Tlacotalpan is a city in Tlacotalpan Municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz , declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 primarily for its architecture and colonial-era layout. The town was established in 1550 on what was originally an island in the Papaloapan River . From the colonial era to the 20th century, it was an important port, one of few interior river ports in Latin America. However, with the construction of the railroad, Tlacotalpan's importance faded. Starting in the latter 20th century, efforts to conserve the city's Spanish/Caribbean architecture and layout began, culminating in World Heritage status. Today, its main economic support is fishing and tourism, especially to the annual feast in honor of Our Lady of Candlemas.
97-537: It is nicknamed the "pearl of the Papaloapan." Tlacotalpan is distinct among most urban settlements in Latin America as it is a river port set back from the ocean. It is a World Heritage Site because of its layout, architecture, history and traditions. The urban layout and architecture date back to the 17th century, and the town has mostly conserved both. The layout is a checkboard, covering 153 blocks on 75 hectares. This
194-854: A 1.2 kilometres ( 3 ⁄ 4 mi) land border with the Andalusian portion of the province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System , consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, separated by the Intrabaetic Basin . In the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central . To
291-481: A "nationality" ( nacionalidad ). The national holiday, Andalusia Day , is celebrated on 28 February, commemorating the 1980 autonomy referendum. The honorific title of Hijo Predilecto de Andalucía ("Favourite Son of Andalusia") is granted by the Autonomous Government of Andalusia to those whose exceptional merits benefited Andalusia, for work or achievements in natural, social, or political science. It
388-555: A Gothic term, * landahlauts , and in 2002, Bossong suggested its derivation from a pre-Roman substrate. The Spanish place name Andalucía (immediate source of the English Andalusia ) was introduced into the Spanish languages in the 13th century under the form el Andalucía . The name was adopted to refer to those territories still under Moorish rule, and generally south of Castilla Nueva and Valencia , and corresponding with
485-470: A boardwalk along the river, much of it lined with restaurants. Set back slightly from the riverfront is the main square, called Plaza Zaragoza. It is laid out in white marble and dotted with palm trees. In the center, there is a 19th-century kiosk designed by local sculptor Francisco Sanchez Terán. The main landmark along this plaza is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Candlemas (Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria) on
582-517: A government agency coordinates with the owner of the property for its management), all part of the European Union 's Natura 2000 network. Under the international ambit are the nine Biosphere Reserves , 20 Ramsar wetland sites, four Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance and two UNESCO Geoparks . In total, nearly 20 percent of the territory of Andalusia lies in one of these protected areas, which constitute roughly 30 percent of
679-519: A historical region of northern Valencia . In broad terms, the typical vegetation of Andalusia is Mediterranean woodland , characterized by leafy xerophilic perennials , adapted to the long, dry summers. The dominant species of the climax community is the holly oak ( Quercus ilex ). Also abundant are cork oak ( Quercus suber ), various pines , and Spanish fir ( Abies pinsapo ). Due to cultivation, olive ( Olea europaea ) and almond ( Prunus dulcis ) trees also abound. The dominant understory
776-472: A large sailing ship which transported timber, tobacco, cotton, grain, sugar, brandy, leather, salted meat, crocodiles, heron feathers, furniture and soap. In 1825 one of Mexico's first nautical colleges was opened, founded by Guadalupe Victoria . In 1847, Tlacotalpan was officially declared a town in recognition of its participation in the defense against U.S. forces in the Mexican–American War . In 1864
873-538: A latitude between 36° and 38° 44' N, in the warm-temperate region. In general, it experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate , with dry summers influenced by the Azores High , but subject to occasional torrential rains and extremely hot temperatures. In the winter, the tropical anticyclones move south, allowing cold polar fronts to penetrate the region. Still, within Andalusia there is considerable climatic variety. From
970-466: A manner compatible with both conservation and economic exploitation, many of the most representative ecosystems have been given protected status. The various levels of protection are encompassed within the Network of Protected Natural Spaces of Andalusia (Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía, RENPA) which integrates all protected natural spaces located in Andalusia, whether they are protected at
1067-403: A maximum of 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) recorded at La Rambla , Córdoba (14 August 2021). The mountains of Granada and Jaén have the coldest temperatures in southern Iberia, but do not reach continental extremes (and, indeed are surpassed by some mountains in northern Spain). In the cold snap of January 2005, Santiago de la Espada (Jaén) experienced a temperature of −21 °C (−6 °F) and
