115-842: Tjilbruke (also Tjirbruki , Tjilbruki , Tjirbruke , Tjirbuk or Tjirbuki ,) is an important creation ancestor for the Kaurna people of the Adelaide plains in the Australian state of South Australia . Tjilbruke was a Kaurna man, who appeared in Kaurna Dreaming dating back about 11,000 years. The Tjilbruke Dreaming Track or Tjilbruke Dreaming Trail is a major Dreaming trail , which connects sites from within metropolitan Adelaide southwards as far as Cape Jervis , some of which are Aboriginal sacred sites of great significance. The Tjilbruke Dreaming pre-dates European contact , probably arising when
230-482: A grey currawong , rubbed its fat onto his body and tied its feathers onto his arms, before transforming himself into a glossy ibis (or other wading bird ; in some sources, a blue crane ) as his spirit left his body. His body became the pyrite outcrop at Brukunga. Saddened by these events Tjilbruke decided he no longer wished to live as a man. His spirit became a bird, the Tjilbruke ( Glossy Ibis ), and his body became
345-632: A rookery ); and a sanctuary for dolphins. The area is also home to the largest area of mangrove forest, shallow seagrasses and mudflats in Gulf St Vincent. Spring tides are over 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) AHD , and at low tide , mudflats are exposed near the outlet of the river. Prior to European settlement of the Adelaide Plains, winter rains over the catchment of the River Torrens created large seasonal inflows of fresh water into
460-736: A city. The Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary includes all of the Port River estuary and includes a stretch of the sea northwards past St Kilda . A fishing fleet operates out of the North Arm, which also has a speed boat club. Recreational boating marinas are located in the Angas Inlet and on the Lefevre Peninsula. The Port Adelaide Rowing Club , established around 1877, and was situated at Inner Harbour until 1957, when it moved to Largs North . and
575-476: A conscious and immaterial entity like God cannot create a material entity like the universe. Furthermore, according to the Jain concept of divinity, any soul who destroys its karmas and desires achieves liberation. A soul who destroys all its passions and desires has no desire to interfere in the working of the universe. Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being, but a result of an innate moral order in
690-526: A critique of the Mesopotamian theology of creation: Genesis affirms monotheism and denies polytheism . Robert Alter described the combined narrative as "compelling in its archetypal character, its adaptation of myth to monotheistic ends". The Abrahamic creation narrative is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the two first chapters of the Book of Genesis . The first account (1:1 through 2:3) employs
805-591: A different god or goddess is the secondary creator at the start of each cosmic cycle ( kalpa , aeon). Brahma is a "secondary creator" as described in the Mahabharata and Puranas , and among the most studied and described. Born from a lotus emerging from the navel of Vishnu , Brahma creates all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself. In contrast, the Shiva -focused Puranas describe Brahma and Vishnu to have been created by Ardhanarishvara , that
920-594: A large area of marshland known as "the Reedbeds" across some of the present western suburbs. In 1937 a channel known as the Breakout Creek was constructed to take the Torrens westwards to the sea. The Port River is the western branch of the largest tidal estuary on the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent . It extends inland through the historic Inner Harbour of Port Adelaide , to the constructed salt-water West Lakes in
1035-538: A large clam with an elongated triangular shell have expanded in recent years (to 2023). Near the outlet of the river, the mudflats are a breeding ground for blue swimmer crabs and other species. It is estimated that less than one percent of shellfish reefs around South Australia remain, compared with the 1940s. Around 1969, Pacific oysters ( Magallana gigas ) were introduced for aquaculture in South Australia. After an outbreak of disease in this species, in 2018
1150-575: A martowalan (memorial) in the form of the baruke ( iron pyrites ) outcrop at Barrukungga, the place of hidden fire ( Brukunga - north of Nairne in the Adelaide Hills). Tjilbruke was a master at fire-making . The Tjilbruke Monuments Committee was formed by Robert Edwards of the South Australian Museum (SAM), sculptor John Dowie and staff of the Sunday Mail in 1971. It was largely due to
1265-526: A one-way system that draws in seawater from the Gulf through an inlet off the coast at the southern end. The Lakes discharge into the upper reaches of the Port River at Ethelton. The water quality has improved since the reduced flows and improved quality of Bolivar sewerage, and since the closure of Penrice soda ash plant in Osborne in 2014. The soda ash plant was a major ammonia pollution source. Regular testing by
SECTION 10
#17330862370791380-447: A repetitious structure of divine fiat and fulfillment, then the statement "And there was evening and there was morning, the [ x ] day," for each of the six days of creation. In each of the first three days there is an act of division: day one divides the darkness from light, day two the "waters above" from the "waters below", and day three the sea from the land. In each of the next three days these divisions are populated: day four populates
1495-444: A secondary creator from the primary transcendent being, identified as a primary creator. According to Gaudiya Vaishnavas , Brahma is the secondary creator and not the supreme. Vishnu is the primary creator. According to Vaishnava belief Vishnu creates the basic universal shell and provides all the raw materials and also places the living entities within the material world, fulfilling their own independent will. Brahma works with
1610-530: A simple flowing narrative style that proceeds from God's forming the first man through the Garden of Eden to the creation of the first woman and the institution of marriage. In contrast to the omnipotent God of Genesis 1 creating a god-like humanity, the God of Genesis 2 can fail as well as succeed. The humanity he creates is not god-like, but is punished for acts which would lead to their becoming god-like (Genesis 3:1-24) and
