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42-557: Töle Biy comes from the Kazakh tribe Dulat , subtribe Zhanys, in the family of Alibek Biy. Alibek Biy's father, Qudaiberdy Biy was a Khan adviser of Esim Khan and took part in the battle "Qataghan Qyrghyny" (lit. "Massacre of the Qataghan") (1627-1628), against the rebellious Khan Tursyn, then ruler of Tashkent. Töle was born in the Shu District. In one of his works, Bukhar-zhirau tells about

84-672: A Chagatayid, Khizr Khoja , to gain control of Moghulistan. Qamar ud-Din's disappearance had left his nephew Khudaidad the senior member of the Dughlat family. Amir Khudaidad Dughlat had a very good knowledge about Genghis Khan's Yasa(law), which was an example of the Dughlats' continued respect for the Mongolian tradition. According to the Tarikh-i Rashidi , Khudaidad had been an early supporter of Khizr Khoja and had hid him from Qamar ud-Din during

126-658: A major airport in China like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and change to China registered aircraft which tail number starts with B. The name Aksu comes from the name of the Aksu River which is the Uyghur word for "white water". It is transliterated as Akesu in Chinese Pinyin . From the Former Han dynasty (125 BCE to 23 CE) at least until the early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), Aksu

168-676: A population of approximately 3,000,000 among Kazakhs ( see the Dughlat tribe of Kazakh people - from Misplaced Pages Dughlat introduction in Kazakh language ). The Duglats sub-clans are Botpay, Shymyr, Sikymy, Zhanys and Eskeldy ( see the brief introduction of Dulats ). The most recently Y-DNA tests which investigated by KZ DNA Project in Kazakhstan shows that the Y-DNA haplogroup of Dughlat tribe of Kazakhs carries C3 haplogroups see KZ DNA Project . The international ports of Dulat (Dulata Kouan - 都拉塔口岸 in Chinese) in

210-900: A prolonged stay to sell goods." After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Aksu County ( 阿克蘇縣 ) was established by the Republic of China In 1913. The Battle of Aksu (1933) occurred here on 31 May 1933. Isma'il Beg , a Uighur, became the rebel Tao-yin of Aksu. After the outbreak of the Ili Rebellion , the Ili National Army forces led by Abdulkerim Abbas attempting to take Aksu were repelled by National Revolutionary Army defenders commanded by Zhao Hanqi after two bitter sieges in September 1945. On 19 August 1983, Aksu County became Aksu City ( 阿克苏市 ). The city government began operation on 7 May 1984. Aksu

252-612: A revolt. Mirza Haider Dughlat in the Tarikh-i Rashidi constantly alludes to a distinct tribe or community of Moghuls in Mughalistan, however reduced in numbers, who had preserved Mongol customs, and from the incidental references to Mongolian phrases and terms, likely retained elements of the original Mongolian language, despite the growth of Islam and the growing use of the Turki language , the latter which Haider naturally spoke. According to

294-414: Is a citation describing Tole: "A wise thought has a source, and its author is spiritual father Maiky". Some believed he gained Maiky Biy's spirit. Töle was often described as the one everyone could rely on, his wisdom was also noted by such Zhiraus as Synyr-Zhyrau and Zhirenshi. The wise eloquent words, proverbs and sayings are widespread in the country. Folklorists and historians collected and studied about

336-585: Is considered by modern historians as one of the most important historical sources on the period. British Army officer Francis Younghusband visited Aksu in 1887 on his overland journey from Beijing to British India . He described it as being the largest town he had seen on his way from the Chinese capital, with a population of about 20,000, besides other inhabitants of the district and a garrison of about 2,000 soldiers. "There were large bazaars and several inns—some for travellers, others for merchants wishing to make

378-740: The Dzungar invasion, he fled with all his relatives to Abd al-Karim Biy ( Kokand Khanate ). The Dzungar leader Galdan Tseren demanded to hand him over, but Abd al-Karim Biy chased away the Dzungar ambassadors. After the death of Zholbarys, Khan of the Senior juz ,Töle Biy ruled Tashkent for six years - from 1743 to 1749. Dughlats#Dughlat clan of Kazakhs The Dughlat clan ( Kazakh : Дулат, Dulat , lit.   'ruthless or fierce warrior'; Mongolian: Dolood /sevens, Doloo/seven; Middle Mongolian : Doluga, Dolugad ; Dulğat; Chinese : 杜格拉特 )

