32°32′31.87″N 117°01′46.63″W / 32.5421861°N 117.0296194°W / 32.5421861; -117.0296194
158-456: San Diego–Tijuana is an international transborder agglomeration , straddling the border of the adjacent North American coastal cities of San Diego , California, United States, and Tijuana , Baja California, Mexico. The 2020 population of the region was 5,456,577, making it the largest bi-national conurbation shared between the United States and Mexico, and the second-largest shared between
316-548: A Joachimite tract and John of Parma was seen as favoring the condemned theology of Joachim of Fiore . To protect the Order from its enemies, John was forced to step down and recommended Bonaventure as his successor. Bonaventure saw the need to unify the Order around a common ideology and both wrote a new life of the founder and collected the Order's legislation into the Constitutions of Narbonne , so called because they were ratified by
474-471: A Rule in 1221 which he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1221, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother Elias of Cortona , an able friar who was elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1232) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style. He planned and built the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in which Francis of Assisi
632-555: A basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. At John of Capistrano 's request Eugene IV issued a bull ( Ut sacra minorum , 1446) aimed at the same result, but again nothing was accomplished. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV , who bestowed
790-506: A body of regulations known as the Rule of Saint Francis. The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists of only one branch of religious sisters. The order is called the Order of St. Clare (OSC), but prior to 1263 they were called "The Poor Ladies", "The Poor Enclosed Nuns", and "The Order of San Damiano". The Franciscan third order , known as
948-535: A century of the death of Francis, members of the Third Order began to live in common, in an attempt to follow a more ascetical way of life. Angela of Foligno (+1309) was foremost among those who achieved great depths in their lives of prayer and service of the poor, while living in community with other women of the Order. Among the men, the Third Order Regular of St. Francis of Penance was formed in 1447 by
1106-411: A certain historical interest, since it shows the natural antipathy of the older Benedictine monasticism to the plebeian mendicant orders. The group was tonsured and Francis was ordained as a deacon, allowing him to proclaim Gospel passages and preach in churches during Mass. Francis had to suffer from the dissensions just alluded to and the transformation they effected in the original constitution of
1264-420: A chapter which they held certain stricter regulations in regard to fasting and the reception of alms, which departed from the spirit of the original rule. It did not take Francis long, on his return, to suppress this insubordinate tendency but he was less successful in regard to another of an opposite nature which soon came up. Elias of Cortona originated a movement for the increase of the worldly consideration of
1422-483: A common interpretation of the 1223 Rule it sent a delegation including Anthony of Padua to Pope Gregory IX for an authentic interpretation of this piece of papal legislation. The bull Quo elongati of Gregory IX declared that the Testament of St. Francis was not legally binding and offered an interpretation of poverty that would allow the Order to continue to develop. Gregory IX authorized agents of
1580-465: A decision in the main favoring his views, and the papal constitution Exivi de paradiso (1313) was on the whole conceived in the same sense. Clement's successor, Pope John XXII (1316–34), favored the laxer or conventual party. By the bull Quorundam exigit he modified several provisions of the constitution Exivi , and required the formal submission of the Spirituals. Some of them, encouraged by
1738-483: A large part of the regional economy more-so observed in Tijuana. The focus of manufacturing in the region is on soft and hard technological products. In metropolitan Tijuana, manufacturing has historically allotted for a large sector of the economy and San Diego County's economy has increasingly focused on manufacturing which 2002 allotted for $ 25 billion of the county's economic income. The 2000s decade saw Tijuana overtake
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#17328632022711896-459: A long time constituted their principle. Under Pope Clement V (1305–14) this party succeeded in exercising some influence on papal decisions. In 1309 Clement had a commission sit at Avignon for the purpose of reconciling the conflicting parties. Ubertino of Casale , the leader, after Olivi's death, of the stricter party, who was a member of the commission, induced the Council of Vienne to arrive at
2054-720: A papal decree that united several communities of hermits following the Third Order Rule into a single Order with its own Minister General. Today it is an international community of friars who desire to emphasize the works of mercy and on-going conversion. The community is also known as the Franciscan Friars, TOR , and they strive to "rebuild the Church" in areas of high school and college education, parish ministry, church renewal, social justice, campus ministry, hospital chaplaincies, foreign missions, and other ministries in places where
2212-567: A parcel of land known as Rancho Tía Juana and in 1889 was Tijuana officially founded on this parcel when descendants of Argüello and Agustin Olvera , an early Los Angeles pioneer, agreed to develop the city. The metropolitan region was historically united as part of the province of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In 1821, Mexico won its independence from the Spanish crown and kept
2370-482: A pristine and natural state. This regional climate supports a chaparral and woodlands ecoregion that is further divided in three sub-regions where two are observed in San Diego–Tijuana. These are the coastal sage and chaparral and montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregions . In the montane region, fire serves a unique purpose as a medium of change, and while fire typically can threaten urban development, it
2528-454: A symbiotic relationship exists between think-tanks in the north and manufacturing heads in the south that creates a healthy environment for startup companies. San Diego alone was rated by Forbes in 2014 as one of the best places to start a tech company. Several areas of San Diego are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical companies. Among American metropolitan areas , metropolitan San Diego
2686-519: A vast number of privileges on both of the original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X , after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of
2844-452: Is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2010 ) Africa [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Kinshasa–Brazzaville [REDACTED] Democratic Republic of the Congo / [REDACTED] Republic of the Congo 19,547,463 Bukavu – Cyangugu [REDACTED] Democratic Republic of
3002-574: Is a reminder of the Pacific Coast's colonial era. In 1769 Father Junípero Serra founded San Diego after occupying the Kumeyaay village of Kosa'aay and created the first of the California missions , Mission San Diego de Alcalá . The Valley of Tijuana was explored the same year by Juan Crespí . In 1829 Santiago Argüello , a Californio and a major Mexican land grant ranchos owner, obtained ownership of
3160-534: Is also a major point of entry for trafficking , where 50 brothels of trafficked Mexican girls exist in San Diego County. The majority of cross-border trips into the United States are those made by commuters into the Greater San Diego area and Southern California as a whole. There is a thriving reverse traffic for entertainment in Tijuana and affordable goods and services . The San Ysidro port of entry
3318-399: Is also subject to El Niño weather events. In extreme cases, the overwhelming fall of rain creates mudslides and greatly increases the flow of urban rivers . This sudden influx of water has the potential to flood populated places and drown out wetland habitat; measures have been taken to reduce this potential negative affect while simultaneously restoring the rivers and their watersheds to
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#17328632022713476-437: Is buried, a building which includes the friary Sacro Convento , still today the spiritual centre of the Order. In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the yearly general chapters, there was much to encourage Francis. Caesar of Speyer , the first German provincial , a zealous advocate of the founder's strict principle of poverty, began in 1221 from Augsburg , with twenty-five companions, to win for
3634-505: Is characterized by generally warm, dry summers on the near coastal regions with a slight temperature increase westward, and relatively cool, mild, wet winters; this is the climate that dominates northern San Diego–Tijuana. In southern San Diego–Tijuana, the semi-arid climate is observed, though characteristics of the Dry-Summer Subtropical Mediterranean climate are present, with most of the annual precipitation falling in