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#17328729526381164-459: A name change of Tlacotalpan de Porfirio Díaz in 1896. This was changed to the current version after the Mexican Revolution . At the beginning of the 20th century, the town had eight schools, three hotels, nine factories and 100 single-storied houses. However, in the first part of the 20th century, Tlacotalpan's importance as a port, which had sustained it since the colonial period, waned with
1261-423: A painter and pioneer in the preservation of Veracruz's cultural heritage, in a house that belonged to him. The museum contains works by the artist and others along with antiques from his time period. The Agustín Lara House Museum is located on Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán Street east of the main plaza and is one of the most active cultural centers. It is dedicated to the songwriter and poet who lived much of his life in
1358-526: A permanent exhibition of items related to Lara, along with paintings by Salvador Ferrando and Alberto Fuster. The Nezahuacoyotl Theater is also on Venustiano Carranza, constructed in 1891 in French style during the Porfirio Díaz period. One other house converted into an attraction is the “mini zoo.” The structure and collection belonged to Pío Barrán. It houses a collection of objects and animals, especially from
1455-459: A port city in the 19th century. At the beginning of this century, French, German and Italian immigrants came to the area to plant and weave cotton, to be sold in English markets. Starting in 1821, Tlacotalpan experienced economic grown as a port for products from Oaxaca and Puebla going to Veracruz and abroad to New Orleans , Havana and Bordeaux . By 1855 it was home to eighteen steamships and
1552-580: A range of altitudes and slopes. Andalusia has the Iberian peninsula's highest mountains and nearly 15 percent of its terrain over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The picture is similar for areas under 100 metres (330 ft) (with the Baetic Depression), and for the variety of slopes. The Atlantic coast is overwhelmingly beach and gradually sloping coasts; the Mediterranean coast has many cliffs, above all in
1649-627: A result, at their mouths are estuaries and wetlands , such as the marshes of Doñana in the delta of the Guadalquivir, and wetlands of the Odiel. In contrast, the rivers of the Mediterranean Basin are shorter, more seasonal, and make a precipitous descent from the mountains of the Baetic Cordillera. Their estuaries are small, and their valleys are less suitable for agriculture. Also, being in
1746-478: A rich variety of birds. Some are of African origin, such as the red-knobbed coot ( Fulica cristata ), the purple swamphen ( Porphyrio porphyrio ), and the greater flamingo ( Phoenicopterus roseus ). Others originate in Northern Europe, such as the greylag goose ( Anser anser ). Birds of prey (raptors) include the Spanish imperial eagle ( Aquila adalberti ), the griffon vulture ( Gyps fulvus ), and both
1843-627: A statute of autonomy within Spain. The Parliament of Andalusia voted unanimously in 1983 that the preamble to the Statute of Autonomy recognise Blas Infante as the Father of the Andalusian Nation ( Padre de la Patria Andaluza ), which was reaffirmed in the reformed Statute of Autonomy submitted to popular referendum 18 February 2007. The preamble of the present 2007 Statute of Autonomy says that Article 2 of
1940-454: A tribute to then-owner Tobías Carbajal and his seven children. The museum section of the bar contain the only statue of Lara depicted in a guayabera and palm fond hat. The town's cultural center is also named after Lara (Casa de Cultura Agustín Lara). Located on Venustiano Carranza Avenue, its serves as a meeting place for artists, musicians and dancers, offering classes in traditional Veracruz zapateado dance and various instruments. It also has
2037-404: A vital role in the region's transition from prehistory to protohistory . Torito Torito (also known as Toro) is a cocktail from the east coast of Mexico . Torito originated in the state of Veracruz in the early 1900s. It was first made with firewater and fruits, then rum replaced the firewater, milk was added, and, most recently, it was blended with tequila . This cocktail became
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#17328729526382134-418: Is Neoclassical with some Moorish influence , which a clock in its tower said to have come from England over two centuries ago. Its main altarpieces inside is sculpted from wood and contains a notable image of Our Lady of Guadalupe . There is also in important altar dedicated to Jesus in the side chapel next to the main altar area. However, neither the sanctuary nor the parish is the oldest standing church in
2231-564: Is Seville , while the seat of the its High Court of Justice is the city of Granada . Andalusia is immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha ; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea ; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar . Gibraltar shares
2328-516: Is January when Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada experiences an average temperature of 6.4 °C (43.5 °F). The hottest are July and August, with an average temperature of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) for Andalusia as a whole. Córdoba is the hottest provincial capital, followed by Seville . The Guadalquivir valley has experienced some of the highest temperatures recorded in Europe, with
