The TOFIFEST International Film Festival is a film festival that takes place annually in Toruń , Poland.
71-746: It is one of the fastest growing film festivals in Poland and the mission of the Festival is to promote independent cinema. The festival combines Polish and European dimensions in the context of an adventurous and defiant breadth of content, including auteur cinema, and premieres of films presented in Cannes, Berlin and Rotterdam, building a bridge between high and popular art. The festival also includes meetings, seminars, concerts and workshops. The first independent film festival in Toruń Polish OFF Film Festival
142-673: A Dish Served Cold , Renegade Riders , and others, while Beyond the Law has a bandit infiltrate society and become a sheriff. There would be a flamboyant Mexican bandit ( Gian Maria Volonté from A Fistful of Dollars , otherwise Tomas Milian , or most often Fernando Sancho ) and a grumpy old man, often an undertaker, to serve as sidekick for the hero. For the love interest, ranchers' daughters, schoolmarms and barroom maidens were overshadowed by young Latin women desired by dangerous men, for which actresses, such as Nicoletta Machiavelli or Rosalba Neri , carried on Marianne Koch 's role of Marisol in
213-509: A Few Dollars More , brought a larger box-office success, the profession of bounty hunter became the choice of occupation of spaghetti Western heroes in films, such as Arizona Colt , Vengeance Is Mine , Ten Thousand Dollars for a Massacre , The Ugly Ones , Dead Men Don't Count , and Any Gun Can Play . In The Great Silence and A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die , the heroes instead fight bounty killers. During this era, many heroes and villains in spaghetti Westerns began carrying
284-439: A Western parody with a marked spaghetti Western-theme; despite having been released a year after Sergio Leone's seminal spaghetti Western, A Fistful of Dollars , development of West and Soda actually began a year earlier than Fistful' s, and lasted longer, mainly because of the use of more time-demanding animation over regular acting. For this reason, Bozzetto claims to have invented the spaghetti Western genre. Because there
355-528: A cast of Italian, Spanish, and (sometimes) West German and American actors. Most spaghetti Westerns filmed between 1964 and 1978 were made on low budgets, and shot at Cinecittà Studios and various locations around southern Italy and Spain. Many of the stories take place in the dry landscapes of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico , thus, common filming locations were the Tabernas Desert and
426-528: A con-man ( The Dirty Outlaws ), an outlaw posing as a sheriff and a bounty hunter ( Man With the Golden Pistol aka Doc, Hands of Steel ), and an outlaw posing as his twin and a bounty hunter posing as a sheriff ( A Few Dollars for Django ). The theme of age in For a Few Dollars More , in which the younger bounty killer learns valuable lessons from his more experienced colleague and eventually becomes his equal,
497-462: A musical watch, after its ingenious use in For a Few Dollars More . Spaghetti Westerns also began featuring a pair of different heroes. In Leone's film, Eastwood's character is an unshaven bounty hunter, dressed similarly to his character in A Fistful of Dollars , who enters an unstable partnership with Colonel Mortimer ( Lee Van Cleef ), an older bounty killer who uses more sophisticated weaponry and wears
568-540: A pair of heroes in three earlier spaghetti Westerns, God Forgives... I Don't! , Boot Hill and Ace High , directed by Giuseppe Colizzi . The humor started in those movies, with scenes with comedy fighting, but the Barboni films became burlesque comedies. They feature the quick but lazy Trinity (Hill) and his big, strong and irritable brother, Bambino (Spencer). The stories lampoon stereotypical Western characters, such as diligent farmers, lawmen and bounty hunters. There
639-479: A post-Trinity Western, My Name Is Nobody , with Henry Fonda, and a caper-story Western, A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe . The following year, Franco Nero achieved a similar draw as a Django-style hero in Keoma . However, by the end of the 1970s, the different types of spaghetti Westerns had lost their following among mainstream cinema audiences, and the production ground to a virtual halt. Belated attempts to revive
710-421: A ragged, laconic hero with superhuman weapon skill, preferably one who looked like Clint Eastwood: Franco Nero , John Garko , and Terence Hill started out that way; Anthony Steffen and others stayed that way throughout their spaghetti Western careers. Whoever the hero was, he would join an outlaw gang to further his own secret agenda, as in A Pistol for Ringo , Blood for a Silver Dollar , Vengeance Is
