Misplaced Pages

#0

88-504: The text is romantic or devotional in nature, the lyrics are usually in Bhojpuri , Awadhi and Brij Bhasha . Thumree is characterized by its sensuality, and by a greater flexibility with the raga . Thumri is also used as a generic name for some other, even lighter, forms such as Dadra , Hori , Kajari , Sawani , Jhoola , and Chaiti , even though each of them has their own structure and content — either lyrical or musical or both—and so

176-529: A Kayda. Kaydas can be played in any Tala. But in most of the concerts Teental and their Kaydas are played very often. Note that in talas like Dadra and Keherwa or in thekas like Bhajani , laggis are played, kaydas are not played. The reason for this is that these talas/thekas mentioned in the previous line are specifically played for Semi-Classical and light music ( Bhajans , Kirtans , Thumris , etc.) and not for Hindustani classical music. Different Gharanas have their own Kaydas. Basic structure of

264-432: A central area of "tuning paste" called the syahi (lit. "ink"; a.k.a. shāī or gāb ). Syahi is common in many drums of Indian origin. This method allows these drums to produce harmonic overtones and is responsible for their unique sound. Syahi is constructed using multiple layers of a paste made from starch (rice or wheat) mixed with a black powder of various origins. The precise construction and shaping of this area

352-602: A guru to a shishya, in person. Thus oral notation for playing tabla strokes and compositions is very developed and exact. These are made up of onomatopoetic syllables and are known as bols . Written notation is regarded as a matter of taste and is not standardized. Thus there is no universal system of written notation for the rest of the world to study Indian music. The two popular systems for writing notations were created by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande . These notations are named after their respective creators. Both these systems have bols written down in

440-665: A half speed of medium tempo. Others such as Ati Ati drut laya stands for very very fast tempo. Modern tabla players often use beats per minute measures as well. There are many talas in Hindustani music. Teental or Trital is one of the most popular tala played on Tabla. It has 16 beat measures or matras, and can be written down as 4 sections of 4 matras each. Teental can be played at both slow and fast speeds. Other talas such as Dhamaar, Ek, Jhoomra and Chau talas are better suited for slow and medium tempos. While some flourish at faster speeds, such as like Jhap or Rupak talas. Some of

528-557: A host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted. Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective your has several forms with different tones of politeness: tum (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), rā'ur (polite and formal) and āpke (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use

616-530: A kayda are complex, but in short, one must only use the bols that are in the original theme. This original theme is known as a Mukh. The kayda form originated in the Delhi Gharana of tabla playing and serves three fundamental and very important roles for tabla players. The Dayan (Right side tabla - also known as Dagga ) and Bayan (Left side tabla - just known as Tabla ) of the Tabla are used in synchronization to form

704-492: A musician patronized by Sultan Alauddin Khalji invented the tabla when he cut an Awaj drum, which used to be hourglass shaped, into two parts. However, no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with this evidence nor it was found in the list of musical instruments that were written down by Muslim historians. For example, Abul Fazi included a long list of musical instruments in his Ain-i-akbari written in

792-815: A script such as Latin or Devanagari . The differences arise in representation of various concepts of a compositions, such as Taali, Khaali, Sum (the first beat in a rhythmic cycle ), and Khand (divisions). Another difference is the use of numerals in the Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande system to represent matras and beat measures, whereas more sophisticated symbols are used in the Vishnu Digambar Paluskar system to denote one matra , its fractions and combinations. Tabla's repertoire and techniques borrow many elements from Pakhavaj and Mridangam , which are played sideways using one's palms. The physical structure of these drums also share similar components:

880-452: A slow tempo and is concluded by a laggi , a faster phase where the tabla player has some freedom of improvisation. Another stalwart in the genre of thumri was Naina Devi (1917–1993), who was married to a royal family but later devoted her life to the singing of the song of Tawaifs. For a member of the royal family to take such a step in those days meant fighting countless social stigmas that had enough power to totally alienate someone from

968-452: A tabla. The Natyashastra also discusses how to play these drums. The South Indian text Silappatikaram , likely composed in the early centuries of 1st millennium CE, describes thirty types of drums along with many stringed and other instruments. These are, however, called pushkara ; the name tabla appears in later periods. This theory is based on the etymological links of the word tabla to Arabic word tabl which means "drum". Beyond

