Gregorio y Pelagio . Assumed by historians to be the biological son of Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans  [ es ] , the toddler, who replaced infanta Isabella as Prince of Asturias upon his birth,

5530-419: Was established as a presidential republic , with a unicameral Parliament and a President of the Republic as the Head of State . Among his powers were the appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister , either on the advice of Parliament or just having consulted it before, and a limited power to dissolve the Parliament and call for new elections. The first term was the constituent term charged with creating

5609-504: Was incorrectly supposed to have been wiped out in the 1900s by the failed regenerationist movement. In the meantime, spiralling violence started with the murders of many leaders by both sides. Deprived of those leaders, the regime entered a general crisis, with extreme police measures which led to a dictatorship (1921–1930) during which the Senate was again abolished. The dictatorship, now ruled by Admiral Aznar-Cabañas , called for local elections. The results were overwhelmingly favorable to

5688-478: Was known under the moniker el Puigmoltejo , in reference to the rumours about his presumed biological parenthood. Isabella II showed a special affection for the child, greater than that shown to her daughters. The later part of her reign saw a war against Morocco (1859–1860), which ended in a treaty advantageous for Spain and cession of some Moroccan territory, the Spanish retake of Santo Domingo (1861–1865), and

5767-456: Was only allowed to visit Madrid for barely hours on 13 October. She moved to Seville , where she remained for a longer time and left for France in 1877. Isabella's son would marry Mercedes of Orléans (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding. Isabella mostly lived in Paris for the rest of her life, based at

5846-571: Was overthrown by a military coup started in Sagunto by General Arsenio Martínez Campos on 29 December 1874 that proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy and the Bourbon dynasty in the person of Isabella's son Alfonso XII, who landed in Barcelona on 9 January 1875. After 1875 she lived in a relationship with Ramiro de la Puente y González Nandín , her secretary and chief of staff. Cánovas del Castillo,

5925-454: Was proclaimed and the Congress of Deputies members started writing a Constitution, supposedly that of a federal republic , with the power of Parliament being nearly supreme (see parliamentary supremacy , although Spain did not use the Westminster system ). However, due to numerous issues, Spain was not ready to become a republic; after several crises the government collapsed, and the monarchy

6004-623: Was restored in 1874. The regime just after the First Republic is called the Bourbon Restoration . It was formally a constitutional monarchy , with the monarch as a rubberstamp to the Cortes' acts but with some reserve powers, such as appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and appointing senators for the new Senate , remade as an elected House. In practice there was an artificial two-party system called El Turno Pacífico (peaceful rotation) in which elections were informally fixed so

6083-526: Was subsequently aborted. On that day, a pronunciamento took place in Cádiz . Led by Marshal Prim and the Admiral Topete (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier), it marked the beginning of the Glorious Revolution . The Democratic Party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military statement into an actual revolution. Factors for

6162-778: Was the first to provide formal national representation of the free urban citizens alongside the clergy and hereditary nobility. Subsequently, larger and more inclusive Cortes occurred in the Principality of Catalonia in 1192, the Kingdom of Portugal in 1211, the Kingdom of Castile in 1250, the Kingdom of Aragon in 1274, the Kingdom of Valencia in 1283, and Kingdom of Navarre in 1300. The Leonese and Castilian Corteses were merged in 1258, after which it provided representation to Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara, and (after 1492) Granada. During

6241-445: Was wearing on our wedding night?" The marriages suited France and Louis Philippe, King of the French , who as a result bitterly quarrelled with Britain. However, the marriages were not happy; persistent rumour had it that few if any of Isabella's children were fathered by her King Consort , rumoured to be a homosexual. The Carlist party asserted that the heir-apparent to the throne, who later became Alfonso XII, had been fathered by

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