2425-468: Is a small plaza called the Plazuela Agustín Lara, named for a statue here of the songwriter . The Casa Artesanal Rafaela Murillo de Barbero is on the south side of this plaza, which used to be the municipal jail. Today it contains finely embroidered dresses, blouses, men's traditional suits and wood furniture and other products. The Salvador Ferrando Museum is located on the east side, dedicated to
2522-415: Is composed of thorny and aromatic woody species, such as rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), thyme ( Thymus ), and Cistus . In the wettest areas with acidic soils , the most abundant species are the oak and cork oak, and the cultivated Eucalyptus . In the woodlands, leafy hardwoods of genus Populus (poplars, aspens, cottonwoods) and Ulmus (elms) are also abundant; poplars are cultivated in
2619-518: Is defined by the Papaloapan River, along with the San Juan and Tuxpan Rivers which are both tributaries of the first. The Papaloapan is navigable, but there is neither dredging or signaling for boat traffic. The area has a semi-tropical climate, with an average annual temperatureof 25.1C. There are two distinct seasons. From October to April, the weather is dominated by the passing of cold fronts from
2716-503: Is derived from the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, "Al-Andalus". The etymology of the name "Al-Andalus" is disputed, and the extent of Iberian territory encompassed by the name has changed over the centuries. Traditionally it has been assumed to be derived from the name of the Vandals . Since the 1980s, a number of proposals have challenged this contention. Halm, in 1989, derived the name from
2813-406: Is divided into two sections: a "Spanish" section in the west and a smaller "native" one in the east, separated by a public area with commercial and official buildings along with some public spaces. The Spanish section of town is characterized by wide streets that parallel the Papaloapan River and connected by narrow lanes. Through this area, there are parks, and public spaces with mature trees, such as
2910-471: Is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia . These coins, called dinars , were inscribed in both Latin and Arabic . The region's history and culture have been influenced by the Tartessians , Iberians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Greeks , Romans , Vandals , Visigoths , Byzantines , Berbers , Arabs , Jews , Romanis and Castilians . During
3007-524: Is not a particularly high range, and its highest point, the 1,323-metre (4,341 ft) peak of La Bañuela in the Sierra Madrona , lies outside of Andalusia. Within the Sierra Morena, the gorge of Despeñaperros forms a natural frontier between Castile and Andalusia. The Baetic Cordillera consists of the parallel mountain ranges of the Cordillera Penibética near the Mediterranean coast and
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3104-500: Is present, deeper soils allowed farming of cereals suitable for livestock. The more complicated morphology of the Baetic Cordillera makes it more heterogeneous, with the most heterogeneous soils in Andalusia. Very roughly, in contrast to the Sierra Morena, a predominance of basic (alkaline) materials in the Cordillera Subbética, combined with a hilly landscape, generates deeper soils with greater agricultural capacity, suitable to
3201-515: Is the highest distinction given by the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. The Sevillian historian Antonio Domínguez Ortiz wrote that: one must seek the essence of Andalusia in its geographic reality on the one hand, and on the other in the awareness of its inhabitants. From the geographic point of view, the whole of the southern lands is too vast and varied to be embraced as a single unit. In reality there are not two, but three Andalusias:
3298-511: Is the hottest area of Europe, with Córdoba and Seville averaging above 36 °C (97 °F) in summer high temperatures. These high temperatures, typical of the Guadalquivir valley are usually reached between 4 p.m. and 9 p.m. (local time), tempered by sea and mountain breezes afterwards. However, during heat waves late evening temperatures can locally stay around 35 °C (95 °F) until close to midnight, and daytime highs of over 40 °C (104 °F) are common. Its present form
3395-573: Is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain , located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a historical nationality and a national reality . The territory is divided into eight provinces : Almería , Cádiz , Córdoba , Granada , Huelva , Jaén , Málaga , and Seville . Its capital city
3492-585: The Estoria de España (also known as the Primera Crónica General ) of Alfonso X of Castile , written in the second half of the 13th century, the term Andalucía is used with three different meanings: From an administrative point of view, Granada remained separate for many years even after the completion of the Reconquista due, above all, to its emblematic character as the last territory regained, and as
