Misplaced Pages

#841158

74-401: In addition to its Koganei campus, it also maintains a number of attached public schools offering curricula in elementary, secondary, and special education at various locations in the greater Tokyo area. The university has a strong reputation in education-related fields, playing a national role in the development of educational policy and innovations in teacher education. Tokyo Gakugei University

148-637: A circular economy . In April 2020 , the EU's Scientific Advice Mechanism delivered to European Commissioners a Scientific Opinion on how to transition to a sustainable food system, informed by an evidence review report undertaken by European academies . In June 2023 , the Scientific Advice Mechanism delivered a second piece of advice, this time on the role of consumers in a sustainable food system, again based on an evidence review report by SAPEA . The main conclusion of this advice was: Until now,

222-457: A desired quality. For farming cooperatives that share resources, the burden of investment is disbursed to all members rather than being concentrated in a single individual. A criticism of cooperatives is that reduced competition can reduce efficiency Alternative food systems refer to resilient foods or emergency foods, which can be defined as those foods, food production methods or interventions that would allow for significant food availability in

296-410: A diversity of programs ranging from introductory courses for absolute beginners, via multi-disciplinary subjects, to pioneering sciences and their applications for more advanced learners. The Faculty helps students become all-round scientists, experts and/or assets to the industry and communities. The history of Chiba University School of Medicine can be traced back as early as 1874, when its predecessor

370-637: A fair and just return for their work, continuity of income and decent working and living conditions through sustainable development" Like organic food systems, fair trade relies on transparency and the flow of information. Well-known examples of fair trade commodities are coffee and cocoa . Vertical farms , automation , solar energy production, novel alternatives to pesticides, online food delivery ICTs, and other technologies may allow for localization or modified food production alongside policies such as eco-tariffs, targeted subsidies and meat taxes. The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land describes

444-593: A good way to revitalize a community. The decreased distance of food transportation has also been promoted for its environmental benefits. Also, farmers can enjoy a better quality of life because producing healthier food will allow them to be paid more, and not live under the poverty line. Both proponents and critics of local food systems warn that they can lead to narrow inward-looking attitudes or 'local food patriotism', and that price premiums and local food cultures can be elitist and exclusive. In contrast, many food sovereignty activists argue that local production of food

518-410: A greater reliance on local knowledge, creating a stronger knowledge community amongst farmers. The transparency of food information is vital for organic food systems as a means through which consumers are able to identify organic food. As a result, a variety of certification bodies have emerged in organic food systems that set the standards for organic identification. Organic agriculture is promoted for

592-451: A high degree of participation in international cooperative research projects. Chiba University presently has a large body of international research scholars and students studying on its various campuses. As of 2009, there are approximately 477 international researchers and 957 international students. The Faculty of Letters offers courses in the fields of national and international languages, literature, history, psychology, anthropology, and in

666-545: A leading voice on decisions where public governance authorities have become dependent on private sector funding. Lobbying influences trade agreements for food systems which led to creating barriers to competition and technical barriers to trade . Concerns around corporate governance within food systems as a substitute for regulation were raised by the Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity. In April 2023, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and

740-407: A mix of incentives, information and binding policies governing all aspects of food production and distribution. Private sector corporations have been successful in building partnerships with governments which allows discussion and collaboration for how food systems work and are governed. Public–private partnerships and private sector led multistakeholder governance have positioned corporations as

814-437: A more excellent balance between food price and the cost of producing it. It is mainly defined by more direct trading and communication systems whereby producers have greater control over the conditions of trade and garner a greater fraction of the sale price. The main goal of Fair Trade is to "change international commercial relations in such a way that disadvantaged producers can increase their control over their own future, have

SECTION 10

#1733085246842

888-501: A much lower impact on increases in travel time and food costs than where food is transported further distances. Organic food systems are characterized by a reduced dependence on chemical inputs and an increased concern for transparency and information. Organic produce is grown without the chemical pesticides and fertilizers of industrial food systems, and livestock is reared without the use of antibiotics or growth hormones . The reduced inputs of organic agriculture can also lead to

962-487: A number of national research centres in education-related fields. 35°42′23″N 139°29′25″E  /  35.7065°N 139.4902°E  / 35.7065; 139.4902 Chiba University Chiba University ( 千葉大学 , Chiba Daigaku ) is a national university in the city of Chiba , Japan . It offers Doctoral degrees in education as part of a coalition with Tokyo Gakugei University , Saitama University , and Yokohama National University . The university