781-538: A suit, and, in the end, turns out to also be an avenger. In the following years, there was a deluge of spaghetti Westerns with a pair of heroes with (most often) conflicting motives. Examples include a lawman and an outlaw ( And the Crows Will Dig Your Grave ), an army officer and an outlaw ( Bury Them Deep ), an avenger and a (covert) army officer ( The Hills Run Red ), an avenger and a (covert) guilty party ( Viva! Django aka W Django! ), an avenger and
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#1732876195324852-459: A type of hero molded on the Mortimer character from For a Few Dollars More , only without any vengeance motive and with more outrageous trick weapons. Fittingly enough Sabata is portrayed by Lee Van Cleef himself, while John Garko plays the very similar Sartana protagonist. Parolini made some more Sabata movies, while Giuliano Carnimeo made a whole series of Sartana films with Garko. Beside
923-557: A villain in Blindman and French rock 'n' roll veteran Johnny Hallyday as the gunfighter and avenger hero in Sergio Corbucci 's The Specialists . The story of A Fistful of Dollars was closely based on Akira Kurosawa 's Yojimbo . Kurosawa sued Sergio Leone for plagiarism, and was compensated with the exclusive distribution rights to the movie in Japan, where its hero, Clint Eastwood,
994-538: Is Giorgio Capitani 's The Ruthless Four (in effect a gay version of John Huston 's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ), in which the explicit homosexual relation between two of its male main characters and some gay cueing scenes are embedded with other forms of man-to-man relations through the story. In the 1960s, critics recognized that the American genres were rapidly changing. The genre most identifiably American,
1065-457: Is Giulio Questi 's Django Kill . Other "cult" items are Cesare Canevari 's Matalo! , Tony Anthony 's Blindman , and Joaquín Luis Romero Marchent 's Cut-Throats Nine (the latter among gore film audiences). The few spaghetti Westerns containing historical characters such as Buffalo Bill , Wyatt Earp , Billy the Kid , etc., appear mainly before A Fistful of Dollars had put its mark on
1136-411: Is a priest who espouses Liberation theology . The film concerns oppression of poor Mexicans by rich Anglos, and ends on a call for arms, but it does not fit easily as a Zapata Western , for it lacks the typical hero pair of a flamboyant Latin revolutionary and an Anglo specialist. The Price of Power serves a political allegory about the assassination of John F. Kennedy and racism. The movie concerns
1207-434: Is no real consensus about where to draw the exact line between spaghetti Westerns and other Eurowesterns (or other Westerns in general), it cannot be said which film is definitively the first spaghetti Western. However, 1964 saw the breakthrough of this genre, with more than twenty productions or coproductions from Italian companies, and more than half a dozen Westerns by Spanish or Spanish-American companies. Furthermore, by far
1278-512: Is taken up in Day of Anger and Death Rides a Horse . In both cases, Lee Van Cleef carries on as the older hero versus Giuliano Gemma and John Phillip Law, respectively. One variant of the hero pair was a revolutionary Mexican bandit and a mostly money-oriented American from the United States frontier. These films are sometimes called Zapata Westerns. The first was Damiano Damiani 's A Bullet for
1349-584: The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , an area of volcanic origin known for its wide sandy beaches, both of which are in the Province of Almería in Southeastern Spain. Some sets and studios built for spaghetti Westerns survived as theme parks, such as Texas Hollywood , Mini Hollywood , and Western Leone , and continue to be used as film sets. Other filming locations used were in central and southern Italy , such as
1420-646: The Toruń Independent Film Festival TOFFI . That year, the festival presented 95 films. The Festival included mainly Polish experimental films of all lengths from student film-makers. The programme also included previews of professional films. At the Grand Prize Competition the audience chose Motór by Wieslaw Palucha as the winner. In the 2nd edition festival was moved to October and renamed Toruń Independent Film Festival TOFFI . The jury started to be composed of professionals. The winner
1491-688: The West German Winnetou films and the Eastern Bloc Red Western films. Taking its name from the Spanish rice dish, " Paella Western" has been used to refer to Western films produced in Spain. The Japanese film Tampopo was promoted as a " Ramen Western". The majority of the films in the spaghetti Western genre were international coproductions by Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, West Germany, Britain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, and
