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42-547: The board is made of walnut wood, 25 cm × 14 cm × 2.6 cm (9.8 in × 5.5 in × 1.0 in) and has a weight of 687 grams (1.515 lb). It is inscribed on one side with three lines, of which the first is mostly destroyed. The second line is written in Greek letters and reversed script , the third in Latin letters, also with reversed script. The Latin reads Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ("Jesus

84-408: A drupe but is instead a drupe-like nut. After full ripening, the shell is discarded, and the kernel is eaten. Nuts of the eastern black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and butternuts ( Juglans cinerea ) are less commonly consumed. Walnuts are the round, single-seed stone fruits of the walnut tree. They ripen between September and November in the northern hemisphere. The brown, wrinkly walnut shell

126-504: A garnish on some foods. Nocino is a liqueur made from unripe green walnuts steeped in alcohol with syrup added. Walnut oil is available commercially and is chiefly used as a food ingredient, particularly in salad dressings . It has a low smoke point , which limits its use for frying . Walnut husks can be used to make durable ink for writing and drawing. It is thought to have been used by artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt . Walnut husk pigments are used as

168-482: A brown dye for fabric and were used in classical Rome and medieval Europe for dyeing hair . The US Army once used ground walnut shells for abrasive blasting to clean aviation parts because of low cost and low abrasive qualities. However, an investigation of a fatal Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopter crash (11 September 1982, in Mannheim, Germany) revealed that walnut shell grit had clogged an oil port, leading to

210-540: A cardinal. The box was apparently forgotten until 1 February 1492, when workers restoring a mosaic discovered it hidden behind a brick that was inscribed "Titulus Crucis". Pedro González de Mendoza , Spanish cardinal priest of Santa Croce at the time, encouraged veneration of the rediscovered relic. Some Christian pilgrims who visited Jerusalem in the centuries between Helena and Pope Lucius reported seeing Christ's titulus there: Egeria reported that in AD 383 "A silver-gilt casket

252-606: A form of gambling known as du qing pi . Roma Tre University Roma Tre University ( Italian : Università degli Studi Roma Tre ) is an Italian public research university in Rome , Italy, with its main campus in the Ostiense quarter. Founded in 1992 by the Ministry of Public Education , under the request of several professors of the Sapienza University of Rome , it was

294-415: A future campus location was selected in what was a semi-industrial part of the city and it was decided that the future university be named with a number in chronological order. Roma Tre University, was formally established in 1992 under the name Terza Università degli Studi di Roma ('Third University of Rome'). One of the milestones for Roma Tre, since its foundation, as well as a guideline for its development,

336-485: A health claim that "Walnuts contribute to the improvement of endothelium -dependent vasodilation " at a daily intake of 30 grams (1.1 oz); it also found that a cause and effect relationship did not exist between consuming walnuts and reduction of blood LDL-cholesterol levels. The recommended health claim was later authorized by the European Commission . A 2020 systematic review assessing

378-754: A mix such as muesli , or as an ingredient of a dish : e.g. walnut soup , walnut pie , walnut coffee cake , banana cake , brownie , fudge . Walnuts are often candied or pickled. Pickled walnuts that are the whole fruit can be savory or sweet depending on the preserving solution. Walnuts may be used as an ingredient in other foodstuffs. Walnut is an important ingredient in baklava , Circassian chicken , potica (a traditional festive pastry from Slovenia ), satsivi (chicken in walnut sauce), tarator (a summer soup in Bulgarian cuisine ), and poultry or meat ball stew from Iranian cuisine . Walnuts are also popular as an ice cream topping, and walnut pieces are used as

420-496: A number of academic cooperation agreements with foreign universities, promoting professors, researchers, and students mobility and exchange. The global partnerships include the University of Brasília , the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , the University of Passo Fundo , the University of Talca , and the University of Valparaíso . Roma Tre University takes part into a series of international university networks that share

462-418: A waste product, superior natural biodegradability, and odor control as good or better than clay litter. Disadvantages include the possibility of allergic reactions among humans and cats. Walnuts have been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a herbal remedy promoted in folk medicine practices for its supposed effect on health. According to Cancer Research UK , "there

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504-587: Is brought in which is the holy wood of the Cross. The casket is opened and (the wood) is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the title are placed upon the table." Antoninus of Piacenza in the 6th century described a titulus of "nut" wood with the inscription "Hic est rex Iudaeorum" ("Here is the king of the Jews"), corresponding to Luke 23:38. In 1997, the German author and historian Michael Hesemann investigated

546-472: Is enclosed in a husk . Shells of walnuts available in commerce usually have two segments (but three or four-segment shells can also form). During the ripening process, the husk becomes brittle and the shell hard. The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is usually in two halves separated by a membranous partition. The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled walnuts – are enclosed in a brown seed coat which contains antioxidants. The antioxidants protect

588-555: Is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". Large, symmetrically shaped, and sometimes intricately carved walnut shells (mainly from J. hopeiensis ) are valued collectibles in China where they are rotated in hand as a plaything or as decoration. They are also an investment and status symbol , with some carvings having high monetary value if unique. Pairs of walnuts are sometimes sold in their green husks for