3589-676: The Arbonaida , meaning white-and-green in Mozarabic , a Romance language that was spoken in the region in Muslim times. Nowadays, the Andalusian government states that the colours of the flag evoke the Andalusian landscape as well as values of purity and hope for the future. The anthem of Andalusia was composed by José del Castillo Díaz (director of the Municipal Band of Seville, commonly known as Maestro Castillo) with lyrics by Blas Infante. The music
3686-646: The Baetic Depression , the basin of the Guadalquivir, lies between these two mountainous areas. It is a nearly flat territory, open to the Gulf of Cádiz in the southwest. Throughout history, this has been the most populous part of Andalusia. Andalusia has rivers that flow into both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Flowing to the Atlantic are the Guadiana , Odiel - Tinto , Guadalquivir , Guadalete , and Barbate . Flowing to
3783-547: The Barbary sheep ( Ammotragus lervia ), an invasive species from Africa, introduced for hunting in the 1970s. Among the small herbivores are rabbits—especially the European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus )—which form the most important part of the diet of the carnivorous species of the Mediterranean woodlands. The large carnivores such as the Iberian wolf ( Canis lupus signatus ) and
3880-601: The Conquest in 1521, Alfonso Romero received the area as an encomienda . In the current municipality, in a place then called Coanapa-Ayotzinapa, Cortés set up the first sugar cane mill in Mexico in 1532. In 1550, it was granted by the Spanish king to Gaspar Rivakeneyra on which he kept livestock. He could not prevent fishermen from establishing the town but he required them to build a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Candlemas. Colonization of
3977-797: The Cordillera Subbética inland, separated by the Surco Intrabético . The Cordillera Subbética is quite discontinuous, offering many passes that facilitate transportation, but the Penibético forms a strong barrier between the Mediterranean coast and the interior. The Sierra Nevada, part of the Cordillera Penibética in the province of Granada, has the highest peaks in Iberia: El Mulhacén at 3,478 metres (11,411 ft) and El Veleta at 3,392 metres (11,129 ft). Lower Andalusia,
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4074-542: The European polecat ( Mustela putorius ), the least weasel ( Mustela nivalis ), the European wildcat ( Felis silvestris ), the common genet ( Genetta genetta ), and the Egyptian mongoose ( Herpestes ichneumon ). Other notable species are Acherontia atropos (a variety of death's-head hawkmoth ), Vipera latasti (a venomous snake ), and the endemic (and endangered) fish Aphanius baeticus . Andalusia has many unique ecosystems. In order to preserve these areas in
4171-531: The Gulf of Cádiz ( Atlantic Ocean ); to the north the Sierra Morena constitutes the border with the Meseta Central ; to the south, the self-governing British overseas territory of Gibraltar and the Strait of Gibraltar separate it from Morocco . Andalusia is home to the hottest and driest climates in Spain, with yearly average rainfall around 150 millimetres (5.9 in) in Cabo de Gata , as well as some of
4268-473: The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) are quite threatened, and are limited to the Sierra de Andújar, inside of Sierra Morena, Doñana and Despeñaperros. Stocks of the wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), on the other hand, have been well preserved because they are popular with hunters. More abundant and in varied situations of conservation are such smaller carnivores as otters , dogs, foxes, the European badger ( Meles meles ),
4365-577: The Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA). In 1985 and 1997 a transition zone was established which includes areas across the river which serves as a buffer to the main conservation area. In 1998, it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its history as a river port, its architecture and its traditions in poetry, music and dance. Since these declarations INAH and the Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Arts (FONCA) have worked to revitalize
4462-579: The Islamic Golden Age , Córdoba surpassed Constantinople to be Europe 's biggest city, and became the capital of Al-Andalus and a prominent center of education and learning in the world, producing numerous philosophers and scientists. The Crown of Castile conquered and settled the Guadalquivir Valley in the 13th century. The mountainous eastern part of the region (the Emirate of Granada )
4559-618: The Latin words Dominator Hercules Fundator (Lord Hercules is the Founder) superimposed. The official flag of Andalusia consists of three equal horizontal stripes, coloured green, white, and green respectively; the Andalusian coat of arms is superimposed on the central stripe. Its design was overseen by Blas Infante and approved in the Assembly of Ronda (a 1918 gathering of Andalusian nationalists at Ronda ). Blas Infante considered these to have been
4656-504: The Sierra Morena , the Valley [of the Guadalquivir ] and the [Cordillera] Penibética Andalusia has a surface area of 87,597 square kilometres (33,821 sq mi), 17.3% of the territory of Spain. Andalusia alone is comparable in extent and in the variety of its terrain to any of several of the smaller European countries. To the east is the Mediterranean Sea ; to the west Portugal and
