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48-603: Thyateira (also Thyatira ; Ancient Greek : Θυάτειρα ) was the name of an ancient Greek city in Asia Minor, now the modern Turkish city of Akhisar ("white castle"), Manisa Province . The name is probably Lydian . It lies in the far west of Turkey, south of Istanbul and almost due east of Athens. It is about 50 miles (80 km) from the Aegean Sea . It was an ancient Greek city called Pelopia ( Ancient Greek : Πελόπεια ) and Semiramis ( Ancient Greek : Σεμίραμις ), before it

96-488: A battle fought near Thyateira saw the army of Roman emperor Valens defeat Roman usurper Procopius . Artemidorus ( Ancient Greek : Ἀρτεμίδωρος ) of Thyateira was an athlete who won the Stadion race in the 193rd Olympiad (8 BC). Nicander ( Ancient Greek : Νίκανδρος ), also known as Nicander of Thyateira ( Ancient Greek : Νίκανδρος ὁ Θυατειρηνός ) was an ancient Greek grammarian. Lydia of Thyatira , businesswoman in

144-537: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

192-472: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

240-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

288-543: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

336-683: A prophetess) taught and seduced the Christians of Thyateira to commit sexual immorality and to eat food sacrificed to idols . However, some commentators such as Benson and Doddridge have concluded that what is being here practised in Thyatira is the same apostasy promoted in Israel by Jezebel as mentioned in the Books of Kings and that use of her name here is a direct reference to such. Indeed, as Doddridge notes, "the resemblance appears so great" that, in his view, it

384-671: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek , and Koine may be classified as Ancient Greek in a wider sense. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

432-609: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

480-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

528-653: Is Nikitas Lulias . The Archbishop of Thyateira resides in London and has pastoral responsibility for the Greek Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta . The see of Thyatira is also included, without archiepiscopal rank, in the Roman Catholic Church 's list of titular sees . Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes

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576-556: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

624-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

672-644: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

720-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

768-465: Is the "same heresy which is represented". The Apostle Paul and Silas might have visited Thyateira during Paul's second or third journey, Acts 16:13–16. They visited several small unnamed towns in the general vicinity during the second journey. While in Philippi , Paul and Silas stayed with a woman named Lydia from Thyateira, who continued to help them even after they were jailed and released. In 366,

816-632: The Acts of the Apostles chapter 16 verse 11–40. The city was home to a Christian community from the apostolic period . The community continued until 1922, when the Orthodox Christian population was deported. In 1922, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople appointed an exarch for Western and Central Europe with the title Archbishop of Thyateira. The current archbishop of Thyateira (since 2019)

864-566: The Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius . In May 2023, he took part in the 2023 Coronation of Charles III as one of the faith leaders offering prayers to the newly crowned King. Archbishop Nikitas has spearheaded the Ecumenical Patriarchate's Committee on Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery since 2017, meeting with various leaders and organizing three international forums on the issue. The first Forum, “Sins Before Our Eyes,”

912-745: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

960-685: The St. Petersburg Theological Academy from late 1992 to mid 1993. Every January sixth, the Orthodox Christian communities of the greater Tampa Bay area gather at St. Nicholas Cathedral in Tarpon Springs to observe the feast of Christ's baptism in the Jordan River and celebrate the blessing of the waters. This local tradition has been a staple of the Greek-American community since 1903 and is said to be

1008-532: The University of Florida , where he was a member of the university honor society Savant. Lulias earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors in 1976. After attaining his undergraduate degree, he enrolled in the Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, earning the degree of Master of Divinity in 1980. His tenure as a graduate student was marked with prestige and distinction: He was listed in

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1056-595: The Who's Who of American Colleges and University Students in 1975 and 1979 ; he was a Rotary International Graduate Scholar from 1980-1981; and a graduate fellow of the Ministry of the Exterior, Greece, from 1981-1982. Following this, he pursued additional graduate study at the University of Thessaloniki , Greece through November 1982. He also studied Russian language in St. Petersburg, Russia at

1104-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

1152-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

1200-490: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

1248-807: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs,   Nikitas Lulias Before his election as archbishop, he was the metropolitan bishop of the Dardanelles and director of the Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute in Berkeley, California. Prior, he served as