420-687: The Mongol Empire . The area had been part of the whole Mongol Empire before it was occupied by the independent-minded Chagatai Khanate under the House of Ögedei in 1286 from the hands of Kublai's Yuan dynasty . After the decline of the Yuan dynasty and the split of the Chagatai Khanate in the mid-14th century, Aksu became a territory of the khanate of Moghulistan . Later Aksu fell under the power of Turkic and Mongol warlords. Like most of Xinjiang , Aksu fell under

462-553: The Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of China was named after with the Dughlats, because of the historical inhabitant of Dughlats clans in this area in the past, the ports of Dulat was opened in 2003 with the agreement of governments of both Kazakhstan and China. Mirza Aba Bakr, the great-great-grandson of Khudaidad, built up an independent kingdom for himself in

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504-520: The Tarikh-i Rashidi , the Dughlat Amir Bulaji raised a certain Tughlugh Timur to the khanship and recognized his authority. The new khan, despite owing his throne to the Dughlats, was a man of strong character and maintained effective control of Moghulistan. He also converted to Islam , an act that was copied by the Dughlats (one of whom, Amir Tulik , had been secretly converted even before

546-524: The Tarim Basin . The name Aksu literally means "white water" (in Turkic) and is used for both the oasis town and the Aksu River . The economy of Aksu is mostly agricultural, with cotton, in particular long-staple cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ), as the main product. Also produced are grain, fruits, oils and beets. The industry mostly consists of weaving, cement and chemical industries. The land currently under

588-493: The 15th century, Kashgar was recovered after it was temporarily seized by Timur's grandson Ulugh Beg ; on the other hand, Aksu was given over to the Moghul khans. Now, the Dughlat (Dulat or Дулат in Kazakh language) is one of the major tribe of modern Kazakh people , they belong to Senior-Juz of Kazakhs , mainly inhabited in the east and southern parts of Kazakhstan such as Almaty Oblysy and Jetysu region of Kazakhstan, with

630-407: The Tarikh-i Rashidi, Haider Dughlat considered his "Moghul Ulus" to be a separate people from the settled Turks of Transoxiania, from the fifteenth century and the first half of the sixteenth century. Aksu, Xinjiang Aksu ( Uyghur : ئاقسۇ , Aqsu ; Chinese : 阿克苏 ; pinyin : Ākèsū ) is a city in and the seat of Aksu Prefecture , Xinjiang , lying at the northern edge of

672-681: The Tarim Basin in the late 720s, and the Tang dynasty again annexed the region in the 740s. The Battle of Talas led to the gradual withdrawal of Chinese forces, and the region was then contested between the Uyghurs and Tibetans. Aksu was positioned on a junction of trade routes: the northern Tarim route Silk Road , and the dangerous route north via the Tian Shan 's Muzart Pass to the fertile Ili Valley . In 1207–1208, Aksu submitted to Genghis Khan who founded

714-640: The administration of the Aksu City is divided in two parts, separated by the Aral City . The northern part hosts the city center, while the southern part is occupied by the Taklamakan Desert . Aksu airport is considered a military airport in China (although also available for civil usage). Only aircraft registered in China can land in Aksu. This means if you are flying to Aksu from international origins you have to land in

756-569: The amirs, managed to maintain his position in Moghulistan. Qamar ud-Din's reign consisted of a series of wars with Timur , the amir of Transoxiana. Qamar ud-Din's forces unable to defeat Timur, but at the same time Timur was incapable of decisively defeating the Moghuls, who were able to retreat into the barren steppe country of Moghulistan. During a fresh invasion by Timur and his army in 1390, however, Qamar ud-Din disappeared. His disappearance enabled

798-606: The area was traded in neighbouring countries. In the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries, control of the entire region was often contested by Tang China , the Tibetan Empire , and the Uyghur Khaganate ; cities frequently changed hands. Tibet seized Aksu in 670, but Tang forces reconquered the region in 692. The Tang general Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat an Arab-Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu (717) . The attack on Aksu

840-456: The childhood of Ablai Khan , where he would work for Abilmambet and look after Töle's sheep. In the "Sabalaq" poem, Bukhar-zhirau writes about dialogues Töle and Ablai would have. Töle Biy even had a nickname for Ablai , "Sabalaq", for his overgrown hair and disheveled appearance. This is a sign that Töle was one of the first people to know "Sabalaq" was a boy with a bright future. Töle was well-respected for his deep knowledge and wisdom. There