3792-590: Is different from Wikidata Incomplete lists from August 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Franciscans The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church . Founded in 1209 by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi , these orders include three independent orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor being
3950-570: Is divided into nine administrative boroughs , which are in turn divided into neighborhoods . These boroughs offer administrative services such as urban planning , civil registry , inspection, verification, public works and community development, served by a delegate. As Tijuana ranks higher in the Mexican urban hierarchy than San Diego does in the American urban hierarchy, Tijuana contains many foreign consulates including those of China, Korea, Finland,
4108-476: Is essential for the historically annual cleanse of the woodlands and reproduction of pyrophytes . Southern coastal sage scrub is further observed on the coast. This is an ecoregion with extremely high levels biodiversity where its endemic species are endangered by human encroachment. In this terrestrial ecoregion , the coastal lowlands are within a semi, semi-arid Mediterranean climate, inhabited by low-growing aromatic, and drought - deciduous shrubs . In
4266-532: Is host to 13 consulates for several countries. Over fifty million people cross the border each year between San Diego and Tijuana, giving the region the busiest land-border crossing in the world. Since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, San Diego–Tijuana has become a dominant commercial center in the United States and Mexico. The economic success of globalization has allowed San Diego–Tijuana to grow to
4424-527: Is land and 326 square miles (840 km) of it (7.20%) is water. The area of Tijuana Municipality is 339.5 square miles (879 km); the municipality includes part of the Coronado Islands , located off the coast of the municipality in the Pacific Ocean. This combined area, with the additional areas of Tecate, 1,188.8 square miles (3,079 km), and Rosarito Beach, 198.2 square miles (513 km), place
4582-450: Is meritorious and holy; Christ, also, showing the way of perfection, taught it by word and confirmed it by example, and the first founders of the church militant, as they had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly." Although Exiit qui seminat banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about
4740-824: Is now the California-Baja California region. Cabrillo first named San Diego , San Miguel . Initial expeditions by the west to the Californias were followed by pacification and conversion efforts by the Spanish Empire and the Catholic Church. The first Catholic religious order to visit the region was the Jesuits in 1683, followed by the Franciscans in 1768, and the Dominicans in the 1770s. The California mission system
4898-605: Is observed to the northeast along the Interstate 15 corridor to Temecula and Murrieta . Greater Ensenada is more frequently than not considered part of the region given its proximity and inter-connectivity with the metropolitan area. While it is ninety and seventy-four miles (145 and 119 km) from the cities of San Diego and Tijuana respectively, recent developments between the port city and Rosarito Beach including upscale, Americanized subdivisions and resorts such as Punta Azul, Baja Mar , and La Salina have greatly increased
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5056-490: Is only growing; Tijuana's sub-metropolitan region is reliant on a diversified manufacturing sector. Leading private employers to the metropolitan region are Qualcomm , SAIC , Sempra Energy , Sony , Kyocera , Pfizer Global Research & Development , Callaway Golf , Sharp HealthCare , Scripps Health , Sanyo , Hitachi , Panasonic Corporation , Samsung , Hyundai , Mattel , Honeywell , Pioneer Corporation , Maxell , Douglas Furniture, and International Rectifier . On
5214-590: Is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum . Francis thus referred to his followers as "Fraticelli", meaning "Little Brothers". Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites . The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to
5372-428: Is the main border crossing for non-commercial traffic. Crossing times are notoriously slow at San Ysidro, particularly for those entering the U.S. in cars. Given delays frequently experienced upon entry to Mexico, many cross-border travelers choose to cross on foot. Infrastructure on both sides of the border delivers travelers and commuters to border crossings via respective public transportation systems of which includes
5530-516: Is the third largest concentrated area of high technology and biotechnology businesses. The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions helped fuel biotechnology growth. In June 2004, San Diego was ranked the top biotech cluster in the U.S. by the Milken Institute . San Diego is home to companies that develop wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm Incorporated
5688-448: The Expositio regulae written by David of Augsburg soon after 1260. The successor to Bonaventure, Jerome of Ascoli or Girolamo Masci (1274–79), (the future Pope Nicholas IV ), and his successor, Bonagratia of Bologna (1279–85), also followed a middle course. Severe measures were taken against certain extreme Spirituals who, on the strength of the rumor that Pope Gregory X
5846-554: The Anglican and Lutheran traditions. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval from Pope Innocent III in 1209 to form a new religious order. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the Pope did not allow ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ . Franciscans traveled and preached in
6004-519: The Bishop of Assisi , Guido, then Cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo and finally Innocent himself, was their utter loyalty to the Catholic Church and the clergy. Innocent III was not only the pope reigning during the life of Francis of Assisi, but he was also responsible for helping to construct the church Francis was being called to rebuild. Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council helped maintain
6162-520: The Capuchin Poor Clares ( OSC Cap. – founded 1538), and the Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration ( PCPA – founded 1854). The Third Order of Saint Francis comprises people who desired to grow in holiness in their daily lives without entering monastic life. After founding the Friars Minor and seeing a need, Francis created a way of life to which married men and women, as well as the single and
6320-524: The Colorado Desert and Imperial Valley regions, where another conurbation – Mexicali–Calexico – is formed. The urbanized area where San Diego and Tijuana meet is known as San Ysidro on the American side of the border and Colonia Federal/Colonia Libertad on the Mexican side. East from the coast ten miles (16 km), the Tijuanense boroughs of Mesa de Otay and Centenario are heavy urbanized whereas
6478-615: The Fifth Lateran Council , had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this usus moderatus , were held strictly to their own usus arctus or pauper . All of the groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to
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6636-542: The Imperial Valley and north to Warner Springs . The Luiseño , or Payómkawichum, also had a presence in modern-day North County San Diego. Western exploration of the Californias dates back to the 16th century when in 1535 Hernán Cortés first visited the Baja California Peninsula in his search for Calafia . Subsequent exploration in 1542 by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo brought the western explorers to what
6794-460: The Order of Saint Clare , are members of a contemplative order of nuns in the Catholic Church . The Poor Clares were the second Franciscan order to be established. Founded by Clare of Assisi and Francis of Assisi on Palm Sunday in the year 1212, they were organized after the Order of Friars Minor (the first order), and before the Third Order of Saint Francis. As of 2011 there were over 20,000 Poor Clare nuns in over 75 countries throughout
6952-757: The San Andreas Fault was created during the Cenozoic by the movements of the Pacific plate and the North American plate . The region experiences earthquakes and felt the shocks of the 2009 Gulf of California earthquake and 2010 Baja California earthquake . The main mountain ranges of the Peninsular Ranges ridging eastern San Diego–Tijuana is Palomar Mountain , the Laguna Mountains , Sierra de Juárez , and
7110-488: The San Diego Trolley Blue Line that runs from downtown San Diego to the border crossing. Leading industries in San Diego–Tijuana are trade, services, electronics, tourism, life sciences, high-tech and defense sectors. In 2002 San Diego and Tijuana had a gross regional product of $ 136.3 Billion; and in 2007 this figure increased to $ 176 Billion. The greater San Diego area has a knowledge-based economy that