1296-784: The St. Demetrios Orthodox Church of Chicago. Lulias was first elected to the episcopacy by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in December of 1996 to oversee the Orthodox Christian population of Southeast Asia. He was consecrated a Hierarch and named Metropolitan of Hong Kong and South East Asia on Saturday December 14, 1996 in at the Patriarchal church of St. George in the Phanar in Istanbul, Turkey. His enthronement (formal installation as

1344-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

1392-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

1440-484: The border between Lydia and Mysia . During the Roman era, (1st century AD), it was famous for its dyeing facilities and was a center of the purple cloth trade. Among the ancient ruins of the city, inscriptions have been found relating to the guild of dyers in the city. Indeed, more guilds συντεχνία suntechuia (syndicate) are known in Thyatira than any other contemporary city in the Roman province of Asia (inscriptions mention

1488-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

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1536-679: The chancellor of the Greek Orthodox Diocese (now Metropolis) of Chicago. During his tenure as Chancellor from 1987 to 1995, he was involved in numerous educational, community service, and interfaith activities. He lectured a course in Orthodox Christian Theology at Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois (1988 to 1991). In 1994 he was appointed Director of Development for the International Orthodox Christian Charities and on July 1, 1995 he became Pastor of

1584-611: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

1632-532: The first metropolitan bishop of the Greek Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia . Nikitas Lulias was born on June 22, 1955, to Constantine (Gus) and Kalliope (Kally) Lulias in Tampa, Florida , where he was raised with his brother John. Growing up, he was a parishioner of St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and attended Tarpon Springs High School . After high school he matriculated into

1680-492: The following: wool-workers, linen-workers, makers of outer garments, dyers, leather-workers, tanners, potters, bakers, slave-dealers, and bronze-smiths). In early Christian times, Thyateira was home to a significant Christian church, mentioned as one of the seven Churches of the Book of Revelation in the Book of Revelation . According to Revelation, a woman named Jezebel (who called herself

1728-663: The forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

1776-556: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

1824-472: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

1872-588: The largest such celebration in the western hemisphere. Part of the celebration involves the retrieval of a wooden cross from spring bayou by local Orthodox Christian young men, aged 16-18. A specially crafted white cross is tossed by a senior cleric, usually the Archbishop of America, into Spring Bayou as part of the service of the Great Blessing of the Waters. The retrieval has developed into a contest and local lore states

1920-693: The metropolitan bishop of the Dardanelles and appointed Director of the Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute in Berkeley, California in March 2007. In 12 June 2019 he was elected Archbishop of Great Britain by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. His enthronement occurred July 27, 2019 in London, England, at the Cathedral of the Divine Wisdom. He is a patron of

1968-627: The metropolitan of the metropolis) took place shortly thereafter on Sunday January 12, 1997 at the Cathedral of Saint Luke the Evangelist in Hong Kong. He was the first metropolitan bishop of Hong Kong and his flock included churches in South East Asia, China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Singapore. Following his tenure as metropolitan of Hong Kong, His Eminence Metropolitan Nikitas was elected

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2016-499: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

2064-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

2112-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

2160-563: The water toward the divers. The gold cross was retrieved by Nikitas Lulias. Some saw this occasion as a sign of the young mans future ministry in the Greek Orthodox Church. The white cross was later found by a distant cousin of his, Manuel Karvounis. Nikitas' first assignment upon ordination was Associate Pastor at Saints Constantine and Helen Cathedral in Merrillville , Indiana , where he remained until 1987, at which time he became

2208-429: The young man who retrieves the cross from the bayou will enjoy a year of special blessings. Archbishop Nikita retrieved the cross in 1974, under unique circumstances. On January 6, 1974, when the traditional white wooden cross was thrown into Spring Bayou by Archbishop Iakovos , it was not quickly retrieved. In turn, the Archbishop did something spontaneous--he took the gold blessing cross he was carrying and tossed it into

2256-475: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

2304-552: Was renamed to Thyateira (Θυάτειρα), during the Hellenistic era in 290 BC, by the King Seleucus I Nicator . He was at war with Lysimachus when he learned that his wife had given birth to a daughter. According to Stephanus of Byzantium , he called this city "Thuateira" from Greek θυγάτηρ, θυγατέρα ( thugatēr , thugatera ), meaning "daughter", although it is likely that it is an older, Lydian name. In classical times, Thyatira stood on

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