630-467: Is present in other Germanic-language words for the same nut, such as: German Walnuss , Dutch walnoot , Danish valnød , and Swedish valnöt . Walnuts, like other tree nuts, must be processed and stored properly. Poor storage makes walnuts susceptible to insect and fungal mold infestations; the latter produces aflatoxin – a potent carcinogen . A batch that contains mold-infested walnuts should be entirely discarded. The ideal temperature for

672-510: The Daily Value , DV) of several dietary minerals , particularly manganese at 148% DV, along with significant amounts of B vitamins (table). Unlike most nuts, which are high in monounsaturated fatty acids , walnut oil is composed largely of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72% of total fats), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (14%) and linoleic acid (58%), although it does contain oleic acid as 13% of total fats (table source). In 2004,

714-543: The Titulus Crucis is likely to be identical to a genuine part of the True Cross, written by a Jewish scribe . He said that the order of the languages matches what is historically plausible, as it differs from the order found in the canonical New Testament —he surmises that if the relic were counterfeit, the forger would have directly copied the biblical text. Joe Nickell refers to this argument as "trying to psychoanalyze

756-603: The True Cross and many other relics which were donated to the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ("Holy Cross in Jerusalem ") which she had built in Rome about AD 325. Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso was made cardinal priest of the church in 1124 and, some time before he became Pope Lucius II in 1144, he renovated the church and had the relic deposited in a box that bears his seal as

798-632: The California black walnut (often used as a rootstock for commercial propagation of J. regia ), J. cinerea (butternuts), and J. major , the Arizona walnut. Other sources list J. californica californica as native to southern California, and Juglans californica hindsii , or just J. hindsii , as native to northern California; in at least one case, these are given as "geographic variants" instead of subspecies (Botanica). Numerous walnut cultivars have been developed commercially, which are nearly all hybrids of

840-604: The English walnut. During the Byzantine era , the walnut was also known by the name "royal nut". An article on walnut tree cultivation in Spain is included in Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century Book on Agriculture . The wal element in the name is Germanic and means foreign , especially in the sense of Latin or non-Germanic . Compare, for example, Wales , Walloons , Wallachia . The wal element

882-475: The Faculty bodies, participate in the evaluation of studies and the faculty, and secure the involvement and participation of students in all matters and issues of interest to them. Every year, during the academic year opening ceremony, a distinguished public figure is invited to address the students with a lecture on a current global issue. Since the university foundation, there have been 5 Heads of state speaking at

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924-777: The Nazarene King of the Jews"), corresponding to John 19 :19 and the initials INRI IVRI which means Hebrew. familiar to Roman Catholics. The Titulus Crucis is also mentioned in the Synoptics : in Mark 15:26 (as the reason of the crucifixion), in Luke 23 :38 and in Matthew 27 :37. Saint Helena , Roman Empress and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great , went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land and reportedly discovered

966-453: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided a qualified health claim allowing products containing walnuts to state: "Supportive but not conclusive research shows that eating 1.5 ounces (43 g) per day of walnuts, as part of a low saturated fat and low cholesterol diet and not resulting in increased caloric intake, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease ." At the same time,

1008-624: The University Admissions Committee. The primary objective of the 8 schools of Roma Tre University is to define, organise, and connect the academic activities of the degree courses: Roma Tre University is ranked: The School of Economics is ranked in the top 25% institutions in Italy in the RePEc ranking. The School of Law is constantly ranked among the top-five in the country with a note of AAA (Censis- La Repubblica ), mostly due to

1050-613: The Vice Rector, the Academic Senate and the Board of Governors are the main governing bodies of the university, which are responsible for setting university policy and development strategy. The statute also provides for a University Executive Committee, the students' representative council , the Council of Faculty Deans, and a University Ombudsman . The Rector is the official representative of

1092-575: The accident and the discontinuation of walnut shells as a cleaning agent. Commercially, crushed walnut shells are still used outside of aviation for low-abrasive, less-toxic cleaning and blasting applications. In the oil and gas industry, deep bed filters of ground walnut shell are used for "polishing" (filtering) oily contaminates from water. At least two companies, LitterMaid and Naturally Fresh, make cat litter from ground walnut shells. Advantages cited over conventional clay litter include environmental sustainability of using what would otherwise be

1134-474: The agency refused to authorize the claim that "Diets including walnuts can reduce the risk of heart disease" and in 2010, it sent a warning letter to Diamond Foods stating there is "not sufficient evidence to identify a biologically active substance in walnuts that reduces the risk of coronary heart disease." In 2011, a scientific panel for the European Food Safety Authority recommended

1176-576: The ceremony. Past speakers include Antonio Ruberti , the ninth President of Italy Oscar Luigi Scalfaro , the 49th Prime Minister of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Leah Rabin , Shirin Ebadi , the member of the executive board of the European Central Bank Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , the seventh European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science Philippe Busquin , the 264th Pope John Paul II , Kerry Kennedy , Marco Travaglio ,