1036-627: A population: growing, harvesting, processing, packaging , transporting , marketing , consumption, distribution , and disposal of food and food-related items. It also includes the inputs needed and outputs generated at each of these steps. Food systems fall within agri-food systems, which encompass the entire range of actors and their interlinked value-adding activities in the primary production of food and non-food agricultural products, as well as in food storage, aggregation, post-harvest handling, transportation, processing, distribution, marketing, disposal, and consumption. A food system operates within and

1110-407: A share of the harvest, is a relatively new trend, at the extreme end of direct local food production. An FAO study on food transport networks of 90 countries finds that where food is transported more locally and where the network is denser – such as in high-income countries and densely populated countries like China, India, Nigeria and Pakistan –, systematic disturbances (i.e., adverse events), have

1184-399: A social justice issue. This has given rise to numerous social movements whose goal is to increase access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods, among a wide variety of groups. These movements are often described as belonging to a more significant food justice movement. Scientists estimated the extensive pesticide pollution risks worldwide with a new environmental model and found that

1258-455: A third of global agricultural land is at high risk for such pollution, of which a third are high-biodiversity regions. Recent studies aimed at measuring and valuing the hidden costs of agrifood systems have used True Cost Accounting (TCA), an accounting approach that measures and values the hidden impacts of  economic activities  on the  environment ,  society  and  health . These impacts are regarded as hidden because they are not reflected in

1332-520: A varied: food processing began when the number of consumers started proliferating. The demand for cheap and efficient calories climbed, resulting in nutrition decline; and industrialized agriculture, due to its reliance on economies of scale to reduce production costs, often leads to the compromising of local, regional, or even global ecosystems through fertilizer runoff, nonpoint source pollution, and greenhouse gas emission . The need to reduce production costs in an increasingly global market can cause

1406-529: A wide availability of relevant data. However, the hidden impacts related to human and social capitals might be more difficult to find. Examples include impacts on working conditions (human capital) and cultural identity (social capital). In 2019, a study by the World Bank estimated the hidden costs of foodborne diseases (from unsafe food) in low and middle-income countries and found these to amount to USD 95.2 billion. Three other studies have attempted to estimate

1480-475: Is also important in identifying foods that possess extrinsic qualities that do not affect the nature of the food per se, but affect its production, such as animal welfare , social justice issues, and environmental concerns. One of the primary ways transparency is achieved is through certification and/or the use of food labels. In the United States, some certification originates in the public sector, such as

1554-508: Is also related to local food production. Food sovereignty activists argue that local communities should not only have access to nutritious and culturally appropriate foods, but that those communities should also be able to define the means by which their food is produced. Various forms of urban agriculture locate food production in densely populated areas not traditionally associated with farming. Garden sharing , where urban and suburban homeowners offer land access to food growers in exchange for

SECTION 20

#1733085246842

1628-544: Is an important component of addressing the causes of climate change and adapting to it . A 2020 review conducted for the European Union found that up to 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions could be attributed to the food system, including crop and livestock production, transportation, changing land use (including deforestation), and food loss and waste. Reduction of meat production, which accounts for ~60% of greenhouse gas emissions and ~75% of agriculturally used land ,

1702-572: Is called for to address this challenge. In January 2020 , the EU put improvements to the food system at the core of the European Green Deal . The European Commission 's 'Farm to Fork strategy for a sustainable food system' was published in May 2020 , which laid out how European countries will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, reduce food waste and chemical pesticide use, and contribute to

1776-414: Is essential to achieving food security, especially among indigenous communities, and thus are crucial to the public health of those communities. Examples of local food systems include community-supported agriculture , farmers markets and farm to school programs. They have been associated with the 100 Mile Diet and Low Carbon Diet , as well as the slow food movement . The food sovereignty movement

1850-470: Is influenced by social, political, economic, technological and environmental contexts. It also requires human resources that provide labor, research and education. Food systems are either conventional or alternative according to their model of food lifespan from origin to plate. Food systems are dependent on a multitude of ecosystem services . For example, natural pest regulations, microorganisms providing nitrogen-fixation, and pollinators. According to

1924-611: Is much less research devoted to sustainability labelling in comparison to nutritional labelling. To conclude, shaping the information environment through labelling is necessary but not sufficient to advance healthy and sustainable diets". [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief​ , 24, FAO, FAO. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1998-476: Is often described in terms of food security . The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as a state in which "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. " Many groups argue that food security is largely determined by a given person's socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or other socially defined categories, making food access