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#17328761953241562-408: The (supposedly) Navajo village is wiped out by bandits during the first minutes, and the avenger hero spends the rest of the film dealing mostly with Anglos and Mexicans until the final showdown at a Native American burial ground. Several spaghetti Westerns are inspired by classical myths and dramas. Titles, such as Fedra West (also called Ballad of a Bounty Hunter ) and Johnny Hamlet , signify
1633-499: The 1963–1964 spaghetti Westerns. For example, in Sergio Corbucci 's Minnesota Clay , that appeared two months after A Fistful of Dollars , an American style "tragic gunfighter" hero who confronts two evil gangs, one Mexican and one Anglo, with (as in A Fistful of Dollars ) the leader of the latter being the town sheriff. In Johnny Oro , a traditional Western sheriff and a mixed-race bounty killer are forced into an uneasy alliance when Mexican bandits and Native Americans assault
1704-597: The Black , Johnny Hamlet and also Seven Dollars on the Red . Another type of wronged hero is set up and must clear himself from accusations. Giuliano Gemma starred in a series of successful films carrying this theme— Adiós gringo , For a Few Extra Dollars , Long Days of Vengeance , Wanted and, to some extent, Blood for a Silver Dollar —in which his character is most often called "Gary". The wronged hero who becomes an avenger appears in many spaghetti Westerns. Among
1775-647: The East and A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe ), Spencer ( It Can Be Done Amigo ) and a pair of Hill-Spencer lookalikes in Carambola . A spaghetti Western old hand, Franco Nero , also worked in this subgenre with Cipolla Colt , and Tomas Milian plays an outrageous "quick" bounty hunter modeled on Charlie Chaplin 's Little Tramp in Sometimes Life Is Hard, Eh Providence? and Here We Go Again, Eh, Providence? . Terence Hill could still draw large audiences in
1846-690: The French horse country of Camargue (1911–1912). In Italy, the American West as a dramatic setting for spectacles goes back at least as far as Giacomo Puccini 's 1910 opera La fanciulla del West ( The Girl of the West ), which is sometimes considered to be the first spaghetti Western. The first Western movie made in Italy was La voce del sangue , produced by the Turin film studio Itala Film . In 1913, La vampira Indiana
1917-478: The General and then followed Sergio Sollima 's trilogy: The Big Gundown , Face to Face , and Run, Man, Run . Sergio Corbucci 's The Mercenary and Compañeros and Tepepa by Giulio Petroni are also considered Zapata Westerns. Many of these films enjoyed both good takes at the box office and attention from critics. They are often interpreted as a leftist critique of the typical Hollywood handling of
1988-737: The Jurors of short and full-length competitions for films who they wanted to distinguish in a special way. They were classified in various categories. Full-length competition categories and winners: Best Director – Xawery Żuławski , Best Screenplay – Nanni Moretti , The Best Actress – Isabelle Huppert , Best Actor – Nadir Saribacak , Best Editor – Manuel Muñoz, Carlos Serrano Azcona and Carlos Reygadas Best Cinematographer – Lol Crawley. Short competition categories and winners: Best Director – Runar Runarsson, Best Screenplay – Peter Besson, Best Actress – Aisling Lotus, Best Actor – Ben Whisman, Best Editor – Erhan Acar, Best Cinematographer – Lol Crawley. Janusz Gajos
2059-458: The Leone film. The terror of the villains against their defenseless victims became just as ruthless as in A Fistful of Dollars , or more, and their brutalization of the hero when his treachery is disclosed became just as merciless, or more—similar to securing the latter's retribution. In the beginning, some films mixed some of these new devices with the borrowed U.S. Western devices typical for most of
2130-843: The Mexican Revolution, and of imperialism in general. In Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly there is still the scheme of a pair of heroes vs. a villain but it is somewhat relaxed, as here all three parties were driven by a money motive. In subsequent films such as Any Gun Can Play (whose Italian title, " Vado... l'ammazzo e torno ", is itself a quote from Leone's film), One Dollar Too Many , and Kill Them All and Come Back Alone several main characters repeatedly form alliances and betray each other for monetary gain. Sabata and If You Meet Sartana Pray for Your Death , directed by Gianfranco Parolini , introduce into similar betrayal environments
2201-566: The Slovenian film Odgrobadogroba by Jan Cvitkovic . TOFIFEST International Film Festival was held in November 2007. The Golden Angel for a feature film, which also received the audience award, went to the British film Hallam Foe , directed by David Mackenzie . The jury also singled out the British film The Mark of Cain , directed by Marc Munden , for a special prize. The Golden Angel award in
