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29-740: In February 1924, the CCP established a Tianjin Party Group with Yu Shude as its leader. The group was directly affiliated with the CCP Beijing District Executive Committee. In September 1924, the founding meeting of the Tianjin Local Executive Committee was held, and Yu Fangzhou was selected as its chairman. In August 1927, it was renamed to become the Tianjin Municipal Committee. In early November 2018, it

58-624: The August First Film Studio released the epic war trilogy Decisive Engagement in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the CCP, the second film of which was centered on the Huaihai Campaign, starring Gu Yue as Mao Zedong, Zhao Hengduo as Chiang Kai-shek, Fu Xuecheng as Liu Bocheng, Liu Xitian as Chen Yi, Xie Weicai as Su Yu, Lu Qi as Deng Xiaoping, Xu Zhengyun as Du Yuming, Xu Huanshan as Huang Baitao and Sheng Zhong as Qiu Qingquan. The 2007 film Assembly

87-788: The Battle of Pingjin and also officially known in Chinese Communist historiography as the Liberation of Beijing and Tianjin was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War against the Government of the Republic of China . It began on 29 November 1948 and ended on 31 January 1949, lasting a total of 64 days. This campaign marked

116-793: The CCP on 24 September 1948, the PLA began planning for a larger campaign to engage the remaining Nationalist forces in the Shandong province and their main force in Xuzhou . In face of the rapidly deteriorating military situation in the Northeast , the Nationalist government decided to deploy on both sides of the Tianjin–Pukou Railway to prevent the PLA from advancing south toward the Yangtze River . Su Yu ,

145-647: The Central Plains Field Army and capture the key railway checkpoints to break the siege on the Seventh Army. However, Chiang Kai-shek and Liu Zhi overruled his plan as being too risky and ordered the Xuzhou Garrison to rescue Seventh Army directly. The CCP anticipated this move from good intelligence and correct reasoning, and deployed more than half of the Eastern China Field Army to blocking

174-752: The Central Plains Field Army) to assault the Nationalist garrison in Henan and Anhui to breakthrough to Shandong. As the Nationalist Sixth and Seventh Army began retreating to Xuzhou by crossing the Grand Canal, they were behind their original schedule. Lieutenant General Huang Baitao of the Seventh Army had to wait for three days before troops from the Ninth Pacification Zone arrived, and consequently several bridgeheads were unsecured prior to

203-622: The Communist encirclement with 8,000 survivors, but was badly wounded in the breakout. Chiang Kai-shek tried to save the Twelfth Army. On November 30, 1948, he ordered the three armies still under the Suppression General Headquarters of Xuzhou Garrison to turn southeast and relieve the Twelfth Army before it was too late. However, the PLA forces caught up with them and they were encircled only 9 miles from Xuzhou. On December 15,

232-667: The Nationalist 35th Army in Beiping and the 104th Army in Huailai to reinforce the city. On 2 December, the PLA Second Field Army began to approach Zhuolu . The PLA Fourth Field Army captured Miyun on 5 December and advanced toward Huailai. Meanwhile, the Second Field Army advanced to the south of Zhuolu. As Beiping was at risk of being encircled, Fu recalled both the 35th Army and the 104th Army from Zhangjiakou to return and support

261-567: The Nationalist Twelfth Army led by Huang Wei coming from Henan as reinforcements. General Liu Ruming 's Eighth Army and Lieutenant General Li Yannian 's Sixth Army tried to break the Communist siege but to no avail. The Twelfth Army also ceased to exist after nearly a month of bloody conflicts, with many newly taken Nationalist prisoners of war joining the Communist forces instead. Only Huang's deputy commander, Lieutenant General Hu Lien , riding in an armored tank, managed to penetrate

290-470: The Nationalist government in Nanjing decided to abandon Chengde , Baoding , Shanhai Pass and Qinhuangdao collectively and withdraw the remaining Nationalist troops to Beiping , Tianjin and Zhangjiakou and consolidate the defense in these garrisons. The Nationalists were hoping to preserve their strength and reinforce Xuzhou where another major campaign was under its way, or alternatively to retreat to