2072-681: Is one major component of this change. The global food system is facing major interconnected challenges, including mitigating food insecurity , effects from climate change , biodiversity loss , malnutrition , inequity, soil degradation , pest outbreaks , water and energy scarcity, economic and political crises, natural resource depletion , and preventable ill-health. Local food systems are networks of food production and consumption that aim to be geographically and economically accessible and direct. They contrast to industrial food systems by operating with reduced food transportation and more direct marketing , leading to fewer people between

2146-746: Is the only faculty / graduate school known by the name of horticulture among Japanese universities. The Graduate School of Horticulture offers education and research encompassing all aspects of “Horticulture, Food and Landscape” with interdisciplinary and international perspectives. With this aim, The Graduate School of Horticulture's teaching and research programs consists not only of natural sciences but also of social sciences and humanities, such as: cultivation, plant breeding, biotechnology of bio-resources, landscape design and engineering, human health and welfare, environmental science for sustainable cities and nature conservation, food system studies, and environmental and development economics. The research fields of

2220-472: The European Union 's Scientific Advice Mechanism found that, without significant change, emissions would increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and changing consumption patterns, and concluded that "the combined environmental cost of food production is estimated to amount to some $ 12 trillion per year, increasing to $ 16 trillion by 2050". Another 2020 study concluded that reducing emissions from

2294-519: The Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) announced a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to improve food safety and sustainable food systems in Africa. Transparency within food systems refers to the full disclosure of information about rules, procedures, and practices at all levels within a food production and supply chain . Transparency ensures that consumers have detailed information about

Tokyo Gakugei University - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-467: The IPCC , the global food system , including all of the various industries involved in sustainable and conventional food systems, provide employment for 1 billion people. This global food system is facing a number of challenges created by impeding global food security issues created by climate change and non-climate change stresses on the system. About 34% of total greenhouse gas emissions are attributable to

2442-575: The National University Corporation Act . Chiba University has been ranked 168th on the Asia University Rankings 2019 Top 100 by "The Times Higher Education". Its abbreviated form is Chibadai (千葉大). Currently, Chiba University consists of nine faculties, the university library, the university hospital and other educational and research facilities. With 11,179 students in the undergraduate program, it has long been one of

2516-583: The Scientific Advice Mechanism to the European Commission concluded that "Evidence generally supports a moderate impact of nutrition labelling on (un)healthy consumption in different contexts (retail, out-of-home). Sustainability-oriented labels tend to reach those who are already motivated and interested, and they strongly depend on the trustworthiness of labels, given that sustainability cannot be directly observed by consumers. However, there

2590-690: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Organic label. Others have their origin in private sector certification (e.g., Humanely Raised, Certified Humane). Some labels do not rely on certification, such as the USDA's Country of Origin Label (COOL). Participation in local food systems such as Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), Farmers Markets, food cooperatives, and farmer cooperatives also enhances transparency. Diverse program are promoting purchase of locally grown and marketed foods. In June 2023 ,

2664-466: The environmental impacts of agriculture , such as land use impacts , and reducing food prices or preventing shortages . International policy has increasingly approached policy from a food systems perspective: Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger and Sustainable Development Goal 12 : "responsible consumption and production" focus on sustainable food systems and Sustainable and in September 2021

2738-949: The Department of Pharmacy are qualified to take the national examination for the pharmacist's license. The School of Nursing offers a program leading to the Bachelor of Science in Nursing. The School also offers an RN-BSN option for registered nurses with an associate degree or diploma in nursing. Upon successful completion of the required courses, graduates are qualified to take the national licensure examinations for nurses, public health nurses, and/or midwives. The Faculty of Engineering consists of ten departments: Departments of Architecture, Urban Environment Systems, Design, Mechanical Engineering, Medical System Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanoscience, Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Image Science, and Informatics and Imaging Systems. Most of

2812-613: The Graduate School of Horticulture are as follows: Bioresource Science: Environmental Science and Landscape Architecture: Food and Resource Economics 35°37′52.01″N 140°05′47.90″E  /  35.6311139°N 140.0966389°E  / 35.6311139; 140.0966389 Food system The term food system describes the interconnected systems and processes that influence nutrition , food , health , community development , and agriculture . A food system includes all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding

2886-636: The United Nations hosted the first Food Systems Summit . Conventional food systems operate on economies of scale . These food systems are geared towards a production model that requires maximizing efficiency in order to lower consumer costs and increase overall production, and they utilize economic models such as vertical integration , economic specialization , and global trade . The growing soil quality degradation, climate change, and growing world population put pressure on agricultural land, leading to innovations to increase agricultural productivity on

2960-596: The academic literature. In September 2019 , the EU 's Chief Scientific Advisors stated that adapting the European food system for the future should be a high priority for the EU: Although availability of food is not perceived as an immediate, major concern in Europe, the challenge to ensure a long-term, safe, nutritious and affordable supply of food, from both land and the oceans, remains. A portfolio of coordinated strategies

3034-507: The academic staff in the Faculty are also fully responsible for research and education within the two-year Master's and the three-year Doctoral Programs in the Graduate School of Engineering. Graduate School of Horticulture, located on top of a scenic hill in Matsudo City, has had major academic and international contributions in horticulture and landscape science since it was founded in 1909. It

Tokyo Gakugei University - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-441: The advent of industrial agriculture and the infrastructure built around conventional food systems has enabled the world population to expand beyond the " Malthusian catastrophe " limitations. According to the IPCC , food supply per capita has increased by more than 30% since 1961. However, conventional food systems are largely based on the availability of inexpensive fossil fuels , which is necessary for mechanized agriculture ,

3182-749: The calories to support the global population even without agriculture. According to the book Feeding Everyone No Matter What and peer-reviewed study paths to a full solution include: global-scale conversion including natural gas-digesting bacteria ( single cell protein ), extracting food from leaves , and conversion of fiber by enzymes , mushroom or bacteria growth, or a two-step process involving partial decomposition of fiber by fungi and/or bacteria and feeding them to animals such as beetles , ruminants (cattle, sheep, etc.), rats and chickens . Most alternative food work covers carbohydrates and protein, but there are also ways to make synthetic fat Indeed, because fats are generally achiral (see chirality ),

3256-589: The conquests of Alexander the Great , the Crusades , the expansion of Islam , the journeys of Marco Polo , and the exploration and colonization of the Americas by Europeans led to the introduction and redistribution of new foods to the world at large, and food systems began to intermingle on a global scale. After World War II , the advent of industrialized agriculture and more robust global trade mechanisms have evolved into

3330-483: The current global food system as potentially having major food security risks due to changes created by climate change, including changing local weather conditions, socioeconomic effects of climate change, vulnerability of certain types of agriculture (such as pastoral) and changes in diets due to availability. The food system is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, attributable for between 21 and 37% of global emissions. In 2020, an evidence review for

3404-410: The development of sustainable agricultural practices, development of more sustainable food distribution systems, creation of sustainable diets , and reduction of food waste throughout the system. Sustainable food systems have been argued to be central to many or all 17 Sustainable Development Goals . Moving to sustainable food systems, including via shifting consumption to sustainable diets ,

3478-571: The ecological benefits of reduced chemical application, the health benefits of lower chemical consumption, the economic benefits that accrue to farmers through a price premium, and the social benefits of increased transparency in the food system. Organic food systems have been criticized for being elitist and inaccessible like local food systems. Critics have also suggested that organic agriculture has been conventionalized such that it mimics industrial food systems using pesticides and fertilizers that are organically derived Cooperatives can exist both at

3552-487: The face of a global catastrophic food shock (GCFS). Such alternatives may also help to decouple food production and land use, thereby avoiding the greenhouse gas emissions and habitat loss associated with agriculture. An expected 345.2 million people projected to be food insecure in 2023 – more than double the number in 2020, but a global catastrophe such as nuclear winter could threaten billions with mass starvation. Several studies have argued resilient food could provide

3626-437: The farmer and the consumer. As a result, relationships that are developed in local food systems emerge from face-to-face interactions, potentially leading to a stronger sense of trust and social connectedness between actors. In addition to this, consumers can also encourage farmers to be environmentally friendly by teaching them about practices such as organic farming. As a result, some scholars suggest that local food systems are

3700-410: The farmer end of food production and the consumer end. Farming cooperatives refer to arrangements where farmers pool resources, either to cultivate their crops or get their crops to market. Consumer cooperatives often refer to food cooperatives where members buy a share in the store. Cooperative grocery stores, unlike corporate grocery stores, are socially owned, and thus surpluses cannot be taken from