1218-460: The consulted experts found any indication of medieval or late antique forged writing. They all dated the scripts to a timeframe between the 1st and the 3rd–4th centuries AD, with a majority of experts preferring—and none of them excluding—the 1st century. Hesemann concluded that it is very well possible that the writing on the Titulus Crucis is indeed authentic. Carsten Peter Thiede suggested that

1260-557: The dead," saying that "Forgers—particularly of another era—may do something cleverer or dumber or simply different from what we would expect." In 2002, the Roma Tre University conducted radiocarbon dating tests on the artifact, and it was shown to have been made between 980 and 1146 AD. The Titulus Crucis recovered from the residence of Helena is therefore most likely a medieval artifact; the Italian classicist Maria Rigato discussed

1302-485: The effect of walnut supplementation on blood pressure found insufficient evidence to support walnut consumption as a blood pressure-lowering strategy. As of 2021 , the relationship between walnut consumption and cognitive health is inconclusive. Walnut meats are available in two forms: in their shells or de-shelled. Due to processing, the meats may be whole, halved, or in smaller portions. All walnuts can be eaten on their own (raw, toasted, or pickled), or as part of

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1344-574: The ellagitannin, pedunculagin . Regiolone has been isolated with juglone, betulinic acid and sitosterol from the stem bark of J. regia . The three species of walnuts most commonly grown for their seeds are the Persian (or English) walnut ( J. regia ), originating from Iran, the black walnut ( J. nigra ) – native to eastern North America – and the Japanese walnut, also known as the heartnut ( J. ailantifolia ). Other species include J. californica ,

1386-581: The extended storage of walnuts is −3 to 0 °C (27 to 32 °F) with low humidity for industrial and home storage. However, such refrigeration technologies are unavailable in developing countries where walnuts are produced in large quantities; walnuts are best stored below 25 °C (77 °F) with low humidity. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) and humidity levels above 70 percent can lead to rapid and high spoilage losses. Above 75 percent humidity threshold, fungal molds that release aflatoxin can form. In 2022, world production of walnuts (in shell)

1428-533: The oil-rich seed from atmospheric oxygen, preventing rancidity . Walnut trees are late to grow leaves , typically not doing so until more than halfway through the spring. Walnut hulls contain diverse phytochemicals , such as polyphenols , that stain hands and can cause skin irritation. Seven phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid , vanillic acid , coumaric acid , syringic acid , myricetin , and juglone , were identified in walnut husks; juglone had concentrations of 2-4% fresh weight. Walnuts also contain

1470-406: The possibility that it is a copy of a now-lost original. Walnut A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus Juglans (family Juglandaceae ), particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia . They are accessory fruit because the outer covering of the fruit is technically an involucre and thus not morphologically part of the carpel; this means it cannot be

1512-722: The relic. Hesemann presented the inscription of the title to seven experts on Hebrew, Greek and Latin palaeography : Gabriel Barkay of the Israel Antiquities Authority ; Hanan Eshel , Ester Eshel and Leah Di Segni of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Israel Roll and Benjamin Isaac of the University of Tel Aviv and Carsten Peter Thiede of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev . According to Hesemann, none of

1554-511: The selective entry test and to the small-size of the classes. Student life at the university does not merely revolve around lectures and exams, as there is a diverse array of student activities. There are many student organisations organizing student exchange programmes throughout Europe. Students elect their representatives (Student Vice-Dean and the Student Parliament) to coordinate various student activities, represent their interests in

1596-409: The task of promoting cooperative activities in diverse fields and seek to create a European area of communal higher education. The association groups and networks of which Roma Tre University is a member are: Admission to the university is restricted and competitive. Every School offers a limited number of places for each program, and admissions are regulated by an entrance examination delivered by

1638-467: The third public university to be established in the metropolitan area of Rome. It is the second-largest university of Rome by enrollment and one of the largest research-based institutions in the country. The idea of founding a third university in Rome was flagged in the middle 1980s when the Ministry of Public Education formed a committee of inquiry into higher education to deal with a perceived emergency in university enrollments in Rome. After much debate,

1680-714: The university. As well as calling and chairing meetings of the Academic Senate, the Board of Governors, and the University Executive Committee, the Rector supervises the university's teaching, scientific, and service structures, and gives appropriate guidance. The Rector also acts as ombudsman for the teaching and research autonomy of academic staff. The current Rector is Prof. Massimiliano Fiorucci. The university has double degree agreements with: Roma Tre University holds

1722-516: Was 3.9 million tonnes , with China contributing 36% of the total (table). Other significant producers (in the order of decreasing harvest) were the United States, Iran , and Turkey . English walnuts without shells are 4% water, 15% protein , 65% fat, and 14% carbohydrates , including 7% dietary fiber (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), walnuts provide 654 kilocalories (2,740 kJ) and rich contents (20% or more of

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1764-542: Was its incorporation in the surrounding area, characterised by the reclamation of old buildings and school premises, transformed into facilities for study and research. Pope Francis visited the university, Rome's youngest, on February 17, 2017. The university comprises 8 schools and 12 departments, enrolling 34,763 students and having 1,370 academic and professional staff. At present, the university offers 54 undergraduate degree programs, 75 master's degree programs, 16 doctoral schools, and 5 PhD programs. The Rector ,

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