7268-653: The San Diego Zoo , SeaWorld , the San Diego Zoo Safari Park , Legoland , the city's beaches , and golf tournaments hosted in the region such as the Farmers Insurance Open are just some of the major tourist destinations in the conurbation. Mexico's drinking age of 18 and legal and regulated prostitution make Tijuana a common weekend destination for many young Southern Californians and sex tourists . Transborder agglomeration From Misplaced Pages,
7426-504: The Third Order of Saint Francis , has many men and women members, separated into two main branches: The 2013 Annuario Pontificio gave the following figures for the membership of the principal male Franciscan orders:. The coat of arms that is a universal symbol of Franciscan "contains the Tau cross , with two crossed arms: Christ's right hand with the nail wound and Francis' left hand with
7584-481: The Twin Cities as medical device manufacture capital of North America. The amount of diverse and numerous manufacture companies in the area have made the metropolitan region one of the world's largest concentrated manufacturing areas. San Diego–Tijuana is ground zero for a transborder tech sector. Engineers and entrepreneurs in the entirety of the border region are fueling the growth of this economic industry in which
7742-478: The barred tiger salamander and California tree frog . With a mostly arid climate, reptile species outnumber amphibians by a margin of seven to one. Bird species popular to the region are the California quail , California condor , California least tern , peregrine falcon and golden eagle . Introduced parrot species such as the red-crowned amazon parrot have also been found living and breeding in San Diego County and parts of Tijuana Metro. The waters off of
7900-571: The downtown San Diego district of the East Village among others, and areas of Tijuana. An area of 116 census tracts in the North County region of the conurbation has a population of 615,092 and a per capita income of $ 44,131 which is about 50 percent more than that of California and the entire United States. This area contains nearly all of the area located in the cities of Carlsbad, Encinitas , Solana Beach , and Del Mar . A part of this region are
8058-579: The gray whale , a seasonal migratory animal, as well as the bottlenose dolphin , great white shark , killer whale , and California sea lion and on rare occasion, Guadalupe fur seal . In recent times the region has seen the rebound of artiodactyls such as the Peninsular bighorn sheep, a distinct population segment of the desert bighorn sheep . Reptiles include olive ridley sea turtle , western fence lizard , various rattlesnake species and species of blind snake and gopher snake . Amphibians included
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#17328632022718216-426: The mountain lion , bobcat , bighorn sheep , mule deer as well as a variety of rodents and lagomorphs including the California ground squirrel , San Diego kangaroo rat , and brush rabbit . Black bears , jaguars and sea otters historically populated the area, but their range has been restricted by human encroachment and the jaguar and the sea otter are now rarely, if ever, observed. Aquatic mammals included
8374-404: The religious habit for his order, and had others who wished to join him do the same. Those who joined him became the original Order of Friars Minor. The First Order or the Order of Friars Minor, or Seraphic Order are commonly called simply the Franciscans . This order is a mendicant religious order of men, some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name
8532-569: The secular clergy , could belong and live according to the Gospel. The Secular Franciscan Order , prior to 1978 also known as the Third Order Secular of Saint Francis, is an order founded by Francis in 1212 for brothers and sisters who do not live in a religious community. Members of the order continue to live secular lives, however they do gather regularly for fraternal activities. In the United States alone there are 17,000 professed members of
8690-431: The urbanity of the corridor between Rosarito Beach and Ensenada. Transportation infrastructure increasingly binds the region, as the under-construction Ensenada International Airport is expected to serve as the third major airport of the metropolitan region, offering flights to Europe, South America, and East Asia. San Diego–Tijuana straddles a Mediterranean climate and demi-arid climate area. The Mediterranean climate
8848-462: The "Observant" branch, is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church, the others being the " Conventuals " (formed 1517) and " Capuchins " (1520). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller orders completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII . The latter two, the Capuchin and Conventual, remain distinct religious institutes within
9006-401: The "city of villages" concept in mind, built around car-dependency. Tijuana's suburban landscape is made up densely packed low-density mixed land uses, with patches of street grids east of the city and more organic growth influenced by topography. Cities like Tecate and Rosarito are built on street grid systems. The metropolitan region is situated along the Pacific coast , on the border between
9164-627: The 14th century Codex Casanatensis for use by Inquisitors in Tuscany. As well as acting as prosecutors, many friars, particularly those associated with the Spiritual Franciscans and even some Observants , were also subject to interrogation and prosecution by the Inquisition at various stages in the 13th and 14th centuries. Notable cases from the Spirituals include Angelo da Clareno and Bernard Délicieux . Notable examples of Observants include
9322-544: The 1960s before declining after the 1970s. The Order is headed by a Minister General, who since July 2021 is Father Massimo Fusarelli. The Order of Friars Minor Conventual ( OFM Conv. ) consists of 290 houses worldwide with a total of almost 5000 friars. They have experienced growth in this century throughout the world. They are located in Italy, the United States, Canada, Australia, and throughout Latin America, and Africa. They are
9480-508: The 2020 Globalization and World Cities classification , San Diego was rated as Beta - level global city up from Gamma level, while Tijuana was rated as a high sufficiency city. The economy of the urban area is influenced by the Port of San Diego which gives the region a strong maritime sector; the conurbation is the location of the only major submarine and shipbuilding yards on the West Coast and of
9638-690: The Bavarian and his pope had to flee Rome before an attack by Robert, King of Naples . Only a small part of the Franciscan Order joined the opponents of John XXII, and at a general chapter held in Paris in 1329 the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the Pope. With the bull Quia vir reprobus of 16 November 1329, John XXII replied to Michael of Cesena's attacks on Ad conditorem canonum , Quum inter nonnullos , and Quia quorundam . In 1330, Antipope Nicholas V submitted, followed later by
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#17328632022719796-535: The Beghards, was suppressed by the Inquisition during the controversies under John XXII. This was founded in the hermitage of St. Bartholomew at Brugliano near Foligno in 1334. The congregation was suppressed by the Franciscan general chapter in 1354; reestablished in 1368 by Paolo de' Trinci of Foligno; confirmed by Gregory XI in 1373, and spread rapidly from Central Italy to France, Spain, Hungary, and elsewhere. Most of
9954-573: The Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases. Conventual Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit . In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines , after Bernardino of Siena , although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The name of the original order, Ordo Fratrum Minorum (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of luxury and wealth. Francis
10112-535: The Celestines was separated from the Franciscan section, and the latter was formally suppressed by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302. The leader of the Observantists, Olivi, who spent his last years in the Franciscan house at Tarnius and died there in 1298, had pronounced against the extremer "Spiritual" attitude, and given an exposition of the theory of poverty which was approved by the more moderate Observantists, and for
10270-759: The Cenacle and gave it to the Franciscans. Pope Clement VI by the Bulls Gratias agimus and Nuper charissimae (1342) declared the Franciscans as the official custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church. The Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land is still in force today. Elias was a lay friar, and encouraged other laymen to enter the order. This brought opposition from many ordained friars and ministers provincial, who also opposed increased centralization of