3774-534: The global food system to be essential for achieving the Paris Agreement 's climate goals . The IPCC 's and the EU 's reports concluded that adapting the food system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impacts and food security concerns, while shifting towards a sustainable diet , is feasible . The European Union 's Scientific Advice Mechanism has published a systematic review of all European policies related to sustainable food systems, and their analyses in

SECTION 50

#1733085246842

3848-426: The global food system. In 2020 an EU evidence review found that food system gas emissions are on course to increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and dietary change. It is crucial to build the resilience of agrifood systems so that they have the capacity over time, in the face of any disruption, to sustainably ensure availability of and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for all, and sustain

3922-553: The hidden costs of global agrifood systems. FOLU (2019) estimated them at USD 12 trillion, while Hendricks et al (2023) estimated them at USD 19 trillion. However, the latter, acknowledges the uncertainly in the estimate and concludes that the value would be between USD 7.2 trillion and USD 51.8 trillion. The third estimate in the 2023 edition of the FAO report: The State of Food and Agriculture estimates global hidden costs from agrifood systems to be USD 12.7 trillion. This study also acknowledges

3996-511: The largest universities in Japan. As for the graduate school, there are about 2,354 students in ten master's programs and 1,220 in nine doctoral programs. The University's five campuses, Nishi-Chiba, Inohana, Matsudo, Kashiwanoha and Sumida Satellite are ideally located in Chiba Prefecture, an area noted for its industrial, intellectual and international achievements. Chiba University has achieved

4070-562: The limited available land and urban space. Though conventional farming practices have increased crop yield through the use of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) , smallholder farming systems and limited knowledge of CSA remain constraints for enjoying economies of scale and sustainable crop production and food security. The term "conventional" when describing food systems is largely due to comparisons made to it by proponents of other food systems, collectively known as alternative food systems . The development of food systems can be traced back to

4144-423: The livelihoods of agrifood systems' actors. Transitioning to sustainable food systems is critical for addressing global challenges such as climate change , hunger , biodiversity loss , and deforestation . Addressing issues at each stage in the system, can have system-wide effects for 30-40 percent of food produced is lost from post-harvest up to retail and the consumer.  Reducing food waste then reduces

4218-408: The loss of traditional food systems in less developed countries , and have negative impacts on the population health , ecosystems, and cultures in those countries. As a result of these forces, 2018 estimates suggest that 821 million people are currently undernourished, and 2 billion adults are overweight and obese. The issue of having minimal access to food, or access to primarily unhealthy food,

4292-458: The main policy focus in the EU has been on providing consumers with more information. But this is not enough. People choose food not just through rational reflection, but also based on many other factors: food availability, habits and routines, emotional and impulsive reactions, and their financial and social situation. So we should consider ways to unburden the consumer and make sustainable, healthy food an easy and affordable choice. That will require

4366-403: The major dimensions (i.e. environmental, health and social) of agrifood system hidden costs, allowing not only comparison across countries, but also across the different dimensions. A sustainable food system is a type of food system that provides healthy food to people and creates sustainable environmental, economic, and social systems that surround food. Sustainable food systems start with

4440-409: The manufacture or collection of chemical fertilizers , the processing of food products, and the packaging of the foods. The increase in the availability of food since 1961 has primarily been driven by an 800% increase in the use of nitrogen fertilizers (which are fossil fuel dependent) and high water usage (an increase of over 100% since 1961). The impacts of these intense resource processes are many

4514-461: The market prices of products and services, i.e. not included in the operational profit and loss accounts. The scope of these studies differs depending on the research question being addressed, the geographical coverage and the hidden impacts to be included in the analysis. There are many hidden impacts and some are difficult to measure or quantify. For example, environmental externalities such GHG emissions are easy to include in any TCA analysis due to

SECTION 60

#1733085246842

4588-449: The may be synthesized without biological processes at high temperatures and pressures, the greater efficiency of which may make them more cost-effective than other synthetic macronutrients. By mixing many alternative foods micro- nutrient balance is possible. Substantially more research is needed in this area to realize resilient food systems for the globe and even wealthy nations. Fair trade has emerged in global food systems to create

4662-400: The models of food production , presentation, delivery, and disposal that characterize conventional food systems today. The development of conventional food systems is directly responsible for decreased food prices and increased food variety. Agronomic efficiency is driven by the necessity to constantly lower production expenses, and those savings can then be passed on to the consumer. Also,