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2272-482: The United States. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978. These movies were originally released in Italian or with Italian dubbing , but, as most of the films featured multilingual casts, and sound was post-synched, most western all'italiana do not have an official dominant language. The typical spaghetti Western team was made up of an Italian director, an Italo-Spanish technical staff, and
2343-611: The West ) and Fernando Cerchio 's Il bandolero stanco , starring Erminio Macario and Renato Rascel , respectively. After World War II, there were scattered European uses of Western settings, mostly for comedy, musical or otherwise. A cycle of Western comedies was initiated in 1959 with La sceriffa and Il terrore dell’Oklahoma , followed by other films starring comedy specialists, such as Walter Chiari , Ugo Tognazzi , Raimondo Vianello , and Fernandel . An Italian critic has compared these comedies to American Bob Hope vehicles. The first American-British Western filmed in Spain
2414-564: The Western, seemed to be evolving into a new, rougher form. For many critics, Sergio Leone 's films were part of the problem. Leone's Dollars Trilogy (1964–1966) was not the beginning of the "spaghetti Western" cycle in Italy, but for some Americans, Leone's films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of an American genre. Christopher Frayling , in his noted book on the Italian Western, describes American critical reception of
2485-468: The actress, who was born in Toruń, was also honored with memorial plaque. Among festival guests were: Janusz Gajos , Agnieszka Grochowska, Krzysztof Zanussi and Małgorzata Kożuchowska . Grand Prix: The Jury adjudged two Special Awards for feature and short film. Awards rembed to Wrong Rosary by Mahmut Fazil Coskun (Turkey) and Please say something by David O’Reilly (Ireland). Some awards were given by
2556-464: The assassination of an American president in Dallas, Texas, by a group of Southern white supremacists who frame an innocent African-American. They are opposed by an unstable partnership between a whistleblower ( Giuliano Gemma ) and a political aide. Although it is intimated in some films, such as Django Kill and Requiescant , open homosexuality plays a marginal part in spaghetti Westerns. An exception
2627-520: The best director. Julia Jentsch and Bogusław Linda were honoured with Special Golden Angels. Grand Prix: Ma%C5%82gorzata Foremniak Małgorzata Irena Foremniak ( Polish pronunciation: [mawɡɔˈʐata fɔˈrɛmɲak] ; born 8 January 1967 in Radom ) is a Polish actress. She has appeared in the Polish TV series Na dobre i na złe as Zofia Stankiewicz-Burska up to 2011 and she has played
2698-489: The category of short films was received by Bartek Konopka for the film Three , and a special prize went to Romanian director Radu Jude for the film Lampa cu Caciula . The critics' award: Zygmunt Kałużyński received the New Zealand Eagle vs Shark directed by Taika Waititi , and Rafter: Łukasz Karwowski for the film South-North . International Film Festival Tofifest took place from 5–11 July. Apart from films, in
2769-439: The change to a lighter and more sentimental mood. The Trinity-inspired films also adopted this less serious and often-maligned style. Some critics deplore these post-Trinity films and their soundtracks as a degeneration of the "real" spaghetti Westerns. Indeed, Hill's and Spencer's skillful use of body language was a hard act to follow, and it is significant that the most successful of the post-Trinity films featured Hill ( Man of
2840-486: The cigarillo, the poncho, etc. The spaghetti Western was born, flourished and faded in a highly commercial production environment. The Italian "low" popular film production was usually low-budget and low-profit, and the easiest way to success was imitating a proven success. When the typically low-budget production, A Fistful of Dollars , turned into a remarkable box-office success, the industry eagerly lapped up its innovations. Most subsequent spaghetti Westerns tried to get
2911-450: The connection to Greek myth , the plays by Euripides and Racine , and the play by William Shakespeare , respectively. The latter also inspired 1972's Dust in the Sun , which follows the original more closely than Johnny Hamlet, in which the hero survives. The Forgotten Pistolero is based on the vengeance of Orestes . There are similarities between the story of The Return of Ringo and
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2982-479: The conventions of traditional U.S. Westerns. This was partly intentional, and partly the context of a different cultural background. In 1968, the wave of spaghetti Westerns reached its crest, comprising one-third of the Italian film production, only to collapse to one-tenth in 1969. Spaghetti Westerns have left their mark on popular culture, strongly influencing numerous works produced in and outside of Italy. According to veteran spaghetti Western actor Aldo Sambrell ,