10428-8723: The Congo / [REDACTED] Rwanda 1,200,000 Goma – Gisenyi 756,323 Abidjan–Lagos [REDACTED] Côte d'Ivoire / [REDACTED] Ghana / [REDACTED] Togo / [REDACTED] Benin / [REDACTED] Nigeria 27,000,000 Lomé – Aflao [REDACTED] Togo / [REDACTED] Ghana 1,544,206 N'Djamena – Kousséri [REDACTED] Chad / [REDACTED] Cameroon 1,694,819 Asia [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Astara and Astara [REDACTED] Iran – [REDACTED] Azerbaijan 100,000 Khorramshahr and Abadan and Basra [REDACTED] Iran – [REDACTED] Iraq 2,000,000 Dhahran and Jubail and Manama [REDACTED] Saudi Arabia – [REDACTED] Bahrain 2,000,000 Tashkent and Saryagash [REDACTED] Uzbekistan – [REDACTED] Kazakhstan 3,000,000 Fergana and Kyzyl-Kiya [REDACTED] Uzbekistan – [REDACTED] Kyrgyzstan 300,000 Qorasuv and Kara-Suu 40,000 Lahore and Amritsar [REDACTED] Pakistan – [REDACTED] India 12,000,000 Heihe and Blagoveshchensk [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] Russia 400,000 Dandong and Sinuiju [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] North Korea 1,000,000 Greater Bay Area ( Guangzhou and Dongguan and Shenzhen and Hong Kong – Macau [REDACTED] China – [REDACTED] Hong Kong – [REDACTED] Macau 71,200,000 Sijori Growth Triangle ( Singapore and Johor Bahru and Batam and Bintan ) [REDACTED] Singapore – [REDACTED] Malaysia – [REDACTED] Indonesia 9,000,000 Padang Besar and Padang Besar [REDACTED] Malaysia – [REDACTED] Thailand 20,000 Vientiane and Nong Khai [REDACTED] Laos – [REDACTED] Thailand 900,000 Savannakhet and Mukdahan 200,000 Europe [ edit ] Further information: Eurodistrict Main municipalities Countries Total population Øresund Region (Greater Copenhagen and Malmö ) [REDACTED] Denmark – [REDACTED] Sweden 3,964,522 Haparanda and Tornio [REDACTED] Sweden – [REDACTED] Finland 32,000 Pello and Pello 4,500 Karesuando and Karesuvanto 500 Imatra and Svetogorsk [REDACTED] Finland – [REDACTED] Russia 45,000 Ivangorod and Narva [REDACTED] Russia – [REDACTED] Estonia 69,000 Valga and Valka [REDACTED] Estonia – [REDACTED] Latvia 20,000 Como and Chiasso (part of Greater Milan ) [REDACTED] Italy – [REDACTED] Switzerland 189,000 Gorizia and Nova Gorica [REDACTED] Italy – [REDACTED] Slovenia Basel and Huningue and Weil am Rhein ( Regio TriRhena ) [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Germany 2,400,000 Geneva and Annemasse and Ferney-Voltaire and Nyon ( Grand Genève ) [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] France 890,000 Kreuzlingen and Konstanz [REDACTED] Switzerland – [REDACTED] Germany 110,000 Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Spain 620,000 Le Perthus and Els Límits 700 Bourg-Madame and Puigcerdà Hendaye and Irun Lille and Roubaix and Tourcoing and Mouscron and Tournai and Kortrijk [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Belgium 1,850,000 Longwy and Aubange and Pétange [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Belgium – [REDACTED] Luxembourg 80,000 Strasbourg and Kehl [REDACTED] France – [REDACTED] Germany 700,000 Forbach and Saarbrücken 700,000 La Línea de la Concepción and Gibraltar [REDACTED] Spain – [REDACTED] Gibraltar 95,628 Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau [REDACTED] Belgium – [REDACTED] Netherlands 9,262 Görlitz and Zgorzelec [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Poland 85,000 Guben and Gubin 35,000 Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice 75,000 Szczecin 763,321 Herzogenrath and Kerkrade [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Netherlands 95,000 Freilassing and Salzburg [REDACTED] Germany – [REDACTED] Austria 175,000 Vienna and Bratislava [REDACTED] Austria – [REDACTED] Slovakia 1,900,000 Komárom and Komárno [REDACTED] Hungary – [REDACTED] Slovakia 56,000 Rousse and Giurgiu [REDACTED] Bulgaria – [REDACTED] Romania 250,000 Lifford and Strabane [REDACTED] Ireland – [REDACTED] United Kingdom 18,500 Slavonski Brod and Brod [REDACTED] Croatia – [REDACTED] Bosnia and Herzegovina 110,000 North America [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Paso Canoas [REDACTED] Costa Rica / [REDACTED] Panama 9,543 Metro Vancouver – Fraser Valley – Bellingham - Whatcom County [REDACTED] United States / [REDACTED] Canada 3,350,000 Detroit–Windsor 5,976,595 Buffalo - Niagara Region 1,614,790 Port Huron – Sarnia – Point Edward 105,776 Sault Ste. Marie – Sault Ste. Marie 93,944 San Diego–Tijuana [REDACTED] United States / [REDACTED] Mexico 5,105,769 Calexico–Mexicali 1,143,000 San Luis Río Colorado – San Luis 227,000 Nogales – Nogales 240,000 El Paso–Juárez 2,500,000 Laredo–Nuevo Laredo 775,481 Lower Rio Grande Valley 2,671,028 Reynosa–McAllen 1,500,000 Brownsville–Matamoros 1,387,985 South America [ edit ] Main municipalities Countries Total population Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni – Albina [REDACTED] French Guiana / [REDACTED] Suriname Saint Georges – Oiapoque [REDACTED] French Guiana / [REDACTED] Brazil 32,000 Quaraí – Artigas [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Uruguay 67,000 Santana do Livramento – Rivera 140,000 Chuí – Chuy 15,592 Corumbá – Puerto Suárez [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Bolivia 124,000 Tabatinga – Leticia – Santa Rosa [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Colombia / [REDACTED] Peru 107,000 Ponta Porã – Pedro Juan Caballero [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Paraguay 209,000 Foz do Iguaçu – Ciudad del Este – Puerto Iguazu [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Paraguay / [REDACTED] Argentina 800,000 Barracão – Dionísio Cerqueira – Bernardo de Irigoyen [REDACTED] Brazil / [REDACTED] Argentina 36,000 Uruguaiana – Paso de los Libres 170,000 Tulcán – Ipiales [REDACTED] Ecuador / [REDACTED] Colombia 190,000 Cúcuta – San Antonio del Táchira [REDACTED] Colombia / [REDACTED] Venezuela 700,000 See also [ edit ] Border town Cross-border town naming List of divided cities Metropolitan area References [ edit ] ^ "Bukavu, Democratic Republic of
10586-597: The Congo Population (2023) - Population Stat" . populationstat.com . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Explore Cyangugu Town" . Nyungwe Forest National Park . Retrieved 2 May 2023 . ^ "Central Asian cities are overgrown with slums" . centre1.com . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . www.espon.eu . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2022 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . www.espon.eu . Archived from
10744-410: The Conventuals, including the quasi-Observantist brothers living under the rule of the Conventual ministers (Martinianists or Observantes sub ministris ), such as the male Colletans, later led by Boniface de Ceva in his reform attempts principally in France and Germany; the reformed congregation founded in 1426 by the Spaniard Philip de Berbegal and distinguished by the special importance they attached to
10902-411: The Franciscans in New Spain began in 1523, when three Flemish friars—Juan de Ayora, Pedro de Tecto, and Pedro de Gante—reached the central highlands. Their impact as missionaries was limited at first, since two of them died on Cortés 's expedition to Central America in 1524, but Fray Pedro de Gante initiated the evangelization process and studied the Nahuatl language through his contacts with children of
11060-454: The Indian elite from the city of Tetzcoco . Later, in May 1524, with the arrival of the Twelve Apostles of Mexico , led by Martín de Valencia . There they built the Convento Grande de San Francisco , which became Franciscan headquarters for New Spain for the next three hundred years. The Order of Friars Minor ( OFM ) has 1,500 houses in about 100 provinces and custodiae , with about 16,000 members. In 1897, Pope Leo XIII combined
11218-483: The May gray and June gloom seasons, a dense cloak of coastal clouds, known as marine layer , covers the coastal areas, keeping the area cool and moist to up to 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland. This coastal cloud cover is frequently observed reaching as far inland as Poway and in some cases, San Diego Country Estates . Yet once outside this cloud, the weather in sharp contrast can be warm and sunny. In some cases, June gloom lasts into July, creating cloudy skies over
11376-461: The Observantist houses joined this congregation by degrees, so that it became known simply as the "brothers of the regular Observance." It acquired the favor of the popes by its energetic opposition to the heretical Fraticelli , and was expressly recognized by the Council of Constance (1415). It was allowed to have a special vicar-general of its own and legislate for its members without reference to
11534-448: The Observantist party with his own order of hermits (see Celestines ) was scarcely more successful. Only a part of the Spirituals joined the new order, and the secession scarcely lasted beyond the reign of the hermit-pope. Pope Boniface VIII annulled Celestine's bull of foundation with his other acts, deposed the general Raymond Gaufredi , and appointed a man of laxer tendency, John de Murro , in his place. The Benedictine section of
11692-529: The Observants, Discalced (Alcantarines), Recollects, and Riformati into one order under general constitutions. While the Capuchins and Conventuals wanted the reunited Observants to be referred to as The Order of Friars Minor of the Leonine Union, they were instead called simply the Order of Friars Minor . Despite the tensions caused by this forced union the Order grew from 1897 to reach a peak of 26,000 members in