1725-511: A wilderness. His father used to worship Aten alongside other gods of their polytheistic religion. Aten, for a long time before his father's time, was revered as a god among the many gods and goddesses in Egypt. Atenism was countermanded by later pharaoh Tutankhamun , as chronicled in the artifact, the Restoration Stela. Despite different views, Atenism is considered by some scholars to be one of
1840-466: A wooden footbridge, which allowed people to move onto the Lefevre Peninsula. Before European settlement of Adelaide's western suburbs and the construction of various flood mitigation channels and levees , the Port River formed one of the outlets of the River Torrens . The Torrens used to flow north-west into the Port River, until sediment accumulated upstream built up, blocking the channels and forming
1955-606: Is Who created for you all that is on earth. Then He Istawa (rose over) towards the heaven and made them seven heavens and He is the All-Knower of everything." At the same time, God is unlike anything in creation: "There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the Hearing, the Seeing." and nobody can perceive God in totality: "Vision perceives Him not, but He perceives [all] vision; and He is the Subtle,
2070-483: Is complex and depends upon each individual and the tradition and philosophy followed. Hinduism is sometimes referred to as henotheistic (i.e., involving devotion to a single god while accepting the existence of others), but any such term is an overgeneralization. The Nasadiya Sukta ( Creation Hymn ) of the Rigveda is one of the earliest texts which "demonstrates a sense of metaphysical speculation" about what created
2185-460: Is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator. In Mandaeism , Hayyi Rabbi (lit=The Great Life), or 'The Great Living God', is the supreme God from which all things emanate . He is also known as 'The First Life', since during the creation of the material world, Yushamin emanated from Hayyi Rabbi as the "Second Life." "The principles of the Mandaean doctrine: the belief of
2300-576: Is half Shiva and half Parvati; or alternatively, Brahma was born from Rudra , or Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons ( kalpa ). Thus in most Puranic texts, Brahma's creative activity depends on the presence and power of a higher god. In other versions of creation, the creator deity is the one who is equivalent to the Brahman , the metaphysical reality in Hinduism. In Vaishnavism , Vishnu creates Brahma and orders him to order
2415-579: Is marked by six Kaurna significant sites, and interpretive signs explain many aspects of Kaurna culture and life on the estuary. (See also History, above.) There are ships' graveyards at Angas Inlet and Broad Creek in the Barker Inlet. Broad Creek contains the wrecks of the Dorothy S and No. 1 Hulk , while the remains in Angas Inlet are either not confirmed or unidentified recreational craft. Further up-river, with Ethelton on one side and Port Adelaide on
SECTION 20
#17330862370792530-567: Is now the corner of the Old Port Road and Frederick Road, at Royal Park / Queenstown . The McLaren Wharf was built in 1839, and the port was opened at its current location (now Port Adelaide) in October 1840. Port Adelaide became a hub for the oyster trade, owing to the abundance of native mud oysters and other shellfish in the river. Aquaculture took place from the late 1850s to the 1910s around Jervois Bridge, and oysters were also shipped to
2645-527: Is one, and material monism which holds that everything including all material reality is one and the same thing. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. Jainism does not support belief in a creator deity. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents—soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion have always existed (a static universe similar to that of Epicureanism and steady state cosmological model ). All
2760-528: Is only with his Lord. Indeed, the disbelievers will not succeed." ). Islam teaches that God as referenced in the Qur'an is the only god and the same God worshipped by members of other Abrahamic religions such as Christianity and Judaism. One of the biggest responsibilities in the faith of Sikhism is to worship God as "The Creator", termed Waheguru , who is shapeless, timeless, and sightless, i.e., Nirankar , Akal, and Alakh Niranjan . The religion only takes after
2875-517: Is seen as the origin of life and a force of motion. The Bakongo believe that life requires constant change and perpetual motion. Nzambi Mpunga is also referred to as Kalûnga, the God of change. Similarities between the Bakongo belief of Kalûnga and the Big Bang Theory have been studied. Nzambi is also said to have created two worlds. As Kalûnga filled mbûngi, it created an invisible line that divided
2990-487: Is the creator of the world. Yerta Bulti The Port River (officially known as the Port Adelaide River ) is part of a tidal estuary located north of the Adelaide city centre in the Australian state of South Australia . It has been used as a shipping channel since the beginning of European settlement of South Australia in 1836, when Colonel Light selected the site to use as a port. Before colonisation,
3105-612: Is to be tested: "Who has created death and life, that He may test you which of you is best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Oft-Forgiving;" Those who pass the test are rewarded with Paradise: "Verily for the Righteous there will be a fulfilment of (the heart's) desires;" According to the Islamic teachings, God exists above the heavens and the creation itself. The Quran mentions, "He it
3220-459: The Santiago and Dorothy H. Sterling , as well as other sailing ships, steamships and iron barges. The ecology of the estuarine area includes and is dependent on the health of its component parts: the waters, intertidal zone , and lands on the shore. The area includes breeding and feeding grounds for several species of fish and prawn ; a combination of resident and migratory birds (including
3335-735: The Adelaide Plains , the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the south coast at Rosetta Head (The Bluff) near Victor Harbour , and also in the Adelaide Hills at Brukunga ; so it takes in Ramindjeri and Peramangk country. After Kulultuwi's body had been smoked and dried, Tjilbruke picked up the body and carried it firstly to Tulukudangga/Tulukudank. Here some versions of the story diverge slightly; one says that he wept at this point and his tears created this spring, while another says that Tulukudangga
