Togetherness Supreme is a 2010 Kenyan film .
60-451: Based on actual events, Togetherness Supreme is the story of Kamau, an artist, searching for change in the midst of tribal tension in the slums. Kamau stands up against his father and his tribe to join a rival tribe with his friend Otieno. Kamau and Otieno fight for political change for those living in extreme poverty, but they are caught up in the middle of the ethnic conflict that tears apart their country and, furthermore, they are rivals for
120-512: A one-party state . Parliamentary elections were held in September 1983. The 1988 elections reinforced the one-party system. However, in December 1991, parliament repealed the one-party section of the constitution. By early 1992, several new parties had formed, and multiparty elections were held in December 1992. President Moi was reelected for another 5-year term. Opposition parties won about 45% of
180-483: A Kikuyu). KANU was in favour of immediate total independence, a new independence constitution and universal suffrage while KADU was supporting the continuation of the colonial political system established by the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954 with federalism (Majimbo) as KADU's key tenets. Despite the numerical advantage lying with the numerically stronger KANU, a form of Federalism involving Kenya's 8 provinces
240-508: A PNU nomination, and former Interior Minister Chris Murungaru , who lost out to a little-known trader. There were 14,296,180 registered voters; 68.8% of the electorate were aged between 18 and 40, with the remaining 31.2% being those over 40. Kibaki began his presidential campaign on 30 September at Nyayo Stadium in Nairobi. Odinga launched his campaign in Uhuru Park on 6 October 2007. On
300-460: A landslide victory over the ruling KANU party, thus bringing to an end 40 years of single party rule and 24 years of rule by Daniel arap Moi. The political parties ODM-Kenya and Orange Democratic Movement both came into existence out of this movement. The smaller faction, headed by Nicholas Biwott and supported by Daniel arap Moi was opposed to the direction Kenyatta was taking the party. The two factions briefly patched up their differences under
360-509: A matter for the courts, not the Electoral Commission. Following the commission's declaration of his victory, Kibaki was sworn in for his second term later on the same day, saying that he had been told by his people that he had won, calling for the "verdict of the people" to be respected and for "healing and reconciliation" to begin. Kivuitu said that there were some problems with the count, noting that in one constituency voter turnout
420-578: A mixed market economic policy, with state intervention in the form of parastatals . It steered Kenya to side with the West during the Cold War , with both Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Moi using apparent links to the Soviet Union as pretexts to crush political dissent. KANU's leadership structure consists of a national chairman, a secretary general, and several national vice chairmen. All these officials are elected at
480-484: A much smaller scale. In 1991, when multi-party politics was introduced, violence became known as an election-time tradition. However, the fighting and aggression demonstrated in December 2007 and January and February 2008 was and has been unmatched by any election-related uprising. In August 2012, the Nakuru County Peace Accord was signed, a treaty designed to address sources of ethnic conflict and violence in
540-550: A new colonial constitution (the key feature of which were a bicameral legislature consisting of a 117-member House of Representatives and a 41-member Senate, and the elimination of reserved seats for ethnic minorities), the KANU contested and won a majority of the votes and seats in the 1963 Kenyan general election . Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963. Jomo Kenyatta, head of the KANU, became Kenya's first prime minister. KADU dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and joined KANU after
600-683: A new mold for film education for the region that is more accessible to lower income communities. That looks for talent and ambition over resources as a pre-requisite. That uses the best of local knowledge and resources yet can also tap into international teachers and working professionals from the USA and Europe. This article related to a Kenyan film is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kenyan presidential election, 2007 Mwai Kibaki PNU Mwai Kibaki PNU General elections were held in Kenya on 27 December 2007. Voters elected
660-508: A poll placed Odinga and Kibaki at about the same level, with 43.6% and 43.3% respectively. Early results published by the Kenyan media gave Raila Odinga a narrow lead of 1,691,679 votes against Kibaki's 1,222,725 in 69 of the country's 210 constituencies . Odinga held a strong lead in vote counting on 28 December, and the ODM declared victory on 29 December; however, as more results were announced on
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#1732872694592720-486: A show of mourning. Odinga said that the ODM would not negotiate with Kibaki unless he resigned, because to do so would mean acknowledging Kibaki's legitimacy; he also said that, unless stopped, the "ruling clique" could rig the next elections in five years as well, and that he was not afraid of being arrested, having been jailed many times in the past. For his part, Kibaki emphasised the importance of peace, stability, and tolerance in his 2008 New Year's message, speaking of