319-420: The Nationalist troops from the 17th Army Group and the 87th Army that participated in the battle retreated south on 17 January by sea. After the fall of Tianjin to the Communist forces, the Nationalist garrison in Beiping was effectively isolated. Fu Zuoyi came to the decision to negotiate a peace settlement on 21 January. In the following week, 260,000 Nationalist troops began to exit the city in anticipation for

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348-571: The PLA approached the Yangtze, the momentum shifted completely toward the CCP side. Without effective measures against PLA advance across the Yangtze, the Nationalist government in Nanjing began losing their support from the United States, as American military aid gradually came to a stop. As a result, Chiang Kai-shek , the President of the Nationalist government, stepped down on January 21, 1949. In 1991,

377-472: The PLA began to amass troops around the Tianjin area beginning on 2 January 1949. Immediately after the conclusion of Huaihai campaign in the south, the PLA launched the final assault on Tianjin on 14 January. After 29 hours of fighting, the Nationalist 62nd Army and 86th Army and a total of 130,000 men in ten divisions were either killed or captured, including the Nationalist commander Chen Changjie . Remainder of

406-519: The PLA forces before being destroyed. Huang Baitao committed suicide in his headquarters on November 22, 1948. With the Seventh Army no longer in existence, the east flank of Xuzhou were completely exposed to Communist attack. The Communist sympathizer in the Nationalist government managed to persuade Chiang to move the Nationalist headquarters to the south. In the meanwhile, the Communist Central Plains Field Army intercepted

435-481: The ROC forces to surrender; about 10,000 did so. On January 6, 1949, communist forces launched a general offensive on the 13th army and remnants of the 13th army withdrew to 2nd army's defense area. Four days later, communist forces captured General Du Yuming; General Qiu Qinquan shot himself while trying to break out with his troops; only General Li Mi was able to escape back to Nanjing. The 6th and 8th armies of ROC retreated to

464-973: The Working Committee was abolished and the Municipal Committee was re-established. In March 1947, the Municipal Committee was abolished. In September 1948, during the Pingjin campaign , the CCP North China Bureau re-established the Tianjin Municipal Committee. The organization of the CCP Tianjin Committee includes: 11th Municipal Party Committee (May 2017–June 2022) 12th Municipal Party Committee (June 2022–) Pingjin campaign [REDACTED] Republic of China [REDACTED] Communist Party The Pingjin campaign ( simplified Chinese : 平津战役 ; traditional Chinese : 平津戰役 ; pinyin : Píngjīn Zhànyì ), also known as

493-656: The acting commander of the Eastern China Field Army proposed an operational plan to the CCP war council. The plan was to encircle the Nationalist Sixth and Seventh Army, which were still stationed in the Shandong province. The council quickly approved this plan and ordered the Central Plains Field Army under Liu Bocheng , Chen Yi (Commander of the Eastern China Field Army and liaison to the Central Plains Field Army) and Deng Xiaoping (Political Commissar of

522-460: The crossing. On 8 November, 23,000 Nationalist troops defected to the CCP side, exposing the retreat route of the Seventh Army back to Xuzhou. 70,000 men of the PLA marched on and surrounded the main forces of the Seventh Army east of Xuzhou, and intercepted the remaining Nationalist forces as they were crossing the river. Du Yuming , the commander of the Nationalist garrison in Xuzhou, decided to attack

551-586: The current hopeless situation: first, recall the ROC troops in Xi'an and Wuhan to battle the communists; second, to wait for reinforcements; and the third was to break out on their own. He was disappointed when Chiang chose the riskiest one: order them to break out. There was more than a month of heavy snowfalls, which made the ROC air forces unable to provide air support to the besieged ground units. As food and ammunition diminished, many ROC soldiers killed their horses to feed themselves and communist forces used food to entice