11850-542: The Observants, and the right to elect the Minister General of the Order , together with the seal of the Order, was given to this united grouping. This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited the title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and
12008-446: The Order and the adaptation of its system to the plans of the hierarchy which conflicted with the original notions of the founder and helped to bring about the successive changes in the rule already described. Francis was not alone in opposition to this lax and secularizing tendency. On the contrary, the party which clung to his original views and after his death took his "Testament" for their guide, known as Observantists or Zelanti ,
12166-400: The Order at its chapter held at Narbonne , France, in 1260. In the chapter of Pisa three years later Bonaventure's Legenda maior was approved as the only biography of Francis and all previous biographies were ordered to be destroyed. Bonaventure ruled (1257–74) in a moderate spirit, which is represented also by various works produced by the order in his time – especially by
12324-468: The Order but also led the Order towards a greater clericalization. The new Pope Innocent IV supported them in this. In a bull of November 14, 1245, this pope even sanctioned an extension of the system of financial agents, and allowed the funds to be used not simply for those things that were necessary for the friars but also for those that were useful. The Observantist party took a strong stand in opposition to this ruling and agitated so successfully against
12482-578: The Order the land watered by the Rhine and the Danube . In 1224 Agnellus of Pisa led a small group of friars to England. The branch of the Order arriving in England became known as the "greyfriars". Beginning at Greyfriars at Canterbury , the ecclesiastical capital, they moved on to London , the political capital, and Oxford , the intellectual capital. From these three bases the Franciscans swiftly expanded to embrace
12640-463: The Order to have custody of such funds where they could not be spent immediately. Elias pursued with great severity the principal leaders of the opposition, and even Bernardo di Quintavalle , the founder's first disciple, was obliged to conceal himself for years in the forest of Monte Sefro . The conflict between the two parties lasted many years and the Zelanti won several notable victories in spite of
12798-450: The Order. Gregory IX declared his intention to build a splendid church to house the body of Francis and the task fell to Elias, who at once began to lay plans for the erection of a great basilica at Assisi, to enshrine the remains of the Poverello . In order to build the basilica, Elias proceeded to collect money in various ways to meet the expenses of the building. Elias thus also alienated
12956-438: The Order. He died in 1253, after succeeding by recantation in obtaining the removal of his censures. Under John of Parma, who enjoyed the favor of Innocent IV and Pope Alexander IV , the influence of the Order was notably increased, especially by the provisions of the latter pope in regard to the academic activity of the brothers. He not only sanctioned the theological institutes in Franciscan houses, but did all he could to support
13114-426: The San Diego–Tijuana binational region's water security . The Kumeyaay , referred to as Diegueño by the Spanish, are the original inhabitants of San Diego County and northern Baja California . The Kumeyaay lived in this region for over 10,000 years as hunter-gatherers and horticulturists . The boundaries of the Kumeyaay lands once extended from the Pacific Ocean, south to Ensenada, Baja California , east into
13272-679: The US and another country. The conurbation consists of San Diego County , (2020 population 3,298,634) in the United States and the municipalities of Tijuana (2020 pop. 1,922,523), Rosarito Beach (126,980), and Tecate (108,440) in Mexico. It is the third most populous region in the California–Baja California region, smaller only than the metropolitan areas of Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area . The metropolitan region
13430-506: The United States and Mexico runs from San Diego–Tijuana eastward towards the Gulf of Mexico . The Pacific Ocean terminus of the border was defined as a line passing from the confluence of the Colorado and Gila rivers (now the southeastern corner of the U.S. State of California) to the Pacific Ocean such that it would pass one Spanish league south of the southern end of San Diego Bay. This ensured that
13588-407: The United States and Mexico. The region lies just south of Orange County and west of Imperial County , and shares borders with Greater Los Angeles . The area has a varied topography with over seventy miles of coastline and snow-capped mountains that rise to the northeast, in San Diego County. The terrain includes flood plains, canyons, steep hills, and mesas . The region has its eastern terminus in
13746-544: The United States received the natural harbor at San Diego. There are three existing border crossings in San Diego–Tijuana, with two more planned. San Ysidro / El Chaparral is the busiest border crossing in the world; In 2019 alone, more than 77.2 million people entered the U.S. through this port. There are maximum 30 vehicle border crossing lanes at the San Ysidro Port of Entry into the United States and 6 or 8 lanes into Mexico from San Ysidro. The San Diego/Tijuana border
13904-721: The United States, Germany, Spain, Honduras, France, Austria, Gambia, the United Kingdom, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Israel, Canada, and the Czech Republic. Tijuana does not receive competition from a larger urban center as San Diego does from Los Angeles. However, with Mexicali growing rapidly, a possible canal project planned and Silicon Border development under way, Tijuana will soon face similar competition. Population figures for California cities are from 2010 U.S. Census data. Population figures for Baja California cities are from 2010 INEG census data. The international border between
14062-567: The area of San Diego–Tijuana at 6,252.5 square miles (16,194 km). San Diego is by far the most populated county though population density is much higher in the immediate border area adjacent to the south in Baja California than it is in San Diego County. Urban growth is currently developing regions to the east of Tijuana Municipality and south of Rosarito Beach, where developers are building many new residential communities while in San Diego it
14220-474: The area under the jurisdiction of Alta California. From the late 1860s Mission lands were granted as ranchos to Californio gentry. These distributions of lands accelerated after the Missions were secularized in 1833 , ending the dominance of the Missions in the economy. San Diego Bay became a port of call for whalers and hide traders from the United States. The region started depopulating, as settlements in
14378-490: The beginning simply by preaching and acting as living examples of the Gospel life. As official Inquisitors, they were authorized to use torture to extract confessions, as approved by Pope Innocent IV in 1252 while John of Parma was General Minister. The Franciscans were involved in the torture and trials of Jews, Muslims, and other heretics throughout the Middle Ages and wrote their own manuals to guide Inquisitors, such as
14536-645: The border while a relatively younger population the Tijuana side. The Tijuana region also maintains a population largely composed of people born outside of Baja California. San Diego is located at 32°42′N 117°09′W / 32.700°N 117.150°W / 32.700; -117.150 , just north of Tijuana. The city is divided into eight districts by the municipal government of the City of San Diego in accordance with policing and community service areas. The city lies south of North County , and west of East County , while also being north of parts of South Bay . Though
14694-415: The brotherhood making it a regular order under strict supervision from Rome. Exasperated by the demands of running a growing and fractious Order, Francis asked Pope Honorius III for help in 1219. He was assigned Cardinal Ugolino as protector of the Order by the pope. Francis resigned the day-to-day running of the Order into the hands of others but retained the power to shape the Order's legislation, writing
14852-538: The church in Europe. Innocent probably saw in them a possible answer to his desire for an orthodox preaching force to counter heresy. Many legends have clustered around the decisive audience of Francis with the pope. The realistic account in Matthew Paris , according to which the pope originally sent the shabby saint off to keep swine, and only recognized his real worth by his ready obedience, has, in spite of its improbability,
15010-511: The city boundaries grace Tijuana's, Centre City lies approximately 18 miles (29 km) north of Tijuana. San Diego has deep canyons separating its mesas, creating small pockets of natural parkland scattered throughout the city. This makes San Diego a hilly city. The Coronado and Point Loma peninsulas separate San Diego Bay from the ocean. Tijuana is located at 32°31′N 117°01′W / 32.517°N 117.017°W / 32.517; -117.017 , just south of San Diego. The city