780-457: A single presidential candidate at the 2013 general elections . Upon its inception in 1960, KANU included politicians of various ideologies, including African socialism , which was highlighted in the immediate post-independence period. However, with the adoption of Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 in Kenya's parliament and the resignation of left-leaning politicians allied to Oginga Odinga , it pursued
840-553: A strong lobbying by Tom Mboya . In this year, Kenya became a republic within the Commonwealth , with Kenyatta as its first president. A small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya People's Union (KPU), was formed in 1966, led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga , a former vice president and Luo elder. The KPU was banned and its leader detained after political unrest related to Kenyatta's visit to Nyanza Province that resulted in
900-661: A telex from then US Embassy in Nairobi to the State Department in Washington DC [released in July 2012], US Ambassador Michael Ranneberger set out five scenarios as to who really won the election. He wrote, ‘In all cases the margin of victory for either side is slim and ultimately unknowable’. The telex also noted that there was ‘evidence of rigging on both sides’. Kivuitu said on 2 January that he had been pressured by PNU and ODM–K (Kibaki's and Kalonzo Musyoka's parties) into announcing
960-401: Is a Kenyan political party that ruled for nearly 40 years after Kenya's independence from British colonial rule in 1963 until its electoral loss in 2002. It was known as Kenya African Union (KAU) from 1944 but due to pressure from the colonial government, KAU changed its name to Kenya African Study Union (KASU) mainly because all political parties were banned in 1939 following the start of
1020-527: Is agreement in the international community that the presidential elections were at least partially manipulated. In July 2008, an exit poll commissioned by the US was released, suggested that Odinga was predicted to have won the presidency by a comfortable margin of 6%, 46% to 40%, well outside the exit poll's 1.3% margin of error. Incumbent president Mwai Kibaki declared his intention to run for re-election on 26 January 2007, although he had previously declared prior to
1080-496: The Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) and nine candidates were cleared to be on the ballot in December. All nine presidential candidates also ran for a parliamentary seat as required by Kenyan law; the presidential election winner needed to also win a parliamentary seat to be named president. The ninth parliament was dissolved on Monday 22 October 2007, with the election date of 27 December announced on 26 October 2007 by
1140-589: The Kisumu massacre . No new opposition parties were formed after 1969, and KANU became the sole political party. At Kenyatta's death in August 1978, Vice President Daniel arap Moi , a former KADU member became interim President. On October 14, Moi became president formally after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee. In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially
1200-582: The President , and members of the National Assembly . They coincided with the 2007 Kenyan local elections. Incumbent Mwai Kibaki , running on a Party of National Unity (PNU) ticket, defeated Raila Odinga , leader of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) and Kalonzo Musyoka of Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya . The elections were strongly marked by ethnic hostility, with Kibaki a member of
1260-607: The Second World War . In 1946 KASU rebranded itself into KAU following the resignation of Harry Thuku as president due to internal differences between the moderates who wanted peaceful negotiations and the militants who wanted to use force, the latter forming the Aanake a forty (The forty Group), which later became the Mau Mau. His post was then occupied by James Gichuru, who stepped down for Jomo Kenyatta in 1947 as president of KAU. The KAU
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#17328726945921320-517: The 2002 elections that he needed only one term as president. On 16 September 2007, Kibaki announced that he would run as the candidate of a new alliance called the Party of National Unity, which would include a number of parties, including KANU , the Democratic Party , NARC–Kenya , FORD-Kenya , Ford–People and Shirikisho among others. The Orange Democratic Movement–Kenya (ODM–Kenya) alliance
1380-699: The 2005 referendum under the banner Orange Democratic Movement, but former president Daniel arap Moi was among the KANU faction opposing involvement with the ODM–Kenya coalition. As a result, ODM–Kenya split in two in August 2007, one remaining as ODM–Kenya and led by Kalonzo Musyoka , the other going by the name Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). KANU subsequently left the coalition entirely, and Moi announced his support for Kibaki, his former political enemy, in late August. Uhuru Kenyatta followed suit and announced his support for Kibaki in mid-September. KANU did not nominate as presidential candidate, although it contested
1440-619: The ECK. The ECK initially set a deadline of 19 November 2007 for submitting the candidate lists to prevent candidates from defecting after failing to gain nominations from their parties, but later retracted and allowed defections to minor parties. The ODM, PNU and ODM–K held their primary elections on 16 November, with all three termed as chaotic and being marred by irregularities and violence. Numerous candidates defected to smaller parties after failing to get candidature by their respective parties, including Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai , who failed to gain