3053-596: The films, performed by Eastern actors—for example, Chen Lee in My Name Is Shanghai Joe , or Lo Lieh teaming up with Lee Van Cleef in The Stranger and the Gunfighter . Some spaghetti Westerns incorporate political overtones, particularly from the political left . An example is Requiescant , featuring Italian author and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini as a major supporting character. Pasolini's character
3124-400: The first three spaghetti Westerns by Leone, a most influential film was Sergio Corbucci 's Django starring Franco Nero . Django was one of the most violent spaghetti Westerns. The titular character is torn between several motives—money or revenge—and his choices bring misery to him and to a woman close to him. Indicative of this film's influence on the spaghetti Western style, "Django" is
3195-557: The formula of the festival: resigning from amateur films, qualifying for competition both Polish and international productions. Ugór by Dominik Matwiejczyk won the Golden Angel, a major award of the festival. Diabeł by Tomasz Szafrański, was awarded the Golden Mannequin for the most artistically tasteful film and FLISAK, award of President of Toruń for artist from Kujawsko-Pomorskie region. International Toruń Film Festival TOFFI
3266-430: The genre included the comedy film Buddy Goes West and a Spanish-American coproduction, Comin' at Ya! , which was shot in 3D , and Django Strikes Again . Some movies that were not very successful at the box office still earn a "cult" status in some segment of the audience because of certain extraordinary features in story and/or presentation. One "cult" spaghetti Western that has also drawn attention from critics
3337-407: The genre. Likewise, and in contrast to the contemporary German Westerns, few films feature Native Americans . When they appear, they are more often portrayed as victims of discrimination than as dangerous foes. The only fairly successful spaghetti Western with a Native American main character (played by Burt Reynolds in his only European Western outing) is Sergio Corbucci 's Navajo Joe , in which
3408-416: The hero's name in a plenitude of subsequent Westerns. Although his character is not named Django, Franco Nero brings a similar ambience to Texas, Adios and Massacre Time , in which the hero must confront surprising and dangerous family relations. Similar "prodigal son" stories followed, including Chuck Moll , Keoma , The Return of Ringo , The Forgotten Pistolero , One Thousand Dollars on
3479-518: The hero), and pathos (terror and brutality against defenseless people and against the hero after his doublecross has been revealed). Ennio Morricone's innovative score expresses a similar duality between quirky and unusual sounds and instruments, and sacral dramatizing for the big confrontation scenes. Another important novelty was Clint Eastwood's performance as the man with no name —an unshaven, sarcastic, insolent Western antihero with personal goals in mind, and with distinct visuals to boot—the squint,
3550-427: The last canto of Homer 's Odyssey . Fury of Johnny Kid follows Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet , but (again) with a different ending; the loving couple leave together while their families annihilate each other. Some Italian Western films were made as vehicles for musical stars, such as Ferdinando Baldi 's Rita of the West , featuring Rita Pavone and Terence Hill . In non-singing roles were Ringo Starr as
3621-416: The more commercially successful films with a hero dedicated to vengeance— For a Few Dollars More , Once Upon a Time in the West , Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die! , A Reason to Live, a Reason to Die , Death Rides a Horse , Django, Prepare a Coffin , The Deserter , Hate for Hate , and Halleluja for Django — those with whom he cooperates typically have conflicting motivations. In 1968,
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#17328761953243692-526: The most attention is arguably Luis Trenker's Der Kaiser von Kalifornien about John Sutter . Another Italian Western is Girl of the Golden West . The film's title alludes to the opera The Girl of the Golden West , by Giacomo Puccini , but is not an adaptation of it. It was one of a handful of Westerns to be made during the silent film and Fascist Italy eras. Forerunners of the genre were also Giorgio Ferroni 's Il fanciullo del West ( The Boy in
3763-400: The most commercially successful of this lot was Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars . It was the innovations in cinematic style, music, acting and story of Leone's first Western that decided that spaghetti Westerns became a distinct subgenre and not just a number of films looking like American Westerns. In this seminal film, Leone used a distinct visual style with large face close ups to tell