4753-627: The Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park in the province of Cádiz, which experiences one of highest rainfall in Spain. Annual rainfall in the Sierra de Grazalema has been measured as high as 4,346 millimetres (171.1 in) in 1963, the highest ever recorded for any location in Iberia. Andalusia is also home to the driest place in Europe , the Cabo de Gata , with only 156 millimetres (6.1 in) of rain per year. In general, as one goes from west to east, away from
4850-605: The Toltecs in the 12th century. In 1461, Moctezuma Ilhuicamina began the Aztec's first efforts to expand here, then controlled by the Cotaxtlan dominion. In 1475, Axayacatl conquered it along with Coixtlahuaca, Tochtepec and Cosamaloapan, giving all these areas their current names. In 1518, Pedro de Alvarado led an expedition sailing up the Papaloapan area and in 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Gonzalo de Sandoval here to search for gold. After
4947-454: The basin of the Segura . The soils of Andalusia can be divided into three large areas: the Sierra Morena , Cordillera Subbética , and the Baetic Depression and the Surco Intrabético . The Sierra Morena, due to its morphology and the acidic content of its rocks, developed principally relatively poor, shallow soils, suitable only for forests. In the valleys and in some areas where limestone
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#17328729526385044-491: The black and red kite ( Milvus migrans and Milvus milvus ). Among the herbivores , are several deer (Cervidae) species, notably the fallow deer ( Dama dama ) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ); the European mouflon ( Ovis aries musimon ), a feral sheep; and the Spanish ibex ( Capra pyrenaica , which despite its scientific name is no longer found in the Pyrenees ). The Spanish ibex has recently been losing ground to
5141-603: The rain shadow of the Baetic Cordillera means that they receive a lesser volume of water. The following hydrographic basins can be distinguished in Andalusia. On the Atlantic side are the Guadalquivir basin; the Andalusian Atlantic Basin with the sub-basins Guadalete-Barbate and Tinto-Odiel; and the Guadiana basin. On the Mediterranean side is the Andalusian Mediterranean Basin and the upper portion of
5238-543: The ski resort at Sierra Nevada National Park —the southernmost ski resort in Europe—dropped to −18 °C (0 °F). Sierra Nevada Natural Park has Iberia's lowest average annual temperature, (3.9 °C or 39.0 °F at Pradollano) and its peaks remain snowy practically year-round. Mountain ranges affect climate, the network of rivers, soils and their erosion, bioregions, and even human economies insofar as they rely on natural resources. The Andalusian terrain offers
5335-533: The 17th century, it became a commercial center for surrounding haciendas, which led to growth in its Spanish population. Its wealth and status as a port attracted English pirates in the 17th and 18th centuries and the city was burned down once by them in 1667. In 1714, the Papaloapan flooded and forced the movement of the city to its current location, then called Chuniapa. The town suffered three other major fires in 1698, 1788 and 1790. The last two prompted authorities to require rebuilding with stone walls, tile roofs and
5432-515: The 18th century. These are particularly abundant in the San Miguelito and La Candelaria neighborhoods. Many of the houses still retain their interior layout and even traditional furnishings. Although past its heyday in the 19th century, Tlacotalpan is still classified as a river port by the Mexican government, mostly serving fishing boats and small naval patrols. It has a 160-meter-long cement dock, and
5529-415: The Arabic term al-Andalus , in historical contexts the Spanish term Andalucía or the English term Andalusia do not necessarily refer to the exact territory designated by these terms today. Initially, the term referred exclusively to territories under Muslim control. Later, it was applied to some of the last Iberian territories to be regained from the Muslims, though not always to exactly the same ones. In
5626-449: The Atlantic, there is less precipitation. "Wet Andalusia" includes most of the highest points in the region, above all the Sierra de Grazalema but also the Serranía de Ronda in western Málaga. The valley of the Guadalquivir has moderate rainfall. The Tabernas Desert in Almería has less than 300 millimetres (12 in) annually. Much of "dry Andalusia" has more than 300 sunny days a year. The average temperature in Andalusia throughout
5723-406: The Malagan Axarquía and in Granada and Almería. This asymmetry divides the region naturally into Upper Andalusia [ es ] (two mountainous areas) and Lower Andalusia [ es ] (the broad basin of the Guadalquivir). The Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central . Although sparsely populated, this
5820-401: The Mediterranean are the Guadiaro , Guadalhorce , Guadalmedina , Guadalfeo , Andarax (also known as the Almería) and Almanzora . Of these, the Guadalquivir is the longest in Andalusia and fifth longest on the Iberian peninsula, at 657 kilometres (408 mi). The rivers of the Atlantic basin are characteristically long, run through mostly flat terrain, and have broad river valleys. As
5917-422: The Parque Hidalgo, noted for wandering musicians and Plazuela de Doña Maria, just east of the center, in the oldest section of town, surrounded by workshops that make furniture, musical instruments and other fine wood products. The architecture is characterized by one and two-story colonnaded houses Andalucian style inner courtyards, Caribbean-style arches, red-tile roofs and colorful facades, some of which date to