3450-560: The City of Marion at Warriparinga ("windy place by the river"), developed by Adelaide artists Margaret Worth , Sherry Rankine and Gavin Malone . A complex and highly symbolic artwork, it incorporates coloured sands from the Red Ochre Cove area, morthi ( tinder ) made from Stringybark tree trunks, and eucalypts . After being planned since 1995, official opening in October 1997 was attended by
3565-546: The Environmental Protection Authority took place until 2008, after which only informal testing has occurred. In December 2016, SA Health testing showed very low counts of bacteria, enabling the annual "Long Swim" in the Inner Harbour to recommence after many decades of absence. Mangrove forests (consisting of only one species, Avicennia marina var resinifera ) remain at Ethelton and New Port, along
Tjilbruke - Misplaced Pages Continue
3680-619: The Governor General of Australia , William Deane , Lowitja O'Donoghue , and several Kaurna representatives, and celebrated with traditional ceremony and dance. A federal government -funded reconciliation project in partnership with the City of Marion and the Kaurna community (Dixon and Williams clans) worked together to create a visitor and education centre for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people to come together and reconcile their differences in
3795-575: The Gulf St Vincent Important Bird Area , a number of ships' graveyards and other places of heritage interest. There are three road bridges and two railway bridges over the river. Its southern end abuts the West Lakes recreational body of water. Before British colonisation of South Australia , the Kaurna people called the Port River region and estuary Yerta Bulti (also spelt Yertabulti ), meaning "land of sleep or death", while
3910-535: The Mount Lofty Ranges , across to Gulf Saint Vincent, including the plains and city of Adelaide. The Tjilbruke story became part of the southern Kaurna Dreaming . It is more than a creation story ; it assumes the status of a religion for some, sets standards and rules for living, and provides spiritual meaning. It is both lore and law . The lore tells of a time when all the people lived in accord with peaceful trading laws which governed all their lives. The law
4025-552: The Pentateuch (the series of five books which begins with Genesis and ends with Deuteronomy ) was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BCE (the Jahwist source) and was later expanded by other authors (the Priestly source ) into a work very similar to Genesis as known today. The two sources can be identified in the creation narrative: Priestly and Jahwistic. The combined narrative is
4140-697: The Port River Expressway was constructed, with the road bridge across the Port River opening on 3 August 2008, named the Tom 'Diver' Derrick Bridge . The Expressway links Hanson Road, South Road and the Salisbury Highway with the port. A railway bridge was constructed as part of the project. Today the river is crossed by Mary MacKillop opening rail bridge , the Expressway bridge, the Birkenhead Bridge,
4255-551: The Port River estuary , includes Barker Inlet , Torrens Island , Garden Island , and to a greater or lesser extent touches the suburbs of St Kilda , Bolivar , Dry Creek , Port Adelaide , New Port , and (up the eastern flank of the Lefevre Peninsula ), Taperoo , Osborne and Outer Harbor . Sections of the river bank are variously developed for shipping, industrial and increasingly, residential use. The rich ecosystem of
4370-418: The basimbi , bakisi and bakita. Oral tradition accounts that in the beginning, there was only a circular void ( mbûngi ) with no life. Nzambi Mpungu summoned a spark of fire ( Kalûnga ) that grew until it filled the mbûngi. When it grew too large, Kalûnga became a great force of energy and unleashed heated elements across space, forming the universe with the sun, stars, planets, etc. Because of this, Kalûnga
4485-470: The black swans , as this was forbidden. The reeds , blue flax lily and rushes (probably Juncus kraussii , the salt marsh rush ) were used for weaving baskets and nets – the latter used for not only fish, but game such as kangaroo and emu . Dolphins were known as yambo . At that time, a large sand dune known as the Gillman Dunal system stretched inland across the southern part of the area, where
4600-534: The cosmos ; a self-regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas. Through the ages, Jain philosophers have adamantly rejected and opposed the concept of creator and omnipotent God and this has resulted in Jainism being labeled as nāstika darsana or atheist philosophy by the rival religious philosophies . The theme of non-creationism and absence of omnipotent God and divine grace runs strongly in all
4715-715: The tourism industry. ASC (formerly the Australian Submarine Corporation) has its construction and maintenance facility and dock at Osborne . There is a heritage-listed former Quarantine Station on Torrens Island and a small timber jetty adjacent to it. Torrens Island Power Station and the Pelican Point Power Station , draw seawater from the Port River for cooling purposes and return it at an elevated temperature. The worst environmental disaster to occur in South Australian marine waters
Tjilbruke - Misplaced Pages Continue
4830-463: The "Adelaide plains tribe", the Kaurna, settled the area at least 2,000 years BP (as evidenced by archaeological finds at Hallett Cove , where Kaurna campsites succeeded those of the Kartan people of Kangaroo Island , who had been there tens of thousands of years earlier). Kaurna Yerta Parngkarra (Kaurna tribal country) stretches from Cape Jervis in the south, to Crystal Brook in the north, west to
4945-580: The Acquainted." God in Islam is not only majestic and sovereign, but also a personal God: "And indeed We have created man, and We know what his ownself whispers to him. And We are nearer to him than his jugular vein (by Our Knowledge)." Allah commands the believers to constantly remember Him ("O you who have believed, remember Allah with much remembrance" ) and to invoke Him alone ("And whoever invokes besides Allah another deity for which he has no proof—then his account