882-458: The city include textiles, construction, chemicals and others. Agricultural products include rice, wheat, corn and cotton. The local speciality is thin-shelled walnuts. Although the Tarim Basin is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, there are many Han Chinese in Aksu due to the presence of bingtuan state farms here. The Chinese government had encouraged migration to Xinjiang from the late 1950s and early 1960s onwards, and by 1998, Han Chinese formed

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924-576: The city of Aksu of nowadays. During the Buddhist era, it was known as Bharuka , Bohuan and Baluka , Bolujia (in pinyin ), Po-lu-chia (in Wade–Giles ). The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited this "kingdom" in 629 CE and referred to it as Baluka. He recorded that there were tens of Sarvastivadin vihāras in the kingdom and over 1000 Buddhist monks . He said the kingdom was 600 li from east to west, and 300 li from north to south. Its capital

966-600: The control of the Khojas and the Dzungar Khanate . Along with Kashgar , Asku played an important role in east–west exchange. The Qing dynasty of China conquered the Dzungar Khanate during the final stage of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s. By 1760, the whole Xinjiang including Aksu became the territory of the Qing dynasty. The Aksu region was given immediate legitimacy by the Qing government, which also gave it

1008-666: The family of the Moghul khans and had spent his life alternating between serving the Moghuls , the Timurid Babur and the Shaybanid Uzbeks . Mirza Haidar himself entered the service of Sultan Said Khan just before the latter's conquest of Mirza Aba Bakr's kingdom. During the khan's lifetime he conducted a holy war in Ladakh on his behalf. After Sultan Said Khan's death in 1533 his son Abdur Rashid Khan executed Mirza Haidar's uncle; fearing

1050-561: The information known about the family. The Dughlat tribe is mentioned as having supported Genghis Khan during his creation of the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century. Rashid al-Din Hamadani identifies the Dughlad (Dughlat) as a minor tribe of the Mongols. At an early date the entire tribe moved out of Mongolia and eventually settled in the area comprising the ulus of Chagatai Khan . In

1092-481: The khan's adoption of the faith ). However, the Dughlats continued ruling by the Mongolian law (Yasa), which was not replaced by the Shari'ah untl centuries later. Under Tughlugh Timur, both amirs Tuluk and Bulaji had held the office of ulus beg . After the death of Bulaji the office was given to his son Khudaidad . This was contested by Bulaji's brother, Qamar ud-Din , who desired to be ulus beg himself. His request for

1134-466: The khans in Transoxiana was virtually nonexistent. As a result, power there was in the hands of the local lords and tribal chiefs. By this time the Dughlats had become one of the most eminent clans in the eastern regions. Chief among their holdings were the towns Aksu , Kashgar , Yarkand , and Khotan Their influence allowed them to select a Genghisid khan of their own choosing. In 1347, according to

1176-431: The last decades of the 15th century. Beginning with the seizure of Yarkand, which was henceforth his capital, he conquered Khotan and Kashgar from other members of his family and defied numerous attempts by the Moghul khans to force him into submission. By the beginning of the 16th century he was also conducting raids into Ferghana , Badakshan and Ladakh . Near the end of his reign he even managed to plunder Aksu, which

1218-464: The latter's purge of members of the house of Chagatai. Khudaidad's power rapidly increased and he became a king-maker in the years after Khizr Khoja's death. He also divided Aksu, Khotan, and Kashgar and Yarkand amongst his family members; this division of territory lasted until the time of Mirza Aba Bakr . Khudaidad eventually left the service of the Moghul khans; this did not preclude the other Dughlats from maintaining good relations with them. During

1260-545: The life of Tole bi and his role in governing the country. That includes Shoqan Walikhanov , Alexey Lyovshin, Grigory Potanin , Аbubakir Divayev and Baltabai Adambayev, and others. The Manuscripts Fund of the State Archives of Kazakhstan and the Academy of Sciences also contains materials collected from around the country. There is still a lot of Tole Biy heritage that has not been written down or collected. In 1740, escaping from

1302-422: The majority in the urban area of Aksu. The population in 2015, 44.67% of the population was Han Chinese. As of 2015, 278,210 (54.16%) of the 513,682 residents of the city were Uyghur , 226,781 (44.14%) were Han Chinese and 8,691 were from other ethnic groups. In the 2010 census figure, the population in the city of Aksu dropped slightly to 535,657. The difference may be partly due to boundary changes. In