SECTION 10

#1732863076000

1056-581: Is a pair of hand drums from the Indian subcontinent . Since the 18th century, it has been the principal percussion instrument in Hindustani classical music , where it may be played solo, as an accompaniment with other instruments and vocals, or as a part of larger ensembles. It is frequently played in popular and folk music performances in India , Bangladesh , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Nepal and Sri Lanka . The tabla

1144-425: Is a type of Tabla composition. There are major two types of tabla compositions, fixed (pre-composed) and improvised (composed and improvised at the time of the practicing or performing). A rhythmic seed (theme) is introduced, which is then used as a basis for elaboration through improvisation and/or composition. The word Kayda is an Arabic or Hindi word which means 'rule' or 'a system of rules'. The rules for playing

1232-718: Is a variant of Awadhi and Bhojpuri spoken by the Indo-Fijians . Caribbean Hindustani , another variant of Bhojpuri is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people . It has experienced lexical influence from Caribbean English in Trinidad and Tobago and in Guyana. In Suriname, languages that have lexically influenced it include Sranan Tongo Creole , Surinamese Dutch and English. Other dialects are spoken in Mauritius and South Africa, where its use

1320-412: Is achieved while striking vertically on the braided portion of the head using a small, heavy hammer. While tabla usually features two drums, a tabla tarang may consist of 10-16 dayas to perform melodies based on several ragas . The baya tabla is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped, about 20 centimetres (~8 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) in height. It played with the non-dominant hand,

1408-614: Is also known as Kharwari . Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western Tirhut division (east and west Champaran districts) in Bihar, and Gorakhpur division ( Deoria , Kushinagar , Gorakhpur , and Maharajganj districts) and Basti division ( Basti , Sidharthanagar , and Sant Kabir Nagar districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal. Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of Varanasi ( Varanasi , Chandauli , Jaunpur , and

1496-466: Is an essential instrument in the bhakti devotional traditions of Hinduism and Sikhism , such as during bhajan and kirtan singing. It is one of the main qawwali instruments used by Sufi musicians. The instrument is also featured in dance performances such as Kathak . Tabla is a rhythmic instrument. The name tabla likely comes from tabl , the Arabic word for drum. The ultimate origin of

1584-402: Is called bāyāñ (literally "left") duggī or dhāmā (correctly called "dagga"), has a much deeper bass tone , much like its distant cousin, the kettle drum . The bāyāñs can be found to be made up of many different types of materials. Brass is the most common, copper is more expensive, but generally held to be the best, while aluminum and steel are often found in inexpensive models. Sometimes wood

1672-482: Is classified in the Avanadha Vadya category of rhythm instruments which are made by capping an empty vessel with a stretched skin. The tabla consists of two single-headed, barrel-shaped small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes: baya and daya for left and right drums, respectively. The smaller drum, played with the dominant hand, is called dayan (literally "right" side), dāhina, siddha or chattū, but

1760-403: Is correctly called the "tabla." It is made from a conical piece of mostly teak and rosewood hollowed out to approximately half of its total depth. The daya tabla is played by the musician's right hand (dominant hand), and is about 15 centimetres (~6 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) high. The drum is tuned to a specific note, usually either the tonic , dominant or subdominant of

1848-612: Is declining. Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi. The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found as Bodjpooria in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titled A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin , which is a translation of a Persian book written in 1780 by Ghulam Hussain Khan . The paragraph in which reads: "Don't make so much noise" said of

SECTION 20

#1732863076000

1936-412: Is for producing bass. They are laced with hoops, thongs and wooden dowels on its sides. The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membranes for tuning the drums. The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables ( bol ). The history of

2024-495: Is found in the 19th century, with a link to the classical dance form Kathak . This was the bandish ki thumri or bol-baant and it found great patronage and evolved mostly in Lucknow in the court of nawab Wajid Ali Shah . At that time, it was a song sung by tawaifs or courtesans. According to historical records, a new version of thumri arose in the late 19th century, which was independent of dance, and much more slow-paced. This form

2112-523: Is not apparent in any of these ancient carvings that those drums were made of the same material and skin, or played the same music, as the modern tabla. The textual evidence for similar material and methods of construction as tabla comes from Sanskrit texts. The earliest discussion of tabla -like musical instrument building methods are found in the Hindu text Natyashastra . This text also includes descriptions of paste-patches ( syahi ) such as those found on

2200-499: Is not found in other languages of the same family like Magahi (dekhaït haï), Maithili (dekhaït achi) and Bengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form ( dekhab' ) is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form ( dekhab ; I will see) is used instead of second person plural ( dekhab' ). To show plural number