5060-566: The Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth.", 1st century CE), that is symmetrical to the Nicene Creed (4th century CE). Nowadays, theologians debate whether the Bible itself teaches if this creation by God is a creation ex nihilo . Traditional interpreters argue on grammatical and syntactical grounds that this is the meaning of Genesis 1:1, which is commonly rendered: "In the beginning God created
5175-814: The Fish Market Pontoon, and the Unnamed Pontoon. Tam O'Shanter Creek is on the Port Adelaide side of the river here, and further north on the Glanville side is Hawker Creek . Mutton Cove Ships' Graveyard is within the Mutton Cove Conservation Reserve . The wreck of the former steel steamship Excelsior , later used as a coal hulk , lies at the northern end of the cove, near Pelican Point . The former iron barge, later paddleboat , known as Jupiter lies overgrown with mangroves towards
5290-805: The Hebrew creator-deity Yahweh with Aristotle 's unmoved mover ( First Cause ) in an attempt to prove that the Jews had held monotheistic views even before the Greeks. A similar theoretical proposition was demonstrated by Thomas Aquinas , who linked Aristotelian philosophy with the Christian faith, followed by the statement that God is the First Being, the First Mover, and is Pure Act. The deuterocanonical 2 Maccabees has two relevant passages. At chapter 7, it narrows about
5405-446: The Jervois Bridge, and a railway bridge carrying the Outer Harbor railway line . Bower Road crosses the southern extremity of the river, with West Lakes on the other side. The banks of the river are largely industrialised and have some of Adelaide's wharves , bulk cargo and container handling facilities. Large ship transport vessels use the river's main channel. Port Adelaide is a tidal port, with several shipping berths along
5520-418: The Port Adelaide location was known as Yartapuulti . The river is now officially known as the Port Adelaide River , while the name Port River is described in official sources as "a local variant." Prior to the 1836 British colonisation of South Australia , the river was a shallow and narrow tidal creek winding between mangrove swamps . At this time, it was inhabited by the Kaurna people , who occupied
5635-431: The Port River region and the estuary area were known as Yerta Bulti (or Yertabulti ) by the Kaurna people , and used extensively as a source of food and plant materials to fashion artefacts used in daily life. The Port River dolphins are a popular tourist attraction. The Port River is the western branch of the largest tidal estuary on the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent . The whole estuarine area, sometimes called
5750-415: The Reedbeds wetlands, which drained north into the Port River and south to the Patawalonga River . In their natural state, the interconnected creeks and channels of the Port River estuary and Barker Inlet were surrounded by mudflats, mangroves, and saltmarshes colonised by samphires . Many of these remain, although the water flows have changed significantly. Tidal movement has a substantial influence on
5865-406: The Tjilbruke Trail articles and booklets were published in the 1980s, and the trail was included in Aboriginal Studies curricula. However, there was little input from Kaurna people at this stage. In 1981, Georgina Williams (SAM) began to research the trail. It was important to her "because Tjilbruke was to me an example of the law of my people and of the law related to the land and the places along
SECTION 50
#17330862370795980-439: The Tjilbruki Dreaming Trail featured significantly. In 2006, six Kaurna interpretive signs were installed along the trail, in a collaboration with the state government . The markers have immense cultural and social significance for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, and help to bring Aboriginal cultural meaning to a wider audience. Heading south from the Tjilbruke Monument at Kingston Park, there are ten markers, located at
6095-423: The area, he found himself tracking the same emu as his uncle, which he was forbidden to do. However he killed the emu, and Tjilbruke, although initially angry, forgave him when he gave him some of the emu meat. (In one version of the story, although Kulultuwi was not supposed to have killed the kari ahead of his uncle, Tjilbruke gave him permission to do so, as long as he gave him some of the meat.) While Kulultuwi
6210-419: The beginning there was nothing in the universe except a formless chaos . However this chaos began to coalesce into a cosmic egg for eighteen thousand years. Within it, the perfectly opposed principles of yin and yang became balanced and Pangu emerged (or woke up) from the egg. Pangu is usually depicted as a primitive, hairy giant with horns on his head and clad in furs. Pangu set about the task of creating
6325-411: The belief in "One God for All" or Ik Onkar . In the Baháʼí Faith God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence. He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, omniscient , omnipresent and almighty ". Although transcendent and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation
6440-403: The circle in half. The top half represents the physical world ( Ku Nseke or nsi a bamôyo ), while the bottom half represents the spiritual world of the ancestors ( Ku Mpèmba ). The Kalûnga line separates these two worlds, and all living things exists on one side or another. After creation, the line and the mbûngi circle became a river, carrying people between the worlds at birth and death. Then
6555-424: The coast". A number of the sites have special spiritual significance, and in the 1980s, work by the successor to the Tjilbruke Monuments Committee, the Tjilbruke Track Committee, on the track became a central focus of Kaurna identity. The committee was later renamed the Kaurna Heritage Committee and then grew into the Kaurna Aboriginal Community and Heritage Association (KACHA) in the 1990s, which became recognised as
6670-458: The constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws . It is not possible to create matter out of nothing and hence the sum total of matter in the universe remains the same (similar to law of conservation of mass ). Similarly, the soul of each living being is unique and uncreated and has existed since beginningless time. The Jain theory of causation holds that a cause and its effect are always identical in nature and therefore