3834-747: The parks of Valle del Treja (between Rome and Viterbo ), the area of Camposecco (next to Camerata Nuova , characterized by a karst topography ), the hills around Castelluccio , the town of Wuustwezel and the area around the Gran Sasso mountain, and the Tivoli 's quarries and Sardinia . God's Gun was filmed in Israel. European Westerns are as old as filmmaking itself. The Lumière brothers had their first public screening of films in 1895, and already, in 1896, Gabriel Veyre shot Repas d'Indien ( Indian Banquet ) for them. Joe Hamman starred as Arizona Bill in films made in
3905-543: The phrase spaghetti Western was coined by Spanish journalist Alfonso Sánchez in reference to the Italian food spaghetti . Spaghetti Westerns are also known as Italian Westerns or, primarily in Japan, Macaroni Westerns . In Italy, the genre is typically referred to as western all'italiana (Italian-style Western). Italo-Western is also used, especially in Germany. The term Eurowesterns has been used to broadly refer to all non-Italian Western movies from Europe, including
3976-599: The role of Ash in Avalon . She took part in Taniec z gwiazdami on TVN . She is now a judge in the Polish edition of Got Talent , called Mam talent! . This article about a Polish actor is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Spaghetti Western The spaghetti Western is a broad subgenre of Western films produced in Europe. It emerged in the mid-1960s in
4047-502: The story of a hero entering a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs, and ordinary social relations are nonexistent. The hero betrays and plays the gangs against each other to make money. He uses his cunning and exceptional weapons skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed, and he is severely beaten, but in the end, he defeats the remaining gang. The interactions in this story range between cunning and irony (the tricks, deceits, unexpected actions and sarcasm of
4118-864: The summertime organizers of the festival offered meetings, live music and plenty of outdoor events. There was a performance of Serbian band Boban and Marković Orkestar as an addition to the projection of Gucha - Distant Trumpet . In 2008 festival expanded and to the international short and feature film competitions added two new: Polish feature film competition and FORWARD! competition for best rule-breaking film. Tofifest 2008 Awards: Festival took place from 26 June until 3 July. The 7th edition main motto was: "Films are for people". Film Festival programmed special selections such as: Swiss Cinema, Alain Tanner and Michael Haneke retrospectives, Spaghetti Westerns , New Albanian and Kosovan Cinema, Polish Cinema Women with Barbara Sass and Helena Grassowna retrospectives. Helena Grassowna,
4189-626: The town. In A Pistol for Ringo , a traditional sheriff commissions a money-oriented hero played by Giuliano Gemma (as deadly but with more pleasing manners than Eastwood's character) to infiltrate a gang of Mexican bandits whose leader is played typically by Fernando Sancho . As with Leone's first Western, the Dollars Trilogy strongly influenced the further developments of the genre, as did Sergio Corbucci's Django and Enzo Barboni's two Trinity films, as well as some other successful spaghetti Westerns. After 1965, when Leone's second Western, For
4260-794: The traditional film projections, this festival offered its visitors plenty of outdoor concerts or educational programs such as: concert of Polish film songs from recent years with the stars such as Dezerter , O.S.T.R. , Dick4Dick, Mosqito, of cinema Institute B61, weekly creative workshops for children "Filmogranie". Many of that events took place among the Gothic buildings, at the Old Town market. That year among festival guests were: Julia Jentsch , Shirin Neshat , Bogusław Linda , Anna Polony and Wojciech Smarzowski . Grand Prix: The international Jury adjudged two more awards. Special award for outstanding actor creation
4331-779: The wake of Sergio Leone 's filmmaking style and international box-office success. The term was used by foreign critics because most of these Westerns were produced and directed by Italians . The majority of the films in the spaghetti Western genre were international co-productions by Italy and Spain, and sometimes France, West Germany, Britain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, and the United States. Over six hundred European Westerns were made between 1960 and 1978. Most spaghetti Westerns filmed between 1964 and 1978 were made on low budgets, and shot at Cinecittà Studios and various locations around southern Italy and Spain. Leone's films and other core spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticized or even "demythologized" many of