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#17328729526386014-469: The Siquisiri group. Tlacotalpan is located in the center of the eastern Mexico state of Veracruz, about 90 km from the port of Veracruz and 203 km southeast of the capital, Xalapa . It is part of the Sotavento region of the state. The geography of the area is somewhat flat, with rolling foothills towards the west. Most of the territory (60%) is used for livestock grazing, with about 15% under cultivation and 20% covered by water. The territory
6111-434: The Western Mediterranean subregion of the Mediterranean Basin , which falls within the Boreal Kingdom . Five floristic provinces lie, in whole or in part, within Andalusia: along much of the Atlantic coast, the Lusitanian-Andalusian littoral or Andalusian Atlantic littoral; in the north, the southern portion of the Luso-Extremaduran floristic province; covering roughly half of the region, the Baetic floristic province; and in
6208-467: The XXXVI National Meeting of Jaraneros and Versadores will be held in Plaza Doña Martha from 5:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. 56 groups are considered in the program, each one will have a participation of 10 to 30 minutes. Every night, ending this Encounter, the fandango will begin in the same square. There will also be fandangos in front of the church of San Miguel Arcángel better known as San Miguelito. These forums are coordinated by Diego López Vergara from
6305-438: The area was slow with only twelve Spaniards in 1544 and no more than 320 by 1777. Figures on other populations during the colonial period are missing but in 1808 there were 1,156 indigenous inhabitants and 1,616 "pardos" or people of indigenous and African heritage . At the beginning of the 17th century, there was an attempt to subordinate the area to Cosamaloapan , but the indigenous population here resisted it successfully. In
6402-428: The case of Hurricane Roxanne in 1995, Hurricanes Dean and Felix in 1997, Hurricane Karl in 2010 and Hurricane Ernesto in 2012. The vegetation is deciduous, with main tree species being holm oak , ash ( Fraxinus ), willow and poplar. There are also areas with mangroves . The area has some oil deposits. The name "Tlacotalpan" is a Spanish modification of the Nahuatl "Tlaxcotaliapan" which means "land between
6499-403: The city and improve the economy, particularly through tourism. Andalucia Andalusia ( UK : / ˌ æ n d ə ˈ l uː s i ə , - z i ə / AN -də- LOO -see-ə, -zee-ə , US : /- ʒ ( i ) ə , - ʃ ( i ) ə / -zh(ee-)ə, -sh(ee-)ə ; Spanish : Andalucía [andaluˈθi.a] , locally also [-ˈsi.a] )
6596-446: The colours most used in regional symbols throughout the region's history. According to him, the green came in particular from the standard of the Umayyad Caliphate and represented the call for a gathering of the populace. The white symbolised pardon in the Almohad dynasty , interpreted in European heraldry as parliament or peace. Other writers have justified the colours differently, with some Andalusian nationalists referring to them as
6693-442: The construction of the Ferrocarril del Istmo railroad. Its population grew only slightly from 1950 to 1980 and has remained stable since then at a bit over 8,800. In 1968, conservation efforts began when Tlacotalpan was declared a "typical city" of Mexico by the state of Veracruz. In 1986 it was declared a Historic Monuments Zone by the federal government to be managed by the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia (INAH) and
6790-452: The cultivation of olives. Finally, the Baetic Depression and the Surco Intrabético have deep, rich soils, with great agricultural capacity. In particular, the alluvial soils of the Guadalquivir valley and plain of Granada have a loamy texture and are particularly suitable for intensive irrigated crops. In the hilly areas of the countryside, there is a double dynamic: the depressions have filled with older lime-rich material, developing
6887-512: The deep, rich, dark clay soils the Spanish call bujeo , or tierras negras andaluzas , excellent for dryland farming. In other zones, the whiter albariza provides an excellent soil for vineyards . Despite their marginal quality, the poorly consolidated soils of the sandy coastline of Huelva and Almería have been successfully used in recent decades for hothouse cultivation under clear plastic of strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, and other fruits. Biogeographically, Andalusia forms part of
6984-432: The establishment of open spaces with trees. Those who could not rebuild in this fashion were forced to move to the eastern part of the town which had more relaxed requirements. Most of the oldest buildings date from this time and determined the common style of large houses with courtyards, tile roofs and arched passages. The municipality's territory was fixed by the end of the 18th century. Tlacotalpan reached its height as
7081-468: The extensive coastal plains one may pass to the valley of the Guadalquivir, barely above sea level, then to the highest altitudes in the Iberian peninsula in the peaks of the Sierra Nevada . In a mere 50 km (31 mi) one can pass from the subtropical coast of the province of Granada to the snowy peaks of Mulhacén . Andalusia also includes both the dry Tabernas Desert in the province of Almería and