4736-617: The origins of in-situ agriculture and the production of food surpluses. These surpluses enabled the development of settled areas and contributed to the development of ancient civilizations, particularly those in the Fertile Crescent . The system of trade associated with the exchange of foodstuffs also emerged in East Asia, North America, South America, and Subsaharan Africa with common commodities of exchange such as salt , spices , fish , grains , etc. Through events in world history such as

4810-404: The pooling of resources to achieve scale, facilitating access to productive resources, and enhancing marketing power. Coordination with other actors is also key to managing market risks. Mutual benefits can be achieved, for example, through forwarding contracts: farmers receive guaranteed prices for their outputs regardless of market conditions, while processors and distributors receive products of

4884-467: The production of a given food item. Traceability , by contrast, is the ability to trace to their origins all components in a food production and marketing chain, whether processed or unprocessed (e.g., meat, vegetables) foods. Concerns about transparency and traceability have been heightened with food safety scares such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), but do not exclusively refer to food safety . Transparency

4958-542: The production of foods to be moved to areas where economic costs (labor, taxes, etc.) are lower or environmental regulations are laxer, which are usually further from consumer markets. For example, the majority of salmon sold in the United States is raised off the coast of Chile, due in large part to less stringent Chilean standards regarding fish feed and regardless of the fact that salmon are not indigenous in Chilean coastal waters. The globalization of food production can result in

5032-874: The relatively new fields of cross-cultural studies, information science and theoretical linguistics. The Faculty of Education dates back to the year 1872, the year of the establishment of the modern educational system in Japan, and has the longest history in this university. The Faculty of Law, Politics and Economics is unique among Chiba University faculties in that it conducts research and education in social sciences. The Faculty consists of four Majors: Major in Law, Economics, Management and Accounting, Politics and Policy Studies. Students enrolled in one Major will take courses offered in other majors to develop comprehensive and interdisciplinary understandings of various social phenomena at hand. The Faculty of Science comprises five departments and in active in both education and research. It offers

5106-653: The store as profit. As a result, food co-ops do not work for profit, potentially keeping prices more cost representative. Other forms of cooperatives that have developed more recently include community-supported agriculture , where community members buy a share in a farm's harvest, and may also be engaged in farm labor, operating at both the consumer and producer end of food systems. Garden sharing pairs individual landowners and food growers, while variations on this approach organize groups of food gardeners for mutual assistance. Producer associations and cooperatives reinforce small-scale agricultural producers' livelihoods by allowing

5180-418: The uncertainty in the estimate. The FAO report shows the global value of the hidden costs has a 95 percent chance of being at least USD 10.8 trillion and a 5 percent chance of being at least USD 16 trillion. Differently from the other two studies, the FAO report assesses hidden costs of agrifood systems at the national level for 154 countries. It states these national numbers are consistent and comparable covering

5254-469: Was formed in 1949 from existing educational institutions in Chiba Prefecture, and over a period of years absorbed Chiba Medical University (1923–1960), a preparatory department of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Chiba Normal School (1872–1951), Tokyo Polytechnic High School (1914–1951), Chiba Horticultural High School, among others. Chiba University was reincorporated in 2010 under

5328-618: Was founded as a private hospital by donations from the local community. In 1876 it became a prefectural institution with medical teaching facilities and was named the Chiba Public Hospital. In 1923 it became the Chiba Medical College, and was incorporated into the School of Medicine at Chiba University in 1949. Alumni from this school have contributed greatly to the progress of medicine in Japan. The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

5402-637: Was founded as the Department of Pharmacy in the Medical School of the First Senior High School in 1890, and is the oldest pharmaceutical faculty among Japanese national universities. Since then, the Faculty has greatly contributed to the development of pharmaceutical sciences in Japan through education and research works. The Faculty consists of two departments: Department of Pharmacy (a six-year education program) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (a four-year education program). The graduates from

5476-605: Was founded in 1873. It was formally chartered as a university in 1949 through the merging of four teacher-training institutions. In 1966, the Graduate School of Tokyo Gakugei University was established, and since 1996 it has offered Doctoral degrees in the education field as part of a coalition of educational institutions that include Chiba University , Saitama University , and Yokohama National University . In recent years, Tokyo Gakugei University has developed programs to better accommodate professional school teachers, including evening and short-term courses. The university also houses

#841158