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#17328761953244402-437: The wave of spaghetti Westerns reached its crest, comprising one-third of the Italian film production, only to collapse to one-tenth in 1969. However, the considerable box-office success of Enzo Barboni 's They Call Me Trinity and its pyramidal follow-up, Trinity Is Still My Name , gave Italian filmmakers a new model to emulate. The main characters were played by Terence Hill and Bud Spencer , who had already cooperated as
4473-657: Was The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw , directed by Raoul Walsh . It was followed by Savage Guns , a British-Spanish Western, again filmed in Spain. It marked the beginning of Spain as a suitable film-shooting location for any type of European Western. In 1961, an Italian company coproduced the French Taste of Violence , with a Mexican Revolution theme. In 1963, three non-comedy Italo-Spanish Westerns were produced: Gunfight at Red Sands , Implacable Three , and Gunfight at High Noon . In 1965, Bruno Bozzetto released his traditionally animated feature film West and Soda ,
4544-517: Was a wave of Trinity-inspired films with quick and strong heroes, the former often called "Trinity", or coming from "a place called Trinity", and with few or no killings. Because the two model stories contained religious pacifists to account for the absence of gunplay, all of the successors contained religious groups, or, at least, priests, sometimes as one of the heroes. The music for the two Trinity Westerns (composed by Franco Micalizzi and Guido & Maurizio De Angelis , respectively) also reflected
4615-629: Was already a huge star due to the popularity of the TV series, Rawhide . Leone would have done far better financially by obtaining Kurosawa's advance permission to use Yojimbo' s script. Requiem for a Gringo shows many traces from another well-known Japanese film, Masaki Kobayashi 's Harakiri . When Asian martial arts films started to draw crowds in European cinema houses, the producers of spaghetti Westerns tried to hang on, this time not by adapting storylines, but rather by directly including martial arts in
4686-425: Was chosen by a grand jury. The main award at the festival was OFFIK. The jury comprised Małgorzata Foremniak , Maciej Dominiak, Waldemar Dziki, Barkiet Fukiet and Romuald Pokojski. The jury chose as the winning Krew z Nosa by Dominik Matwiejczyk. At the festival some works were nominated for OFFSkars Awards. In 2005 festival changed its name to International Toruń Film Festival TOFFI . The changes were also made in
4757-454: Was held from 18 to 22 October 2006. There were now two separate competitions organised for features and shorts. American production We Go Way Back by Lynn Shelton won the Golden Angel for best feature film. The Golden Angel for short was awarded to Emilka płacze by Rafał Kapeliński, which also received the FLISAK Award. Special Jury Prize and Critic Award of Zygmunt Kałużyński was won by
4828-574: Was held in 2002. It was founded by Monika Weychert-Waluszko and Marek Nowak. The festival was the continuation of the x!-muse tradition. Monika Weychert-Waluszko was the main organiser of film meetings at the Muses House that started in 2000. After a conflict that took place at the Muses House, Weychert was dismissed. Her successor, Katarzyna Jaworska, continued the idea of establishing the art house film festival in Toruń. The Festival began in December 2003 as
4899-485: Was honoured with Special Golden Angel. 8th International Torun Film Festival Tofifest held from 26 June to 2 July. From this year the most important competition of the festival is ON AIR which presented the first and second films of directors from all over the world. The leading slogan was: "Because everyone has a rebel inside". The most important sections of that edition were: retrospectives of Costa-Gavras and Ken Russell , Camp Cinema , New Georgian Cinema. More than
4970-437: Was received by Orsolyi Toth (Hungary) for the role in film Women without Men . The second award rambled to Altiplano (Belgium/Germany/The Netherlands) by Peter Brossens and Jessica Woodworth. Favorite film of Tofifest audience became Felicita (Georgia) by Salome Aleksi. Jury gave also a special award for documentary film Marysina Polana directed by Grzegorz Zariczny (Poland). The Jury acknowledged Romanian Bobby Paunescu as
5041-583: Was released; a combination of Western and vampire film. It was directed by Vincenzo Leone , father of Sergio Leone , and starred his mother, Bice Valerian , in the title role as the Indian princess Fatale. The Italians also made Wild Bill Hickok films, while the Germans released backwoods Westerns featuring Bela Lugosi as Uncas . Of the Western-related European films before 1964, the one that attracted
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