7178-626: The extreme east, the Almerian portion of the Almerian-Murcian floristic province and (coinciding roughly with the upper Segura basin) a small portion of the Castilian-Maestrazgan-Manchegan floristic province. These names derive primarily from past or present political geography: "Luso" and "Lusitanian" from Lusitania , one of three Roman provinces in Iberia, most of the others from present-day Spanish provinces, and Maestrazgo being
7275-409: The figure of Hercules and two lions between the two pillars of Hercules that tradition situates on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. An inscription below, superimposed on an image of the flag of Andalusia reads Andalucía por sí, para España y la Humanidad ("Andalusia for herself, Spain and Humanity"). Over the two columns is a semicircular arch in the colours of the flag of Andalusia, with
7372-539: The former Roman province hitherto called Baetica in Latin sources. This was a Castilianization of Al-Andalusiya , the adjectival form of the Arabic language al-Andalus , the name given by the Arabs to all of the Iberian territories under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492. The etymology of al-Andalus is itself somewhat debated (see al-Andalus ), but in fact it entered the Arabic language before this area came under Moorish rule. Like
7469-409: The level of the local community, the autonomous community of Andalusia, the Spanish state, or by international conventions. RENPA consists of 150 protected spaces, consisting of two national parks , 24 natural parks , 21 periurban parks (on the fringes of cities or towns), 32 natural sites, two protected countrysides, 37 natural monuments, 28 nature reserves, and four concerted nature reserves (in which
7566-406: The making of movies that Barrán collected over his lifetime, including a notable collection related to Agustín Lara. The most unusual aspect of the site is the collection of exotic animals, a number of which run free on the property. The collection includes crocodiles, turtles, pelicans and birds of prey. The Jardín del Arte Tlacotalpeño (Tlacotalpan Art Garden) exhibits and sells works by artists in
7663-415: The mountains. The biodiversity of Andalusia extends to its fauna as well. More than 400 of the 630 vertebrate species extant in Spain can be found in Andalusia. Spanning the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins, and adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar, Andalusia is on the migratory route of many of the numerous flocks of birds that travel annually from Europe to Africa and back. The Andalusian wetlands host
7760-531: The north side. This church was built in the late 18th century (starting 1770) under Juan de Medina using stone brought from reefs in the Gulf of Mexico to house the Virgin Mary image inside, brought by sailors to the town in the 17th century. The city's main annual celebration fills this church with candles and flowers. The other church along the plaza is the San Cristóbal Parish, which dates from 1849. It
7857-477: The north, called "nortes." These fronts can cause strong winds and tornados. During the rest of the year, the weather is dominated by the Atlantic Current (Corriente Atlántica), which are warm and humid winds coming from the southeast of Mexico, causing most of the area's annual rainfall. September is the stormiest month and the area is also affected regularly by hurricanes. These can cause severe flooding such as
7954-413: The plains of Granada. The Andalusian woodlands have been much altered by human settlement, the use of nearly all of the best land for farming, and frequent wildfires . The degraded forests become shrubby and combustible garrigue . Extensive areas have been planted with non- climax trees such as pines. There is now a clear conservation policy for the remaining forests, which survive almost exclusively in
8051-435: The present Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognises Andalusia as a nationality . Later, in its articulation, it speaks of Andalusia as a "historic nationality" (Spanish: nacionalidad histórica ). It also cites the 1919 Andalusianist Manifesto of Córdoba describing Andalusia as a "national reality" ( realidad nacional ), but does not endorse that formulation. Article 1 of the earlier 1981 Statute of Autonomy defined it simply as
8148-734: The protected territory of Spain. Among these many spaces, some of the most notable are the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park , Spain's largest natural park and the second largest in Europe, the Sierra Nevada National Park , Doñana National Park and Natural Park , the Tabernas Desert , and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park , the largest terrestrial-maritime reserve in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The geostrategic position of Andalusia, at
8245-508: The region. It is located just south of the main square. In the intense festive calendar of Mexico, the celebration of the Virgen de la Candelaria in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, is a must. From January 31 to February 2, thousands of people crowd the streets of this beautiful place. During this festival, most Tlacotalpeños open their houses to accommodate thousands of visitors. During the days of the fair,