6785-448: The darkness and light with sun, moon, and stars; day five populates seas and skies with fish and fowl; and finally, land-based creatures and mankind populate the land. The first (the Priestly story ) was concerned with the cosmic plan of creation, while the second (the Yahwist story ) focuses on man as cultivator of his environment and as a moral agent. The second account, in contrast to the regimented seven-day scheme of Genesis 1, uses
6900-482: The demiurge represents the second cause or dyad , after the monad . In Gnostic dualism , the demiurge is an imperfect spirit and possibly an evil being, transcended by divine Fullness ( Pleroma ). Unlike the Abrahamic God, Plato's demiurge is unable to create ex-nihilo . Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning monotheism , polytheism , panentheism , pantheism , pandeism , monism , and atheism among others; and its concept of creator deity
7015-439: The early 1980s the Williams family, of the Mullawirra and Mulla mai/ Kudnarto clans, have been senior custodians of the Tjilbruke story, and Karl Winda Telfer has collaborated with Gavin Malone to share the story. Milerum, also known as Clarence Long, has also been a contributor. The Tjilbruke story is part of a bigger and more complex story known as the Munaintya Dreaming, that has been passed down through oral tradition through
SECTION 60
#17330862370797130-630: The ecology of the estuarine area's flora and marine fauna. Flows occur from the north (via Outer Harbor) and south (West Lakes, which draws in seawater via an engineered tunnel at Grange ). Since settlement and industrialisation, stormwater has caused pollution in the estuary. Industrial enterprises variously impacted the ecology, with nutrients boosting the growth of algal blooms , various contaminants reducing water quality. Temperature changes caused by effluents from gas-fired power stations at Torrens Island and Pelican Point persist. Sometimes high loads of solid materials have also been discharged into
7245-451: The efforts of Edwards and other non-Aboriginal people that drove the early promotion of Kaurna cultural tourism . A public appeal helped to fund the marking of the trail by plaques and sculptures, to pay homage to the Kaurna culture and to attract and educate tourists. In 1972 John Dowie created the sculpture known as the Tjilbruke Monument at Kingston Park , within the City of Holdfast Bay . Cairns were created at significant points along
7360-401: The following places: In 2009, a walkway was created to provide better access to Tulukudangga Spring at Kingston Park, with new interpretative signage. In the current City of Marion Reconciliation Plan, it is planned to "Collaborate with neighbouring Councils to promote the local Kaurna Tjilbruke Dreaming Tracks" in June 2022. The Tjilbruki Gateway is a modern art installation installed by
7475-399: The four most prominent beasts, namely the Turtle , the Qilin , the Phoenix , and the Dragon . After eighteen thousand years had elapsed, Pangu was laid to rest. His breath became the wind ; his voice the thunder ; left eye the sun and right eye the moon ; his body became the mountains and extremes of the world; his blood formed rivers; his muscles the fertile lands; his facial hair
7590-429: The frontiers of monotheism in human history. The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity . The narrative is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis . In the first, Elohim (the Hebrew generic word for God ) creates the heavens and the Earth, the animals, and mankind in six days, then rests on, blesses and sanctifies
7705-449: The great happenings and processes of nature. The post-Vedic texts of Hinduism offer multiple theories of cosmogony , many involving Brahma . These include Sarga (primary creation of universe) and Visarga (secondary creation), ideas related to the Indian thought that there are two levels of reality, one primary that is unchanging ( metaphysical ) and other secondary that is always changing ( empirical ), and that all observed reality of
7820-449: The heavens and the earth." However, other interpreters understand creation ex nihilo as a 2nd-century theological development. According to this view, church fathers opposed notions appearing in pre -Christian creation myths and in Gnosticism —notions of creation by a demiurge out of a primordial state of matter (known in religious studies as chaos after the Greek term used by Hesiod in his Theogony ). Jewish thinkers took up
7935-409: The history of the land through the forms of animals forms cut into the pavement, and, on the wall surrounding the area, a huge ceramic mural depicting the Tjillbruke Dreaming story. Other commemorations include: Creator being A creator deity or creator god is a deity responsible for the creation of the Earth , world , and universe in human religion and mythology. In monotheism ,
8050-469: The ibis and Aboriginal man represented in the Three Rivers Fountain , sculpted by John Dowie and first unveiled in 1963 in Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga . In 1972, John Dowie created a monument commemorating Tjilbruke. It was commissioned by the local newspaper, The Sunday Mail, in conjunction with the South Australia Museum. There is a plaque at Mt Lofty Summit with information about Tjilbruke. Designed by Kokatha artist Darryl Pfitzner "Mo" Milika ,
8165-412: The idea of the track, with several sites down the coast marked, "to provide a contemporary Kaurna presence within the physical public space of their own lands and in the public imagination". In 2005, the City of Marion partnered with the City of Holdfast Bay , City of Onkaparinga and Yankalilla District Council to develop the Kaurna Tappa Iri Regional Agreement 2005-2008 (Walking Together) , in which
8280-455: The idea, which became important to Judaism. According to Islam , the creator deity, God, known in Arabic as Allah , is the all-powerful and all-knowing Creator, Sustainer, Ordainer, and Judge of the universe. Creation is seen as an act of divine choice and mercy, one with a grand purpose: "And We did not create the heaven and earth and that between them in play." Rather, the purpose of humanity