15168-409: The coast of San Diego–Tijuana are densely populate by the denizens of the kelp forests . Kelp forests are found to a great extent and are populated by Garibaldi , leopard sharks , gobies , rockfish , and sculpins . Great white sharks have been observed in the waters off the coast, while there are numerous documentations of their occurrence in the waters off Guadalupe Island . From the confines of
15326-772: The coastal regions for entire days. An example of the regional temperature fluctuations is shown in the varying averages of downtown San Diego, averaging January lows of 50 °F and August highs of 78 °F; El Cajon , just 10 miles (16 km) northeast of downtown San Diego, averaging January lows of 42 °F and August highs of 88 °F; Tijuana, averaging January lows of 45 °F and August highs of 78 °F. The differences are even more observed in North County, where coastal Oceanside maintains an average January low of 45 °F and August highs of 73 °F, while inland Escondido maintains average January lows of 42 °F and August highs of 89 °F. San Diego–Tijuana
15484-508: The communities of Rancho Santa Fe , Carmel Valley and La Jolla which have consistently been among the ranks of some of the richest neighborhoods in the United States. Outside of the urban centers, older regions of San Diego County south of the San Diego River , as well as La Jolla and Pacific Beach, are built on a street grid. Suburban growth north of the San Diego river were built as master planned suburban communities on top of mesas with
15642-562: The conventual part of the Order. Through the work of such men as Bernardino of Siena , Giovanni da Capistrano , and Dietrich Coelde (b. 1435? at Munster; was a member of the Brethren of the Common Life , died December 11, 1515), it gained great prominence during the 15th century. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Observantists, with 1,400 houses, comprised nearly half of the entire Order. Their influence brought about attempts at reform even among
15800-580: The corresponding American area of Otay Mesa is composed of primarily dispersed industrial and distribution facilities. At the Pacific Ocean region of the border, the border is urbanized on the Mexican side while the adjacent American side is in Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve , and thus not urbanized. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , San Diego County has a total area of 4,526 square miles (11,720 km), of that 4,200 square miles (11,000 km) of it
15958-660: The death of its founder in 1481; the Amadeists, founded by the noble Portuguese Amadeo, who entered the Franciscan order at Assisi in 1452, gathered around him a number of adherents to his fairly strict principles (numbering finally twenty-six houses), and died in the odor of sanctity in 1482. Projects for a union between the two main branches of the Order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Pope Martin V , John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as
16116-492: The division between brothers occupied in manual labor and those employed on spiritual missions as a corruption of the fundamental principles of the Order. They were not won over by the conciliatory attitude of the next general, Raymond Gaufredi (1289–96), and of the Franciscan Pope Nicholas ;IV (1288–92). The attempt made by the next pope, Celestine V , an old friend of the order, to end the strife by uniting
16274-488: The ex-general Michael, and finally, just before his death, by Ockham. Out of all these dissensions in the 14th century sprang a number of separate congregations, or almost sects, to say nothing of the heretical parties of the Beghards and Fraticelli , some of which developed within the Order on both hermit and cenobitic principles and may here be mentioned: The Clareni or Clarenini was an association of hermits established on
16432-503: The excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly, and who were citing Exiit qui seminat in support of their view. In 1317, John XXII formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli. On 26 March 1322, with Quia nonnunquam , he removed the ban on discussion of Nicholas III's bull and commissioned experts to examine
16590-440: The favor shown to their opponents by the papal administration, until finally the reconciliation of the two points of view was seen to be impossible and the order was actually split into halves. Elias governed the Order from the center, imposing his authority on the provinces (as had Francis). A reaction to this centralized government was led from the provinces of England and Germany. At the general chapter of 1239, held in Rome under
16748-503: The fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars. Influential members of the order protested, such as the minister general Michael of Cesena , the English provincial William of Ockham , and Bonagratia of Bergamo . In 1324, Louis the Bavarian sided with the Spirituals and accused the pope of heresy. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull Exiit qui seminat
16906-423: The first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty. In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas of the followers of Peter Waldo , the brotherhood of Assisi succeeded in gaining the approval of Pope Innocent III . What seems to have impressed first
17064-655: The forests, ocean-going species such as the Ocean sunfish are observed. Environmental research in climate and biodiversity is conducted at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and by the Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias of the San Diego Natural History Museum . The land on which San Diego–Tijuana sits is due west of a major transform fault . The transform fault, known as
17222-605: The form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that Joachim of Fiore had said would begin in 1260) pitched against the Conventual Franciscans . Pope Clement V 's bull Exivi de Paradiso of 20 November 1312 failed to effect a compromise between the two factions. Clement V's successor, Pope John XXII was determined to suppress what he considered to be
17380-584: The four burned during the suppression of the Observant houses in 1318 mentioned above. Some 300,000 Jews, up to a quarter of the Spanish population, had to convert to Catholicism or flee Spain, or were killed in the Spanish Inquisition . The Inquisition spread to the new world during the Age of Discovery to root out heretics, leading further persecution and execution (e.g., Mexican Inquisition ). The work of
17538-603: The 💕 Urban area that extends into two or more countries (or dependent territories) [REDACTED] San Diego–Tijuana is an urban agglomeration across the Mexico–United States border . A transborder agglomeration is an urban agglomeration or conurbation that extends into multiple sovereign states and/or dependent territories . It includes city-states that agglomerate with their neighbouring countries. List of transborder agglomerations [ edit ] [REDACTED] This list
17696-803: The friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the University of Paris and the Bishops of France combined to attack the mendicant orders . It was due to the action of Alexander IV 's envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the Dominican Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscan Bonaventure (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. The Franciscan Gerard of Borgo San Donnino at this time issued
17854-615: The idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead
18012-741: The land was explored by Portuguese explorers on behalf of the Spanish Empire . In 1601, it was mandated by the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City that safe ports be found, one of which would be San Diego Bay , for ships of the Manila galleon . During this mission, explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno was also told to map the California coast in great detail, leading to the further exploration of the modern-day site of San Diego–Tijuana. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California and in northern Mexico have further strained
18170-429: The largest naval fleet in the world. The cruise ship industry, which is the second largest in the California-Baja California region, generates an estimated $ 2 million annually from the purchase of food, fuel, supplies, and maintenance services. In California alone, the port is the fastest-growing port in terms of cruise ship dockings and the second largest behind the Port of Los Angeles . Manufacturing accounts for
18328-477: The largest contemporary male order), orders for nuns such as the Order of Saint Clare , and the Third Order of Saint Francis open to male and female members. They adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi , Anthony of Padua , and Elizabeth of Hungary . Several smaller Protestant Franciscan orders or other groups have been established since late 1800s as well, particularly in
18486-613: The largest in number in Poland because of the work and inspiration of Maximilian Kolbe . The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ( OFM Cap. ) are the youngest branch of Franciscans, founded in 1525 by Matteo Serafini ( Matteo Bassi , Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity. With the support of the Papal Court, the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout
18644-471: The lax General that in 1247, at a chapter held in Lyon, France—where Innocent IV was then residing—he was replaced by the strict Observantist John of Parma (1247–57) and the Order refused to implement any provisions of Innocent IV that were laxer than those of Gregory IX. Elias, who had been excommunicated and taken under the protection of Frederick II , was now forced to give up all hope of recovering his power in
18802-600: The little hood ( cappuciola ); the Neutri, a group of reformers originating about 1463 in Italy, who tried to take a middle ground between the Conventuals and Observantists, but refused to obey the heads of either, until they were compelled by the pope to affiliate with the regular Observantists, or with those of the Common Life; the Caperolani, a congregation founded about 1470 in North Italy by Peter Caperolo , but dissolved again on
18960-517: The major water bodies known as: The populace of the San Diego–Tijuana is cosmopolitan in that many cultures and ethnic groups are present. A large transitory population exists due to Tijuana's border proximity to the United States. This location draws many Latin Americans , including Argentines , Cubans , Guatemalans , and Andean nationalities, as well as Chinese, Korean , and Japanese people; Italian , French, Spanish and Lebanese also reside in
19118-525: The order. Members of the Order live according to a Rule composed by St Francis in 1221. The Rule was slightly modified through the centuries and was replaced at the turn of the 20th century by Pope Leo XIII , himself a member of the Order. A new and current Rule was approved by Pope Paul VI in 1978, and the Third Order was renamed the Secular Franciscan Order. It is an international organization with its own Minister General based in Rome. Within
19276-533: The original (PDF) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2022 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) ^ "San Diego - Tijuana" . World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . ^ "The 411 - Fascinating Facts" . Guest Life: El Paso/Juarez and Southern New Mexico . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 17 Feb 2010 . ^ "Nuevo Laredo Metro area" . World Gazetteer. Archived from
19434-2449: The original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . ^ Gomez, Rodney; Guajardo, Luis; Ely-Ledesma, Edna (June 15, 2022). "It is time to recognize the Rio Grande Valley as a rising borderland metropolis" . Rice University: Kinder Institute for Urban Research. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "McAllen Overview" . McAllen Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ "Explore Matamoros" . Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "IBGE Cidades (Brazil's Census 2010)" . ^ "INE (Uruguay's Census 2011)" . ^ http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2016/08/15/cucuta-y-san-antonio-dos-ciudades-unidas-pero-separadas-por-cierre-frontera/ "...que une ambas ciudades formando una conurbación, los 650.000 habitantes de Cúcuta y los 50.000 de San Antonio supieron que comenzaban tiempos difíciles." v t e World's largest cities City proper Capitals Africa Americas North Latin Central South Asia Arab world Arabia ASEAN East, South and Southeast Asia Europe Baltic European Union Nordic Metropolitan area Americas ( North South West Indies ) Europe ( European Union ) Asia Africa Middle East Oceania Urban area / agglomeration Asia Africa Europe European Union Nordic North America Oceania Transborder Historical World Europe Related articles Arcology Ecumenopolis Global city Megacity Megalopolis Conurbation Satellite city population Primate city Secondary city [REDACTED] Cities portal [REDACTED] World portal Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transborder_agglomeration&oldid=1259089629 " Category : Transborder agglomerations Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description
19592-696: The peaks of the Cuyamacas including Cuyamaca Peak . The highest points are located in the Lagunas at 6,378 feet (1,944 m) and in the Cuyumacas at 6,512 feet (1,985 m) while the highest is the peak of Hot Springs Mountain at 6,535 feet (1,992 m). These mountain ranges constitute part of the Salinian Block , a largely granitic terrane dating back to the Mesozoic era and thus explaining the abundance of such stone throughout
19750-401: The perfect life, possessed nothing either severally or in common, either by right of ownership and dominium or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic." By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December 1322, John XXII, declaring it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to
19908-504: The personal presidency of Gregory IX, Elias was deposed in favor of Albert of Pisa , the former provincial of England, a moderate Observantist. This chapter introduced General Statutes to govern the Order and devolved power from the Minister General to the Ministers Provincial sitting in chapter. The next two Ministers General, Haymo of Faversham (1240–44) and Crescentius of Jesi (1244–47), consolidated this greater democracy in
20066-457: The pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in the future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership. And, on 12 November 1323, he issued the short bull Quum inter nonnullos which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever. John XXII's actions thus demolished
20224-430: The principal towns of England. The controversy about how to follow the Gospel life of poverty, which extends through the first three centuries of Franciscan history, began in the lifetime of the founder. The ascetic brothers Matthew of Narni and Gregory of Naples, a nephew of Cardinal Ugolino , were the two vicars-general to whom Francis had entrusted the direction of the order during his absence. They carried through at
20382-692: The province of Syria was established, with Brother Elias as Minister. By 1229 the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the Via Dolorosa . In 1272 sultan Baibars allowed the Franciscans to settle in the Cenacle on Mount Zion . Later on, in 1309, they also settled in the Holy Sepulchre and in Bethlehem . In 1335 the king of Naples Robert of Anjou ( Italian : Roberto d'Angiò ) and his wife Sancha of Majorca ( Italian : Sancia di Maiorca ) bought
20540-461: The question of poverty . In his 14 August 1279 bull Exiit qui seminat , Pope Nicholas III had confirmed the arrangement already established by Pope Innocent IV , by which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the Holy See , which granted the friars the mere use of it. The bull declared that renunciation of ownership of all things "both individually but also in common, for God's sake,
20698-550: The region began to be raided between 1836 and 1842 by the Kumeyaay resistance, with both Rancho Tía Juana (1839) and San Diego (~1840 & 1842) raided during that period. In 1846, the Mexican–American War began and the United States continued to expand its borders under the doctrine of Manifest Destiny . As the war came to California, the Battle of San Pasqual was fought in the northern areas of modern-day San Diego. In 1848
20856-789: The region. Once part of the North American Plate, the Salinian block broke off due to the formation of the San Andreas Fault and rift resulting in the Gulf of California and its extension of the Salton Trough . The faults nearest the urban area are the Elsinore and Laguna Salada faults , both secondary to the San Andreas fault. The region is set with many natural coastal harbors , estuaries , inlets , lagoons , and bays . These included
21014-457: The region. With a population of approximately five million people, the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area accounts for 40% of the United States – Mexico border population. The metropolitan area experiences the largest rates of growth in an urban area that stretches from Los Angeles to Tijuana. An analysis of age groups in the region found a relatively older population lives on the San Diegan side of
21172-532: The rise of hotels and overall growth in the city. San Diego–Tijuana urbanity stretches along the coastline from the northernmost city of Oceanside to the southernmost city of Rosarito Beach. The urban area of San Diego–Tijuana is the 72nd largest in the world and 11th largest in North America, with a population of 5,330,000. The highest population densities are located in the San Diego neighborhoods of University City , La Jolla , Mission Valley , Pacific Beach
21330-412: The river Clareno in the march of Ancona by Angelo da Clareno (1337). Like several other smaller congregations, it was obliged in 1568 under Pope Pius V to unite with the general body of Observantists. As a separate congregation, this originated through the union of a number of houses which followed Olivi after 1308. It was limited to southwestern France and, its members being accused of the heresy of