8342-602: The rest of Europe. Still, the growth of the community in the sectors of industry and services was above average in Spain and higher than many communities in the Eurozone . The region has a rich culture and a strong identity. Many cultural phenomena that are seen internationally as distinctively Spanish are largely or entirely Andalusian in origin. These include flamenco and, to a lesser extent, bullfighting and Hispano-Moorish architectural styles , both of which are also prevalent in some other regions of Spain. Andalusia's hinterland
8439-439: The seat of the important Real Chancillería de Granada , a court of last resort . Still, the reconquest and repopulation of Granada was accomplished largely by people from the three preexisting Christian kingdoms of Andalusia, and Granada came to be considered a fourth kingdom of Andalusia. The often-used expression " Four Kingdoms of Andalusia " dates back in Spanish at least to the mid-18th century. The Andalusian emblem shows
8536-582: The south, the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia [ es ] lies mostly within the Baetic System , while Lower Andalusia [ es ] is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir . The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus ( الأندلس ), which in turn may be derived from the Vandals , the Goths or pre-Roman Iberian tribes. The toponym al-Andalus
8633-621: The southernmost tip of Europe , between Europe and Africa and between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea , has made it a hub for various civilizations since the Metal Ages . Its wealth of minerals and fertile land, combined with its large surface area, attracted settlers from the Phoenicians to the Greeks , who influenced the development of early cultures like Los Millares , El Argar , and Tartessos . These early Andalusian societies played
8730-438: The town was taken by French forces under Marechal one day after taking Alvarado. Later that same year, Republican forces under Alejandro García retook the area. In 1865 it was declared a city and provisional capital for its resistance against the French. In 1879, Miguel Z. Cházaro founded Veracruz's third preparatory school. Here Porfirio Díaz organized an uprising against the government of Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada , which led to
8827-736: The town. It contains photographs and objects related to Lara and his career along with some of other important area artists such as Salvador Ferrando, Alberto Fuster and the more contemporary Eric Arana . Another landmark linked to Lara's life is the Blanca Nieves Cantina, also known as the Museum Bar of Tobías Carbajal Rivera. It was a favorite hangout of the songwriter, where he drank the local alcoholic beverage called “ toritos ” with friends. It has been in business for over sixty years, but originally called El Encango de Tobías. Its current name, " Snow White " in Spanish, comes from Lara himself, as
8924-514: The town. This is the San Miguelito Church, located at the Plaza de las Madres. It was constructed in 1785 during the height of Baroque in Mexico. The last main structure at Plaza Zaragoza is the municipal palace. It was constructed in 1849 and contains various oil paintings by Salvador Ferrando as well as an archive of documents that date back to the colonial period. Just east of the Sanctuary
9021-534: The waters." This refers to the island of the original settlement in the Papaloapan River . When the north bank of the river was modified, the island was adjoined to the mainland. In the mid-19th century, the name was San Cristobal Tlacotalpan, but has since been shortened. Much is not known about the pre Hispanic history of the area, but the area was originally inhabited by the Totonacs . These were later displaced by
9118-405: The wettest ones, with yearly average rainfall above 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in inland Cádiz . In the west, weather systems sweeping in from the Atlantic ensure that it is relatively wet and humid in the winter, with some areas receiving copious amounts. Contrary to what many people think, as a whole, the region enjoys above-average yearly rainfall in the context of Spain. Andalusia sits at
9215-533: The year is over 16 °C (61 °F). Averages in the cities range from 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) in Baeza to 19.2 °C (66.6 °F) in Seville . However, a small region on the Mediterranean coast of Almeria and Granada provinces have average annual temperature over 20 °C (68 °F). Much of the Guadalquivir valley and the Mediterranean coast has an average of about 18 °C (64 °F). The coldest month
9312-468: Was inspired by Santo Dios , a popular religious song sung at harvest time by peasants and day labourers in the provinces of Málaga, Seville, and Huelva. Blas Infante brought the song to Maestro Castillo's attention; Maestro Castillo adapted and harmonized the traditional melody. The lyrics appeal to the Andalusians to mobilise and demand tierra y libertad ("land and liberty") by way of agrarian reform and
9409-468: Was subdued in the late 15th century. Atlantic-facing harbors prospered upon trade with the New World. Chronic inequalities in the social structure caused by uneven distribution of land property in large estates induced recurring episodes of upheaval and social unrest in the agrarian sector in the 19th and 20th centuries. Andalusia has historically been an agricultural region, compared to the rest of Spain and
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