2288-598: Is prevalent in the Shahabad district ( Buxar , Bhojpur , Rohtas , and Kaimur districts) and the Saran region ( Saran , Siwan and Gopalganj districts) in Bihar, the eastern Azamgarh ( Ballia and eastern Mau districts) and Varanasi (eastern part of Ghazipur district) regions in Uttar Pradesh, and in the Palamu division ( Palamu and Garhwa districts) in Jharkhand. The dialect

2376-527: Is recent iconography of the drum like structure dating back to 1799. There are Hindu temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BCE. The tabla was spread widely across ancient India. A Hoysaleshwara temple in Karnataka shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance. According to classifications of musical instruments defined in the Natyashastra , Tabla

2464-430: Is responsible for modification of the drum's natural overtones, resulting in the clarity of pitch (see inharmonicity ) and variety of tonal possibilities unique to this instrument which has a bell-like sound. The skill required for the proper construction of this area is highly refined and is the main differentiating factor in the quality of a particular instrument. The earliest discussion of these paste-patches are found in

2552-487: Is sometimes referred to as Sadari . A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri. Among the seven languages which are sociolinguistically often counted as Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji), Bhojpuri has

2640-543: Is that: Suvansa pande of Prayag is the priest of the past Rājās, so I also made him my priest. Whosoever among the Ujjen (Rajputs) comes to Prayag should have regard for him. Year 1136 place Dawa (The old place of the Rajas of Bhojpur, now a village) samat 1785 (A.D. 1728) date 13th of the bright part of Baisakha, Wednesday Paragana Bhojpur, Gotra Sawanak, origin Ujen, caste Pawara. Suvans, who

2728-477: Is the free movement they allow the artist, since they do not depend for their identity on rigidly formulated tonal sequences, irrespective of the compositions involved. In fact, one may say that they have a built-in provision for mixing raga-s or for moving out of the raga actually presented in order to add colour to the proceedings. The origins of Thumri can be traced back to the time of Jayadeva , Ramanuja , and Ramanand . It reached its peak popularity during

Thumri - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-594: Is the priest of the past Rājās, him I also made my priest. Horil Siha (King of Bhojpur), Origin and Development of Bhojpuri, pp 218-219 In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language. Between 1838 and 1917 labourers from

2904-548: Is used for writing Bhojpuri. Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri. Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa,

2992-518: Is used, especially in old bāyāñs from the Punjab. Clay is also used, although not favored for durability; these are generally found in the North-East region of Bengal. The baya construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the daya drum. The musician uses their hand's heel pressure to change the pitch and tone colour of each drum during a performance. The head of each drum has

3080-869: The Awadhi -speaking region to the west, the Nepali -speaking region to the north, the Magahi and Bajjika -speaking regions to the east and the Magahi and Bagheli -speaking regions to the south. In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language. There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims that are part of the Muhajir community in Pakistan , as well as in Bangladesh , where they are referred to as Stranded Pakistanis due to them speaking Bhojpuri and Urdu as their native tongue and not Bengali as most Bangladeshis do. They migrated to Bangladesh there during

3168-512: The Bhojpur - Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal . It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar , and northwestern Jharkhand in India, as well as western Madhesh , eastern Lumbini , southeastern Gandaki , and southwestern Bagmati in Nepal. Bhojpuri is also widely spoken by the diaspora of Indians descended from those who left as indentured laborers during

3256-619: The Caribbean . Bhojpuri is an Indo-European language and belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Aryan languages . The Magahi and Maithili languages of Eastern Indo-Aryan group are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri. Odia , Bengali and Assamese are also closely related. Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the Bihari languages . Together with

3344-502: The Copula . The bāṭ form provides for the tenses and the hokh or ho form provides for the modes, where as rah is the past of other three. Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script, but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant

3432-729: The Mridang , but these are not called tabla then. The pre-5th century paintings in the Ajanta Caves , for example, show a group of musicians playing small tabla-like upright seated drums, a kettle-shaped mridang drum and cymbals. Similar artwork with seated musicians playing drums, but carved in stone, are found in the Ellora Caves , and others. A type of small Indian drums, along with many other musical instruments, are also mentioned in Tibetan and Chinese memoirs written by Buddhist monks who visited