21488-522: The site of Sony US corporate headquarters. Tourism is a major industry of the region, owing much to the area's mild Mediterranean climate . Tijuana alone is the most visited city in the Western Hemisphere , second only to New York City . 50,000,000 people visit the city each year and about 300,000 visitors cross by foot or car from the San Ysidro point of entry to Tijuana every day. Balboa Park ,
21646-472: The stigmata wound." A sermon Francis heard in 1209 on Matthew 10:9 made such an impression on him that he decided to devote himself wholly to a life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance. He was soon joined by a prominent fellow townsman, Bernard of Quintavalle , who contributed all that he had to
21804-441: The streets, while staying in church properties. Clare of Assisi , under Francis's guidance, founded the Poor Clares (Order of Saint Clare) of the Franciscans. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as
21962-439: The strongly Observantist general Michael of Cesena , ventured to dispute the pope's right so to deal with the provisions of his predecessor. Sixty-four of them were summoned to Avignon and the most obstinate delivered over to the Inquisition, four of them being burned (1318). Shortly before this all the separate houses of the Observantists had been suppressed. A few years later a new controversy, this time theoretical, broke out on
22120-409: The third richest region in the former Californias region, with a GDP of $ 136.3 billion in 2002. Renowned for natural beauty, tourism is a leading industry in the region and its coastal environs have been paramount factors in the growth of action sports -lifestyle companies. Other key industries include military, biotech , and manufacturing. San Diego–Tijuana traces its European roots to 1542, when
22278-588: The universities (in Paris , for example, where Alexander of Hales was teaching) continued to develop. Contributions toward the promotion of the Order's work, and especially the building of the Basilica in Assisi, came in abundantly. Funds could only be accepted on behalf of the friars for determined, imminent, real necessities that could not be provided for from begging. When in 1230, the General Chapter could not agree on
22436-614: The war ended with the Fall of Mexico City and boundaries were redrawn which created a border between San Diego and Tijuana, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of San Diego Bay . 1919 saw the implementation of Prohibition and the rapid growth of Tijuana tourism. Americans flocked to the city, which had become a major destination for the Hollywood elite, which led to the construction of the Agua Caliente Tourist Complex which in turn spurred
22594-749: The water, the Intertidal , estuary and kelp forest biomes dominate the aquatic world; home to an equally diverse set of flora and fauna. The cool nutrient-rich waters of the north Pacific are able to provide kelp forests with millions of plankton – the base of the aquatic food chain – due to an upwelling of water from the deep sea in the stormy, winter months. Trees of San Diego–Tijuana included chamise , scrub oak , manzanita , live oak , lodgepole pine , black oak and closed-cone pine forests . Lowland shrubs included California sagebrush , black sage , white sage , California buckwheat , as well as cacti and succulents . Terrestrial mammals included
22752-405: The way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, Arlotto of Prato (1285–87) and Matthew of Aqua Sparta (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic Pierre Jean Olivi regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars upon the pope and
22910-441: The winter. The Peninsular Ranges assist in containing moisture to the coastal areas and create a rain shadow to the east as they are west-facing mountains. The climate of the area often varies significantly due to the abundance of microclimates characterizing the region. San Diego–Tijuana's topography, bays, coastal hills, mountains, canyons and gorges maintain their own climates while being relatively near to each other. During
23068-471: The work, and by other companions, who are said to have reached the number of eleven within a year. The brothers lived in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi ; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of Umbria , always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by
23226-430: The world. The Capuchins eventually became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or capuce ; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the order. The order now exists in 106 countries all over the world, with around 10,500 brothers living in more than 1700 communities known as fraternities or friaries. The Poor Clares , officially
23384-446: The world. They follow several different observances and are organized into federations. The Poor Clares follow the Rule of St. Clare which was approved by Pope Innocent IV the day before Clare's death in 1253. The main branch of the Order ( OSC ) follows the observance of Pope Urban. Other branches established since that time, who operate under their own unique constitutions , are the Colettine Poor Clares ( PCC – founded 1410),
23542-420: The zealots in the order, who felt this was not in keeping with the founder's views upon the question of poverty. The earliest leader of the strict party was Brother Leo , a close companion of Francis during his last years and the author of the Speculum perfectionis , a strong polemic against the laxer party. Having protested against the collection of money for the erection of the basilica of San Francesco, it
23700-419: Was Leo who broke in pieces the marble box which Elias had set up for offertories for the completion of the basilica at Assisi . For this Elias had him scourged, and this outrage on St Francis's dearest disciple consolidated the opposition to Elias. Leo was the leader in the early stages of the struggle in the order for the maintenance of St Francis's ideas on strict poverty. At the chapter held in May 1227, Elias
23858-408: Was at least equal in numbers and activity to the followers of Elias. After an intense apostolic activity in Italy, in 1219 Francis went to Egypt with the Fifth Crusade to announce the Gospel to the Saracens . He met with the Sultan Malik al-Kamil , initiating a spirit of dialogue and understanding between Christianity and Islam . The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land started in 1217, when
24016-487: Was fixed and irrevocable, John XXII issued the bull Quia quorundam on 10 November 1324 in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common." In 1328, Michael of Cesena
24174-638: Was founded and is headquartered in San Diego; Qualcomm is the largest private-sector technology employer (excluding hospitals) in San Diego County. Due to San Diego's military influence, major national defense contractors, such as General Atomics and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), are or have been headquartered in San Diego. Business districts include the Columbia district of downtown San Diego , downtown Tijuana , Rancho Bernardo , Carmel Valley , Mission Valley , Sorrento Mesa , and University City neighborhoods of San Diego. Notability among business districts extends to Rancho Bernardo,
24332-419: Was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative. In about 1236 during the time of Elias of Cortona , Pope Gregory IX appointed the Franciscans, along with the Dominicans , as Inquisitors. The Franciscans had been involved in anti-heretical activities from
24490-448: Was intending at the Council of Lyon (1274–75) to force the mendicant orders to tolerate the possession of property, threatened both pope and council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull Exiit qui seminat of Pope Nicholas III (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty to be meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in
24648-429: Was rejected in spite of his prominence, and Giovanni Parenti , Minister Provincial of Spain, was elected Minister General of the order. In 1232 Elias succeeded him, and under him the Order significantly developed its ministries and presence in the towns. Many new houses were founded, especially in Italy, and in many of them special attention was paid to education. The somewhat earlier settlements of Franciscan teachers at
24806-620: Was summoned to Avignon to explain the Order's intransigence in refusing the pope's orders and its complicity with Louis of Bavaria. Michael was imprisoned in Avignon, together with Francesco d'Ascoli, Bonagratia, and William of Ockham. In January of that year Louis of Bavaria entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor. Three months later he declared John XXII deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan Pietro Rainalducci as antipope . The Franciscan chapter that opened in Bologna on 28 May reelected Michael of Cesena, who two days before had escaped with his companions from Avignon. But in August Louis
24964-415: Was the son of a rich cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ. In other words, he abandoned his life among the wealthy and aristocratic classes (or Majori ) to live like the poor and peasants ( minori ). Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as
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