8395-738: The land from Cape Jervis in the south up the western side of the Fleurieu Peninsula , to Crystal Brook in the north, west to the Mount Lofty Ranges , across to Gulf Saint Vincent , including the Adelaide Plains and city of Adelaide . The Kaurna people made use of the natural resources ; for example, they used to trap and spear fish ( kuya ), lobsters ( ngaultaltya ) and birds ( parriparu ), and also gathered bird's eggs, black river mussels ( kakirra , species Alathyria jacksoni ), periwinkle ( kulutunumi ), river crawfish ( kunggurla – probably common yabby ), clams , native mud oysters and blue swimmer crabs . However, they did not kill
8510-508: The latter is in an endless repeating cycle of existence, that cosmos and life we experience is continually created, evolved, dissolved and then re-created. The primary creator is extensively discussed in Vedic cosmogonies with Brahman or Purusha or Devi among the terms used for the primary creator, while the Vedic and post-Vedic texts name different gods and goddesses as secondary creators (often Brahma in post-Vedic texts), and in some cases
8625-499: The law, being a man of the law), before carrying Kulultuwi's body to Tulukudangga, where an inquest and ceremony to complete the smoking of the body was held. The story goes on to tell of how six freshwater springs were created by Tjilbruke's tears, as he carried the body of his dead nephew from Warriparri across to the coast and southwards past Aldinga Beach and onto the west coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula to Rapid Bay . The Dreaming includes locations in several geographic areas:
8740-498: The length of the estuary, from the western side of the Lefevre Peninsula, along Outer Harbor , Osborne , to its innermost berths at Inner Harbour. The shipping channel has been dredged at various instances since the establishment of Port Adelaide to accommodate larger vessels. Dredging occurred most recently between June and September 2019. That dredging widened the basin and deepened the channel in order to accommodate Post-Panamax container ships and larger cruise ships to benefit
8855-509: The materials provided by Vishnu to actually create what are believed to be planets in Puranic terminology, and he supervises the population of them. Monism is the philosophy that asserts oneness as its fundamental premise, and it contradicts the dualism-based theistic premise that there is a creator God that is eternal and separate from the rest of existence. There are two types of monism, namely spiritual monism which holds that all spiritual reality
8970-469: The most complete version hitherto published, as The Wanderings of Tjirbruki: a tale of the Kaurna People of Adelaide . The story starts with an emu ( kari ) hunt by three men, Kulultuwi, Jurawi and Tetjawi. They were all nephews of Tjilbruke, but Kulultuwi had a special relationship to his uncle, as he was the son of his sister, and known as his nangari ; the other two were his half-brothers. Tjilbruke
9085-502: The mother of a Jewish proto-martyr telling to her son: "I beseech thee, my son, look upon heaven and earth, and all that is in them: and consider that God made them out of nothing, and mankind also"; at chapter 1, it refers a solemn prayer hymned by Jonathan , Nehemiah and the Priest of Israel , while making sacrifices in honour of God: "O Lord, Lord God, Creator of all things, who art fearefull, and strong, and righteous, and mercifull, and
9200-476: The north-western suburbs of Adelaide . The lower reaches of the Port River flow between the Lefevre Peninsula , and the Section Banks and Torrens Island , and form the sea entrance to the port facilities of Adelaide. Section Banks is artificial island made of seashell -grit, clay and sand, around 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) long, created partly by natural processes but also by manmade construction, at
9315-569: The northern end of the Outer Harbor breakwater . It provides a nesting and breeding area for seabirds , and is known as Bird Island (or Northern Breakwater; see also below ). The Port River estuary connects to the Barker Inlet to the east via the North Arm to the south of Garden Island and Angas Inlet to its north. Light Passage lies between Pelican Point and Torrens Island. In 1878
9430-625: The now metropolitan suburb of Marion, South Australia at a site known as site at Warriparinga. This site at Bedford Park within the grounds of Warriparinga wetland and Sturt River , a traditional ceremonial camp site for Kaurna people. Opened in 2001, it was named the Warriparinga Interpretive Centre, subsequently becoming the Living Kaurna Cultural Centre . The Tjilbruke Dreaming is referred to in eleven sites around Adelaide city centre . The first might be
9545-548: The onely, and gracious king". The Prologue to the Gospel of John begins with: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him, and without him was not any thing made that was made." Christianity affirms the creation by God since its early time in the Apostles' Creed ("I believe in God,
9660-404: The only one great God, Hayyi Rabbi, to whom all absolute properties belong; He created all the worlds, formed the soul through his power, and placed it by means of angels into the human body. So He created Adam and Eve , the first man and woman." Mandaeans recognize God to be the eternal, creator of all, the one and only in domination who has no partner. Monolatristic traditions would separate
9775-544: The order and method of creation itself differs. "Together, this combination of parallel character and contrasting profile point to the different origin of materials in Genesis 1:1 and Gen 2:4, however elegantly they have now been combined." An early conflation of Greek philosophy with the narratives in the Hebrew Bible came from Philo of Alexandria (d. 50 CE), writing in the context of Hellenistic Judaism . Philo equated
9890-510: The original Jervois Bridge opened, replacing the 1859 footbridge. It incorporated a swing bridge mechanism to allow ships to pass, but it fell into disrepair after the Birkenhead Bridge , which was the first bascule (moving) bridge in Australia, was opened in the 1940s. In 1966, the new Jervois Bridge opened, a steel bridge built a little way upstream of the original one. In the 2000s,
10005-575: The other, in a part of the river known as Port Creek , is the Jervois Basin Ships' Graveyard . Several wrecks lie in a "ship graveyard" between the Outer Harbor railway line bridge and the Jervois Bridge : the ketch Alert , barge Trafalgar , schooner Fides , the timber hulk Fitzjames (which was for some time a floating boys' reformatory , later relocated to Magill Reformatory ),