3520-1820: The Nath Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period, the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established. In this era, saints from different sects such as Kabir , Dharni Das , Kina Ram and Dariya Saheb used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era. Kaithi 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂷𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂱 𑂩𑂱𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂠𑂶𑂞𑂹𑂨𑂢𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂉𑂢𑂵𑂞𑂹𑂨-𑂄𑂠𑂱 𑂥𑂱𑂥𑂱𑂡 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂠𑂫𑂪𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂧𑂢𑂷𑂢𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲 𑂧𑂰𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲-𑂔𑂱𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂰𑂢𑂰𑂧𑂹 𑂮𑂠𑂰 𑂮𑂧𑂩 𑂥𑂱𑂔𑂶𑂢𑂰𑃀 𑂄𑂏𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂄𑂏 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂄𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂍𑂆𑂪𑃀 𑂔𑂵 𑂍𑂵𑂇 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂃𑂏 𑂧𑂰𑂯 𑂄𑂫𑂵 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂵, 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂢𑂰𑂫 𑃁𑃀 ११३६ 𑂮𑂰𑂪 𑂧𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂧 𑂠𑂰𑂫𑂰 𑂡𑂳𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂞 १७८५ 𑂮𑂧𑂶 𑂢𑂰𑂧 𑂥𑂶𑂮𑂰𑂎 𑂮𑂳𑂠𑂱 𑂞𑂱𑂩𑂷𑂠𑂮𑂱 𑂩𑂷𑂔 𑂥𑂳𑂡𑃀 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂏𑂢𑂵 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩 𑂏𑂷𑂞𑂩 𑂮𑂫𑂢𑂍 𑂧𑂳𑂪 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂔𑂰𑂞𑂱 𑂣𑂰𑂫𑂰𑂩 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂔𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪𑂰 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂍𑂆𑂪 𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 Devnagari स्वोस्ति स्रि रिपुराज दैत्यनाराएनेत्य-आदि बिबिध बिरदवली बिराजमान मनोनत स्री माहाराजाधिराज राजा स्री-जिव देव देवानाम् सदा समर बिजैना। आगे सुवंस पांड़े परा-आग के उपरोहित पाछिल राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु आपन उपरोहित कईल। जे केउ परा-अग माह आवे से सुवंस पांड़े के माने, उजेन नाव ॥। ११३६ साल मोकाम दावा धुस समत १७८५ समै नाम बैसाख सुदि तिरोदसि रोज बुध। प्रगने भोजपुर गोतर सवनक मुल उजेन जाति पावार सुवंस जे पाछिला राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु कईल अपन उपरोहित English Translation The statement

3608-508: The Partition of India when the area was part of East Pakistan , before gaining independence as Bangladesh. Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of indentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in Mauritius , Fiji , South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , Jamaica , and other parts of

Thumri - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-462: The Yadava rule (1210 to 1247) in the south, at the time when Sangita Ratnakara was written by Sarangadeva . Madhava Kandali , 14th century Assamese poet and writer of Saptakanda Ramayana , lists several instruments in his version of "Ramayana" , such as tabal, jhajhar , dotara , vina , bīn , vipanchi , etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in 14th century or earlier).There

3784-482: The 'purab ang' thumri' of the Benaras gharana or Banaras gayaki include Rasoolan Bai (1902–1974), Siddheshwari Devi (1908–1977), Girija Devi (1929–2017), Mahadev Prasad Mishra (1906–1995) and Chhannulal Mishra (b. 1936). Some other singers of thumri are Gauhar Jan (1873–1930), Begum Akhtar (1914–1974), Shobha Gurtu (1925–2004), Noor Jehan (1926–2000) and Nirmala Devi (1927-1996). The bol banao style has

3872-459: The Bhojpuri region were taken to British Colonies like Fiji , Mauritius , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa , as well as the Dutch colony of Suriname as plantation workers. Music genres based on Bhojpuri folk music such as Chutney music , Baithak Gana , Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet arose in those countries. British scholars like Buchanan, Beames and George Abraham Grierson studied

3960-627: The East Indo Aryan or Magadhan languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western. Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are: Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri, and Nagpuria Bhojpuri. Southern Standard Bhojpuri

4048-573: The Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called Buxariya. In Bengal, they called Paschhimas (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them Deshwali or Khoṭṭa, in upper provinces like Oudh they called Purabiya. Besides these, Banarasi , Chhaprahiya , and Bangarahi has also used for

4136-528: The Hindu text Natyashastra . For stability while playing, each drum is positioned on a toroidal bundle called chutta or guddi , consisting of plant fiber or another malleable material wrapped in cloth. They are commonly played while sitting cross-legged on the floor. Indian music is traditionally practice-oriented and until the 20th century did not employ written notations as the primary media of instruction, understanding, or transmission. The rules of Indian music and compositions themselves are taught from