1500-447: The National Assembly elections, the ODM won 99 of the 208 seats, with the PNU finishing second with 43 seats. The Kenya African National Union , which had ruled the country from independence until 2002 was reduced to being the fourth-largest party with only 15 seats. Only 71 of the 190 sitting MPs were re-elected, twenty ministers lost their seats and a record 15 female MPs were elected. There
1560-461: The National Assembly elections. Several ODM members vied for presidency, including Musyoka, Raila Odinga , Kenyatta (before KANU's withdrawal), William Ruto , Najib Balala , Musalia Mudavadi and Joseph Nyagah . Following the August 2007 split, ODM–Kenya appointed Musyoka as its candidate on 31 August and the ODM selected Odinga as its candidate on 1 September. Presidential candidates presented their nomination papers on 14 and 15 November to
1620-531: The Political Parties act of 2011, differences have once again emerged over the future of the party with a faction led by Gideon Moi accusing Uhuru Kenyatta of neglecting the party. Kenyatta, and his supporters, eventually quit the party altogether and in December 2012, KANU entered a four party coalition, including the National Vision Party , United Democratic Movement and New Ford Kenya , to field
1680-548: The Rift Valley region of Kenya. Both Kibaki and Odinga largely ignored United Nations efforts to set up independent tribunals to bring the leaders of the post 2007-election violence to justice. On 10 December 2020, a high court orders the government to compensate four victims of sexual attacks by security agents during post-election violence during violence following the 2007 Kenyan general election. Kenya African National Union The Kenya African National Union ( KANU )
1740-563: The cabinet. A record 2,548 candidates contested the National Assembly elections, more than double the 1,033 that ran in 2002. The 269 female candidates was also a record. The ODM had the highest number of candidates with 190, followed by Kenya National Democratic Alliance (KENDA) with 170, the PNU (135), ODM–K (135), KADDU (97) KANU (91), Safina (88), NARC (73), the Democratic Party (86) and NARC–Kenya (59). A total of 108 parties fielded parliamentary candidates, another record. For
1800-552: The colonial government to represent Nairobi in 1956. The ban for national political movements was lifted in 1960. On 14 May 1960, KAU (having been resurrected by James Gichuru) merged with Tom Mboya 's Kenya Independence Movement and the Nairobi People's Convention Party to form the Kenya African National Union (KANU) with Tom Mboya as its first secretary general and James Gichuru as KANU chairman. Oginga Odinga
1860-599: The colonial government. The colonial government governor then appointed these leaders of the tribal parties to the Legislative Council in 1956. Ronald Ngala was appointed to represent the Coast region, Daniel Moi was appointed to represent Rift Valley, Masinde Muliro was appointed to represent Western while Argwings Kodhek was appointed to represent Nairobi while Oginga Odinga became the Nyanza LegCo member. Jeremiah James Nyaga
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1920-402: The colony of Kenya. From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the armed Mau Mau rebellion against British colonial rule. What prompted the imposition of the state of emergency, by sir Evelyn Baring, was the assassination of one Chief Waruhiu who was an alleged British informer among many other reasons. KAU, the national political movement for Africans
1980-494: The election, but said that democracy "is unstoppable like the flow of the Nile". The ODM announced its intention to hold a ceremony on 31 December in which Odinga would be declared the "people's president", but police said that this could incite violence and that Odinga could be arrested if the ceremony occurred. Odinga then delayed this, but called for a million-strong rally on 3 January 2008 and for his supporters to wear black armbands as
2040-417: The elections as a concluded event and warning that law-breakers would be punished. Preliminary results showed that Vice-President Moody Awori and Wangari Maathai both lost their seats. Other notable politicians with the same fate included Mutahi Kagwe , Musikari Kombo , Simeon Nyachae , Nicholas Biwott , Chris Murungaru, Mukhisa Kituyi , Raphael Tuju , Kipruto Kirwa , Njenga Karume and Gideon Moi ,
2100-531: The first time, no party fielded a candidate in every constituency; every previous election had seen KANU contest every seat. The Kitutu Masaba Constituency had the highest number of candidates at 33 and all 210 constituencies had at least two candidates, meaning that there were no uncontested seats, another first. Opinion polls in late October put support for Odinga at 50%, with Kibaki at 39%, and Musyoka at 8%. A poll released in early November put Odinga at 45%, Kibaki at 41% and Musyoka at 11%, while on 23 November
2160-444: The lack of visitation equals approximately $ 47.6 million. The fragile state of the economy affected surrounding countries as well. After being sworn in as president, Kibaki named a partial cabinet on 8 January 2008, composed of 17 MPs from his party PNU and ODM–Kenya which entered into a coalition agreement, along with KANU. A number of further cabinet slots were left temporarily open, presumably to give space for negotiations with