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1344-455: The mid-14th century the authority of the Chagatai khans underwent a sudden decline. In the western part of the khanate (specifically Transoxiana and the bordering provinces), the khans had become rulers in name only, with real power in the hands of the local Turko-Mongol amirs after 1346. In the eastern provinces (spec. the Tarim Basin and the area that was to become Moghulistan ) the authority of

1386-621: The name Wensu Independent Department (溫宿直隸州) and appointed an imperial agent to supervise its activity. Aksu was seized by Yaqub Beg during the Dungan Revolt of 1864–1877. Yakub Beg seized Aksu from Chinese Muslim forces. After the reconquest of Xinjiang , the Qing dynasty formed Aksu Prefecture as part of the new Xinjiang Province in 1884. After the fall of Yakub Beg, a learned cleric named Musa Sayrami (1836–1917), who had occupied positions of importance in Aksu under both rebel regimes, authored Tārīkh-i amniyya (History of Peace), which

1428-417: The office to be transferred to him was refused by Tughlugh Timur; consequently after the latter's death Qamar ud-Din revolted against Tughlugh Timur's son Ilyas Khoja Khan . He was likely responsible for the death of Ilyas Khoja; most of the family members of Tughlugh Timur were also killed. Qamar ud-Din proclaimed himself khan (the only Dughlat ever to do so) and, although he did not gain the support of many of

1470-576: The same fate, Mirza Haidar fled to the Mughal Emperor Humayun in northern India . It was in the service of the emperor that he undertook the conquest of Kashmir in 1541. Mirza Haidar was more or less able to retain his position as ruler of Kashmir for ten years, during which he wrote the Tarikh-i Rashidi . His reign in Kashmir ended in 1551 when he was killed by the Kashmiris while fighting against

1512-859: The south-west, and Kucha , Karasahr then Turpan to the east. Across the desert to the south was Khotan . Aksu has a cold desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWk ) with extreme seasonal variation in temperature. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) in January to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F), and the annual mean is 10.8 °C (51.4 °F). Precipitation totals only 80.6 mm (3.17 in) annually, and mostly falls in summer, as compared to an annual evaporation rate of about 1,200 to 1,500 mm (47 to 59 in); there are about 2,800–3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually. The frost-free period averages 200–220 days. Aksu City included 7 subdistricts , 3 towns , 3 townships and five other areas: Industries in

1554-467: Was a Mongol (later Turko-Mongol ) clan that served the Chagatai khans as hereditary vassal rulers of several cities in western Tarim Basin , in modern Xinjiang , from the 14th century until the 16th century. The most famous member of the clan, Mirza Muhammad Haidar , was a military adventurer, historian, and the ruler of Kashmir (1541–1551). His historical work, the Tarikh-i Rashidi , provides much of

1596-613: Was joined by Türgesh Khan Suluk . Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated. Tibet regained

1638-484: Was known as Gumo 姑墨 [Ku-mo]. The ancient capital town of Nan ("Southern Town") was likely well south of the present town. During the Han dynasty, Gumo is described as a "kingdom" ( guo ) containing 3,500 households and 24,500 individuals, including 4,500 people able to bear arms. It is said to have produced copper, iron and orpiment . The territory of Gumo was roughly situated in the counties of Baicheng and Wensu and

1680-499: Was said to be six li in circumference. Xuanzang reported that the "native products, climate, temperament of the people, customs, written language and law are the same as in the country of Kuci or modern Kucha ", some 300 km or 190 mi to the east, "but the spoken language is somewhat different" from the Kuchean language, which is also known as Tocharian B and West Tocharian . He also stated that fine cotton and hemp cloth made in

1722-601: Was still held by the Moghuls. In 1514 his forces were defeated by the Moghul Sultan Said Khan , compelling him to flee. This marked the end of Dughlat control over the western Tarim Basin cities, which were in the hands of the Moghul khans until they were conquered by the Dzungars in the late 17th century. Mirza Muhammad Haidar was the nephew of Mirza Aba Bakr. He was the son of Muhammad Husain Kurkan , who had married into

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1764-579: Was the site of a bombing in 2010 . On 23 January 2013, 802.733 km (309.937 sq mi) of territory was transferred from Aksu city to Aral city. Aksu City is divided into two non-contiguous areas. The northern area is inhabited and the southern area is in the Taklamakan Desert . The southern area ends at a strait line in the desert along the 39°28′57″N parallel that divides it from Lop County (Luopu) and Qira County (Cele) in Hotan Prefecture (Hetian). The kingdom bordered Kashgar to

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