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12-501: Bernhard Struck, in 1912, was the first to group together these languages under the label Semibantu von Mitteltogo . Westermann , in his classification of the then Sudanic languages , adopted the grouping but called it Togorestsprachen . This was mainly a loose geographical-typological grouping based on the elaborate noun class systems of the languages; lack of comparative data prevented a more definitive phylogenetic classification. Bernd Heine (1968) carried out comparative research among

24-516: A tentative reclassification of the group in 2001, noting the internal diversity of the grouping. It is still unclear whether the grouping forms a branch on its own within Kwa. A characteristic of these languages is their Niger–Congo noun class system, since in many surrounding languages only remnants of such a system are found. All Ghana–Togo Mountain languages are tonal and most have a nine or ten vowel system employing ATR vowel harmony . Both Ewe and Twi ,

36-570: The Weimar Republic , the oil camp was rented to an oil company. As part of the re-militarization of Germany in preparation for the second World War, the oil camp was built up and extended (to 36 containers). Although the camp got through the war intact, it was blown up by English occupying troops in 1946. The Area remained in military use, and was made into a military practice ground for the German Federal Armed Forces in 1956, housing

48-531: The Na and Ka languages are split off. As with Heine's classification, these may be independent branches of Kwa: Ethnologue also lists Agotime , which they note is similar to Ahlo. Westernmann (1922) also includes Boro , but this is uncertain due to the little data that is available. Diedrich Hermann Westermann Diedrich Hermann Westermann (June 24, 1875 – May 31, 1956) was a German missionary, Africanist , and linguist . He substantially extended and revised

60-467: The dominant regional languages, have exerted considerable influence on many GTM languages. Heine (1968) placed the GTM languages into two branches of Kwa, Na-Togo and Ka-Togo: However, this classification was distorted by influence from Ewe on the one hand and Twi on the other. Blench (2006) makes the following tentative classification, which he expects to change as more data becomes available. One branch each of

72-557: The evidence for the coherence of many of the families that constitute it. Much of the classification of African languages associated with Joseph Greenberg actually derives from the work of Westermann. In 1927 Westermann published a Practical Orthography of African Languages , which became later known as the Westermann script . Subsequently, he published the influential and oft-reprinted Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages in collaboration with Ida C. Ward (1933). He

84-490: The group, establishing a basic division between Ka-Togo and Na-Togo based on the word for 'flesh' in the languages. Dakubu and Ford (1988) renamed this cluster the Central Togo languages, a term still used by some (e.g. Blench 2001); since the mid-90s, the term Ghana–Togo Mountain languages has become more common. No comparative study of the languages has appeared in print since Heine (1968); Blench (unpublished) presented

96-401: The name Sudanic languages . His most important later publication Die westlichen Sudansprachen 1927a divided these into East and West Sudanic languages and laid the basis for what would become Niger–Congo. In this book and a series of associated articles between 1925 and 1928, Westermann both identified a large number of roots that form the basis of our understanding of Niger–Congo and set out

108-645: The outlying factories in Bremen . Hans Höppner observed about 200 of the 250 types of bees in Germany in Badener Mountains from 1898 until 1900. The Badener Oil Camp has been part of a bunker from the World War I. It was erected in 1917 by Jürgen Daybridge. It served as a shipping station for raw oil, heating oil, and fuel. It was put into 14 subterranean containers; the last containers have been scrapped, however. During

120-703: The work of Carl Meinhof , his teacher, although he rejected some of Meinhof's theories only implicitly. Westermann is seen as one of the founders of modern African linguistics. He carried out extensive linguistic and anthropological research in the area ranging from Senegal eastwards to the Upper Nile. His linguistic publications cover a wide range of African languages, including the Gbe languages , Nuer , Kpelle , Shilluk , Hausa , and Guang . Westermann's comparative work, begun in 1911, initially brought together much of today's Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan language phyla under

132-589: Was born in Baden near Bremen and also died there. Baden, Lower Saxony Baden is a human settlement near Bremen , in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is known to Africanists and Phoneticians as the place where Diedrich Hermann Westermann was born and died. It is a borough of the town of Achim in Verden district . Baden is on the train line from Hanover to Verden an der Aller to Bremen. Baden's 1000th anniversary

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144-607: Was celebrated in 2013. 53°00′N 9°05′E  /  53.000°N 9.083°E  / 53.000; 9.083 The Badener Mountains are located in Baden. The location is shaped by the Weser-Marsh to the west, and the collection of sand dunes of up to 40m high and the Badener-Moorland to the east. Until the 19th Century the area was only sparsely settled; the people lived by cultivating potatoes, breeding sheep, and working at

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