2220-520: The larger project of one's community and country. During the production of the film, the actors helped translate the script, which was written in English, to make their lines into their own tribal dialects. That had a harmonious effect because everyone practiced his and her own culture while also reaching out to others. The main goal in the film is to grow the concept, beyond Kibera, to other parts of Kenya and East Africa. To refine our model and spread it. To set
2280-412: The love of Alice, a preacher's daughter. After a contested presidential election ( Kenyan presidential election of December 2007 ), the slums erupt in violence and Kamau's world collapses around him. Togetherness Supreme was made in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 political, economic, and humanitarian crisis that break out after President Mwai Kibaki was re-elected in December 2007. This film dramatizes
2340-451: The mediation of former party leader Daniel Moi ; the result being KANU did not field a presidential candidate in Kenya's disputed general election of 2007 , backing instead the incumbent Mwai Kibaki . In September 2007, Kenyatta announced that he would not run for the presidency and would support Kibaki's re-election, sinking any hopes that KANU would back the Orange Democratic Movement . William Ruto however remained in ODM applying for
2400-447: The opposition ODM, which immediately challenged the constitutionality of the new government. By April 2008, Kenya was stable, though the conflict left “1,500 dead, 3,000 innocent women raped, and 300,000 people internally displaced." Kibaki remained President and Odinga was named Prime Minister. The National Assembly results were cancelled in three of the 210 constituencies. Prior to 2007, hostility surrounding politics in Kenya existed on
2460-492: The parliamentary seats, but President Moi's KANU Party obtained the majority of seats. Parliamentary reforms in November 1997 enlarged the democratic space in Kenya, including the expansion of political parties from 11 to 26. President Moi won re-election as president in the December 1997 elections, and his KANU Party narrowly retained its parliamentary majority, with 109 out of 212 seats. At the 2002 legislative national elections ,
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2520-481: The party won an overall 29.0% of the popular vote and 64 out of 212 elected seats. In the presidential elections of the same day, the party's candidate Uhuru Kenyatta won 31.3% of the vote, and was thereby defeated by Mwai Kibaki from the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party with 62.2%. On December 29, 2002, the Kenyan electoral commission confirmed that the former opposition NARC party had achieved
2580-477: The post-election violence in Kibera, where police fired on demonstrators and rival groups fighting in the streets. The film had a positive effect on audiences in Kenya and internationally and it encouraged Kenyans to see it as the 2012 elections approach. Different tribes were included in the film. It helps to have a common project to work on. Working on a film is a lot of work but small in scale compared to working on
2640-855: The post-election violence. Crime exploded in Kikuyu settlements in the Rift Valley, and intra-urban slums in Mombasa. Most Kikuyus in the Rift Valley fled their homes and settled anywhere they could find refuge. Some Kikuyu's settled in a church at Kiambaa in Eldoret, where Kalenjin youth barricaded the door from outside and set the church on fire killing about 30 people. Farms were looted and roads were blocked, leaving people unable to work, farmers and commuters alike. Many members of large ethnic groups attacked anyone who they felt didn't belong; minorities and people that had come from other countries were common targets. Some people even fled to Uganda and other nearby countries to escape
2700-457: The presidential candidacy. Of particular interest is that Uhuru's statement came soon after Moi's declaration that he would back current president Kibaki's re-election bid. KANU is part of the Party of National Unity (PNU), a coalition party behind Kibaki. However, unlike other PNU member parties, only KANU had clearance to field its own parliamentary and civic candidates. Since the coming into force of
2760-425: The results without delay, declaring Kibaki the winner; claiming that he did not personally know who really won. Within minutes of the commission's declaration of Kibaki's victory, ethnically based rioting and violence, primarily directed against Kikuyus, broke out across Kenya, and the government suspended live television coverage for some days. Odinga alleged that "a clique of people around Kibaki" sought to rig
2820-469: The same day, the gap between the two candidates narrowed. Early on 30 December, Odinga accused the government of fraud, urged Kibaki to concede defeat, and called for a recount. The ECK declared Kibaki the winner later on 30 December, placing him ahead of Odinga by about 232,000 votes. According to Odinga, at least 300,000 votes for Kibaki were falsely included in his total. ECK chairman Samuel Kivuitu said that while irregularities had occurred, they were
2880-654: The same day, three ODM supporters were shot (one of them fatally), allegedly by bodyguards of Stanley Livondo , who was running as the PNU candidate for Odinga's seat in the National Assembly. Livondo was arrested, along with two of his bodyguards and later released. Pius Muiru, a televangelist and the leader of Kenya People's Party (KPP), officially launched his bid for the presidency on 21 October 2007 at Kamukunji grounds. Two cabinet ministers, first Health Minister Charity Ngilu and then Regional Co-operation Minister John Koech , backed Odinga in October; Kibaki dismissed Ngilu from