10120-580: The outdoor art installation Yerrakartarta , meaning "at random" or "without design", was created with the assistance of several other artists including Kaurna/Ngarrindjeri artist Muriel van der Byl AM , ceramicists Jo Fraser, Stephen Bowers, and Jo Crawford from 1993 to 1994 on the forecourt of the Hyatt, now Intercontinental Hotel, on North Terrace in Adelaide. It was at the time "the largest Australian commission for an Aboriginal public artwork", and represents
10235-556: The park. Jervois Creek was later filled in, and the current bridge (built 1969) was constructed over the oyster bed. The river was officially "discovered" in 1834 by Captain John Jones, after an 1831 sighting by Captain Collet Barker . The initial landing place in Adelaide, chosen by Colonel William Light in late November 1836, was south of the current port and is now part of West Lakes. It had such poor conditions that for many years it
10350-578: The people camped for years even after European settlement. The Lartelare Park, situated just north of the current Jervois Bridge on the western bank, in the suburb of New Port, was established in 2009 to commemorate the site of a Kaurna campsite which existed there for thousands of years until 1858, when it was relocated further south to the mouth of the Jervois Creek, where there was an oyster bed well known to both Kaurna and colonists. Numerous shell middens and tools were discovered during construction of
10465-417: The philosophical dimensions of Jainism, including its cosmology , karma , moksa and its moral code of conduct. Jainism asserts a religious and virtuous life is possible without the idea of a creator god. In polytheistic creation, the world often comes into being organically, e.g. sprouting from a primal seed, sexually, by miraculous birth (sometimes by parthenogenesis ), by hieros gamos , violently, by
10580-512: The port from the Spencer Gulf . Owing to the shallow depth of the river, a new harbour was authorised for construction at Outer Harbor in 1902, and completed in 1908. This new harbour allowed the larger steamships that were then arriving at Adelaide to dock, with smaller steam vessels and sailboats able to use the old port facilities. The river was first bridged in 1859 by the Port Bridge
10695-475: The process repeats and a person is reborn. A simbi (pl. bisimbi) is a water spirit that is believed to inhabit bodies of water and rocks, having the ability to guide bakulu , or the ancestors, along the Kalûnga line to the spiritual world after death. They are also present during the baptisms of African American Christians , according to Hoodoo tradition . Pangu can be interpreted as another creator deity. In
10810-418: The representative body for all Kaurna people on cultural heritage and other matters. The Tjilbruke Dreaming Track, or Tjilbruke Dreaming Trail, marked by commemorative plaques at ten locations, was created during the 150th anniversary of British colonisation of South Australia (1986), along the coast in close proximity to the sea shore. Various events, mostly celebrating white history, were held throughout
10925-741: The rest of universe. In Shaivism , Shiva may be treated as the creator. In Shaktism , the Great Goddess creates the Trimurti. The Bakongo people traditionally believe in Nzambi Mpungu , the Creator God, whom the Portuguese compared to the Christian God during colonization. They also believe his female counterpart called Nzambici , the ancestors ( bakulu ) as well as guardian spirits, such as Lemba,
11040-555: The river was formerly a frequent venue for the Intervarsity eights race . After water pollution levels were shown to have improved in December 2016, the annual "Long Swim" recommenced in the Inner Harbour, after a hiatus of some years. The Port Adelaide Kaurna Cultural Heritage Trail is marked nearby to the Ship's Graveyard, and extends to both sides of the river between the two bridges. It
11155-536: The river, and hyper-saline brine from adjacent saltfields. Since construction of the Breakout Creek outlet in 1937 to drain the Reedbeds (see above ), and the closure of the former Port Adelaide Wastewater Treatment Plant with the diversion of wastewater to Bolivar Waste Water Treatment Plant in 2005, the upper reaches of the Port River now receive only limited amounts of locally derived stormwater, and are now largely marine. Flushing of West Lakes occurs through
11270-475: The river, which includes mangroves , seagrass , waterbirds , and abundant marine life, has been historically impacted by industrialisation and associated pollution. In the 21st century, reductions in pollution loads have allowed for environmental recovery aided by several restoration programs. The estuary includes several overlapping protected areas , including the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary and
11385-583: The seventh (i.e. the Biblical Sabbath ). In the second story, God, now referred to by the personal name Yahweh , creates Adam , the first man, from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden , where he is given dominion over the animals. Eve , the first woman, is created from Adam and as his companion. It expounds themes parallel to those in Mesopotamian mythology , emphasizing the Israelite people's belief in one God . The first major comprehensive draft of
11500-620: The shores of Torrens Island, the North Arm (which connects to Barker Inlet) and adjacent to the Mutton Cove Conservation Reserve on the Lefevre Peninsula. Fish and prawn species found in the estuary include western king prawns , King George Whiting , mullets , bream , and snapper . Attempts are being made to restore the once extensive reefs of shellfish , including native mud oysters ( ostrea angasi ), cockles , and razorfish ( pinna bicolor ), which had almost disappeared since European settlement. Beds of razorfish,
11615-489: The single God is often also the creator. A number of monolatristic traditions separate a secondary creator from a primary transcendent being, identified as a primary creator. Initiated by Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti around 1330 BCE, during the New Kingdom period in ancient Egyptian history. They built an entirely new capital city ( Akhetaten ) for themselves and worshippers of their sole creator god in