580-415: The day which the 12th army was wiped out, the 16th army under General Sun Yuanliang broke out from the CCP encirclement on its own. Although Sun himself made it safely back to Nanjing, most of his officers and soldiers were killed or captured in the process. Du Yuming decided to hold out as Chiang had ordered. As one of the ablest strategists in the ROC army, Du Yuming came up with three different options for

609-485: The defense of Beiping before being "surrounded and destroyed" by the PLA. On their return from Zhangjiakou, the Nationalist 35th Army found themselves encircled by the Communist forces in Xinbao'an . Nationalist reinforcements from Beiping were intercepted by the Communist forces and were unable to reach the city. As the situation deteriorated, Fu Zuoyi attempted to negotiate secretly with the CCP beginning on 14 December, which

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638-771: The end of Nationalist dominance in the North China Plain . The term Pingjin refers to the cities Beiping (now Beijing ) and Tianjin . By the winter of 1948, the balance of power in Northern China was shifting in favor of the People's Liberation Army . As the Communist Fourth Field Army led by Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan entered the North China Plain after the conclusion of the Liaoshen campaign , Fu Zuoyi and

667-865: The immediate surrender. On 31 January, the PLA's Fourth Field Army entered Beiping to take over the city which marked the conclusion of the campaign. The Chinese drama, New World (新世界) is set inside besieged Beiping. [REDACTED] Communist Party / [REDACTED] Soviet Republic ( [REDACTED] Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( [REDACTED] 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → [REDACTED] People's Liberation Army ) → [REDACTED]   People's Republic of China Huaihai campaign [REDACTED] Republic of China [REDACTED] Chinese Communist Party The Huaihai campaign ( Chinese : 淮 海 戰 役 ; pinyin : Huáihǎi Zhànyì ), or Battle of Hsupeng ( traditional Chinese : 徐 蚌 會 戰 ; simplified Chinese : 徐 蚌 会 战 ; pinyin : Xúbèng Huìzhàn ),

696-520: The nearby Suiyuan Province if necessary. In preparations for the campaign, the People's Liberation Army halted the advance of First Field Army toward Taiyuan . The attack on Hohhot were also held back as the Third Field Army was being deployed from Jining District toward Beiping. On 29 November 1948, the People's Liberation Army launched an assault on Zhangjiakou . Fu Zuoyi immediately ordered

725-536: The relief effort. More importantly, Lieutenant General Qiu Qingquan , commander of the Second Army, had a personal feud with Huang Baitao, had been given faulty intelligence in previous battles, and did not commit his elite American-trained 5th Corps into battle. The Thirteenth Army commanded by Lieutenant General Li Mi did try but was blocked by the CCP. The Seventh Army managed to hold out for 16 days without supplies and reinforcement and inflicted 49,000 casualties on

754-426: The south of Huai river, and the campaign was over. Throughout the campaign, large amounts of ROC troops defected to the CCP. The heavy losses suffered by Whampoa-trained troops under the direct command of Chiang significantly weakened the position of Chiang in the Nationalist government. With pressure from former political rivals such as Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi , Chiang announced his temporary retirement. As

783-408: Was eventually rejected by the CCP on 19 December. The PLA then launched an assault against the city on 21 December and captured the city the next evening. Commander of the 35th Army Guo Jingyun committed suicide as the Communist forces broke into the city, and remaining Nationalist forces were destroyed as they attempted to retreat back to Zhangjiakou. After capturing both Zhangjiakou and Xinbao'an,

812-577: Was one of the military conflicts in the late stage of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The campaign started when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched a major offensive against the Kuomintang headquarters in Xuzhou on 6 November 1948, and ended on 10 January 1949 when the PLA reached the north of the Yangtze . After the fall of Jinan to

841-849: Was renamed to become the Tianjin Special Administrative Region Committee. In January 1929, the committee was abolished and a Tianjin Work Office was created in February, which was later abolished in April. The Tianjin Municipal Committee was re-established in April 1930. It was abolished in September 1938. On 28 August 1945, the Tianjin Working Committee was established by the Jizhong CCP Committee. On 1 April 1946,

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