2940-431: The social unrest. One sector greatly affected by the political unrest was tourism; flights and tours were cancelled, companies withdrew from Kenya, and many people lost their job due to lay-offs. The international media covered the tragedies extensively, giving the outside world the impression that the entire country was amidst a bloody battle, when truly, parts of Kenya were untouched by violence. The loss Kenya suffered from
3000-693: The son of former president Daniel arap Moi. The elections were cancelled in Kamukunji and Kilgoris . Kibaki, of the Kikuyu ethnic group, was supported by Kikuyus, while Odinga, of the Luo ethnic group, was supported by the Luo and Kalenjins. Fifteen minutes after Kibaki was announced as the winner of the presidential elections, Luo began violent demonstrations in Nairobi. Within a day, nearly all businesses were closed and streets were empty. During January and February 2008, hundreds of thousands of people were displaced from their homes, and more than 1,000 people died from
3060-554: The tallying process to the satisfaction of all parties and candidates." The United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary, David Miliband , said that he had "real concerns" about the elections. While the United States initially congratulated Kibaki and called for the results to be respected, it also expressed concern, and on 2 January 2008 a spokesman for the US State Department declined to confirm US recognition of Kibaki's victory. In
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#17328726945923120-715: The traditionally dominant Kikuyu ethnic group, gaining much support amongst the Kikuyu and neighbouring groups in central Kenya, including the Embu and Meru. Odinga, as a member of the Luo ethnic group, succeeded in creating a wider base by building a coalition with regional leaders from the Luhya in Western Kenya , Kalenjin from the Rift Valley and Muslim leaders from the Coast Province . Kibaki
3180-406: Was adopted in Kenya's independence as a result of British colonial government supporting KADU's plan. After independence KANU nonetheless decided to remove all provisions of a federal nature from the constitution. Kenyatta was released in 1961, and the KANU contested the 1961 Kenyan general election (winning a plurality of the seats and 67.50% of the popular vote). Following the implementation of
3240-529: Was appointed to represent Central Kenya. A ban on nationalist political parties however remained in force in Kenya until 1960. The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. The majority of the 'moderate' and friendly leaders appointed to the Council by the colonial government were re-elected to the Council in 1957. The only exception was Tom Mboya , who ran as an independent and defeated Argwings Kodhek, who had been appointed by
3300-580: Was banned by the colonial government from 1952 to 1960. It was re-established by James Gichuru in 1960 and renamed KANU on 14 May 1960 after a merger with Tom Mboya 's Kenya Independence Movement . The Kenya African Union was a political organization formed in 1944 to articulate Kenyan grievances against the British colonial administration. The KAU attempted to be more inclusive than the Kikuyu Central Association by recruiting membership across
3360-457: Was banned in 1952 and its leaders including Jomo Kenyatta imprisoned in 1953. Kikuyu, Embu and Meru political involvement was restricted heavily in this period in response to the insurrection. During this period however, African participation in the political process increased rapidly throughout the colony of Kenya. Starting in 1954 the colonial government started to actively promote regional tribal based political parties led by leaders friendly to
3420-460: Was declared the winner with 46% of the vote, and was sworn in at State House on 30 December. However, opposition leader Raila Odinga also claimed victory, and civil unrest broke out resulting in the deaths of several hundred people and the displacement of up to 600,000. This was ended by the National Accord and Reconciliation Act , which led to Odinga being appointed as Prime Minister . In
3480-538: Was expected to field the strongest challenger to Kibaki; the main parties originally affiliated to ODM–Kenya were the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and KANU. At the time of the 2002 elections , the LDP had been part of the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) movement backing Kibaki, but its ministers were dismissed from the cabinet after the 2005 constitutional referendum . KANU and LDP had originally teamed up for
3540-538: Was reported as 115%, although this was later clarified by Kivuitu appearing in an interview by Nation Television due to a double entry of one polling station in Maragua Constituency on the parliamentary tally and not the presidential tally. According to the European Union 's head election observer, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff , the elections were "flawed" and the ECK had failed to establish "the credibility of
3600-483: Was the KANU first vice chairman. The Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) was founded in 1960, to challenge KANU. KADU's aim was to defend the interests of the tribes so-called KAMATUSA (an acronym for Kalenjin , Maasai , Turkana and Samburu ) as well as the European settler community, against the dominance of the larger Luo and Kĩkũyũ tribes that comprised the majority of KANU's membership (Kenyatta himself being
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