11730-416: The slaying of a primeval monster , or artificially, by a divine demiurge or "craftsman". Sometimes, a god is involved, wittingly or unwittingly, in bringing about creation. Examples include: Plato , in his dialogue Timaeus , describes a creation myth involving a being called the demiurge ( δημιουργός "craftsman"). Neoplatonism and Gnosticism continued and developed this concept. In Neoplatonism,
11845-443: The southern end of the park. The North Arm contains another significant ships graveyard, now known as Garden Island Ships' Graveyard , which includes 25 identified wrecks. It was also used to house explosives stores from the 1880s. The remains of the iron and wooden ships that were abandoned between 1909 and 1945 are now bird roosts and a canoeing attraction. The ships in the graveyard were launched from 1856 to 1920 and include
11960-542: The stars and milky way; his fur the bushes and forests; his bones the valuable minerals; his bone marrows sacred diamonds; his sweat fell as rain; and the fleas on his fur carried by the wind became human beings all over the world. The first writer to record the myth of Pangu was Xu Zheng during the Three Kingdoms period. Shangdi is another creator deity, possibly prior to Pangu; sharing concepts similar to Abrahamic faiths. According to Kazakh folk tales, Jasagnan
12075-417: The universe, the concept of god(s) and The One, and whether even The One knows how the universe came into being. The Rig Veda praises various deities, none superior nor inferior, in a henotheistic manner. The hymns repeatedly refer to One Truth and Reality. The "One Truth" of Vedic literature, in modern era scholarship, has been interpreted as monotheism, monism, as well as a deified Hidden Principles behind
12190-590: The world: he separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the Earth (murky Yin ) and the Sky (clear Yang ). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. This task took eighteen thousand years, with each day the sky grew ten feet higher, the Earth ten feet wider, and Pangu ten feet taller. In some versions of the story, Pangu is aided in this task by
12305-546: The year, with the final celebrations on December 28, 1986, 150th anniversary of the Proclamation of South Australia . However the Dreaming Track was one of about 30 Aboriginal projects which were considered, and was a major undertaking. While the original idea had been to erect a monument at Rosetta Head/The Bluff at Victor Harbor, the site where Tjilbruke's spirit left earth and turned into the ibis, Georgina Williams pushed for
12420-428: The years. The tale of Tjilbruke's journey down the east coast of Wongga Erlo/Gulf St Vincent is the best known of all Kaurna Dreaming stories, and has become a symbol of renewal of the Kaurna culture, although it was first recorded from Ngarrindjeri sources by Tindale and later Ronald and Catherine Berndt . It was recorded by Tindale over a period of many years up to 1964, but it was not until 1987 that he published
12535-512: Was also known as "Port Misery", later becoming known as the Old Port. In 1837 a harbour was declared when harbourmaster Captain Thomas Lipson took up residence on the shore of the then named port creek with the first migrants landing in the same year, onto the river bank lined with mangroves, until a canal was cut through them to a higher location in the sand dunes. A wharf was built at what
12650-628: Was an existing spring at that place. From Tulukudangga, Tjilbruke carried Kulultuwi's body all the way down the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent and onto and down the west coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula. At sunset every night of his journey Tjilbruke cried over his nephew's body, and his tears transformed into freshwater springs at six locations: He arrived at a cave ( perki ) at Rapid Bay , near Cape Jervis, and then emerged from underground at Wateira nengal ( Mount Hayfield ) and created yellow ochre . He walked on to Lonkowar (The Bluff/Rosetta Head, in Ramindjeri country), near Victor Harbor, where he killed
12765-456: Was brought to the land, and "Old Tjirbruki", who lived as an ordinary man, a keeper of the law which came from the south, after the water covered the land (when Wongga Yerlo , or Gulf St Vincent, was created.). Tjilbruke was renowned as a "great hunter and firemaker", and a hero of the Kaurna. He also played a role in helping to protect the animals and the territory of the Kaurna, while at the same time having respect towards neighbouring peoples. It
12880-419: Was cooking the emu meat over a fire, Jurawi and Tetjawi killed him with their spears, as punishment for his breaking the law of the clan. The brothers took the body to their clan campsite at Warriparri (Sturt River) and told them the story, and they started to dry the body with smoke, as custom dictated. After Tjilbruke found out, he was very upset, and speared the two nephews to death (in retaliation, applying
12995-412: Was part of his and Kaurna way of life to value all life, whether animal or human. In about 1840, anthropologist Ronald Berndt recorded the spellings "Tjirbuk" or "Tjirbuki" from Ngarrindjeri man Albert Karlowan, as the name of a small wetland . Anthropologist Norman Tindale of the South Australian Museum recorded the spelling as Tjirbruki, but Tjilbruke is the commonly used spelling today. Since
13110-641: Was responsible for Kulutuwi, as an uncle as well as a father, to help him grow up correctly and do the right thing. While the young men went hunting in the Tarndanya (Adelaide) area, across Mikkawomma (the plains) to Yerta Bulti ( Port River estuary ), driving the birds up Mudlangga (Le Fevre Peninsula), Tjilrbuke went fishing at Witu-wattingga (the Brighton area). After finishing his fishing, he set up camp at Tulukudangga /Tulukudank ( Kingston Park ) and then started tracking an emu southwards. When Kulultuwi returned to
13225-465: Was the St Kilda salt fields brine spill , which killed of hectares of mangroves, samphires and other vegetation. As of 2022, elevated salinity levels in the estuary near the salt fields remain problematic. There are some remnant mangroves in places along the estuary. One of its main attractions other than transport is the Port River dolphins , which are the only wild dolphins in the world that live within
#78921