4224-571: The Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts. By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari

4312-608: The Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE. The pushkala are called rdzogs pa (pronounced dzokpa) in Tibetan literature. The pushkara drums are also mentioned in many ancient Jainism and Buddhism texts, such as Samavayasutra , Lalitavistara and Sutralamkara . Various Hindu and Jain temples, such as the Eklingji in Udaipur, Rajasthan show stone carvings of a person playing tabla-like small pair of drums. Small drums were popular during

4400-620: The Muslim community of Indian subcontinent and were not an Arabian import. However, scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a pakhawaj drum into two to make tabla drums "cannot be given any credence". Drums and Talas are mentioned in the Vedic era texts. A percussion musical instrument with two or three small drums, held with strings, called Pushkara (also spelled Pushkala ) were in existence in pre-5th century Indian subcontinent along with other drums such as

4488-461: The classifier gō and ṭhō , which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes -o and -e as in ham āmo khāïb (I will eat mangoes too) verses ham āme khāïb (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc. The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ha , ho , hokh , bāṭ , rah . These also act as

SECTION 50

#1732863076000

4576-493: The colonial era. It is an eastern Indo Aryan language and as of 2000 it is spoken by about 5% of India's population. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit and is related to Maithili , Magahi , Bangla , Odia , Assamese , and other eastern Indo-Aryan languages. It is also a minority language in Fiji , Guyana , Mauritius , South Africa , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago . Fiji Hindi , an official language of Fiji,

4664-750: The cycle. Other emphasized parts of the tala which are represented by Taali (clap), while Khali (empty) portions are played in a relaxed manner. They are represented by a 'O' in Vishnu Narayanan Bhatkhande notation. Tali is often marked by a numeral representing its beat measure. Separate sections or stanzas of a tala are called Vibhagas . Three main types of tempos or layas are used in playing Tabla talas: 1) Slow (vilambit) or half speed, 2) Medium (madhya) or reference speed, and 3) Fast (drut) or double speed. Keeping these three tempos as reference other variations of these tempos are also defined such as Aadi laya where bols are played at one and

4752-458: The drum emerges only from about 1745, and the drum continued to develop in shape until the early 1800s. The Indian theory traces the origin of tabla to indigenous ancient civilization. The stone sculpture carvings in Bhaja Caves depict a woman playing a pair of drums, which some have claimed as evidence for the ancient origin of the tabla in India. A different version of this theory states that

4840-411: The emotional core of a composition and evokes each yarn of amorous feeling, each strand of sensuous sentiment, with great discretion. Khayal aims at achieving poise and splendour; thumri is quicksilver in tone and ardently romantic in spirit. It needs a delicate heart, and a supple and soulful voice capable of expressing several shadings and colours of tones to bring out its beauty. Well-known artists of

4928-623: The era of Shri Chaitanya (circa 16th century AD), whose Nagar Kirtan (Hare Krishna Hare Rama) stirred the masses into emotional ecstasies. The evolution of Thumri was inspired by the Vaishnavism sect, especially the devotion to Krishna, which expressed divine love. Later, the philosophies of Vaishnavism and Sufism played a key role in shaping both Thumri and Kathak. The Thumri style of singing primarily developed from festival and seasonal folk songs such as Holi, Chaiti, Sawan, Kajri, and Dadra, originating from eastern Uttar Pradesh. A mention of Thumri

5016-551: The exposition of these forms vary. Like Indian classical music itself, some of these forms have their origin in folk literature and music. As in khayal , thumri has two parts, the sthayi and the antara. It favours tala-s such as Deepchandi , Roopak , Addha, and Punjabi. These tala-s are characterized by a special lilt, nearly absent in the tala-s used in khayal . Thumri compositions are mostly in raga -s such as Kafi , Khamaj , Jogiya , Bhairavi , Pilu and Pahadi. A common feature of these and other such raga-s

5104-458: The first Bhojpuri film, Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry . Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi. Words like Bujhã are being replaced by Hindi words like Samjhã . The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal and borders

5192-451: The first and the oldest traditional tabla tradition. Its students were responsible for the spawn of other gharanas as well. Each of these gharanas include a handful of prominent players and maestros. They carry the honorific title ' Pandit ' and ' Ustad ' for Hindus and Muslim tabla players, respectively. Modernization and accessible means of travel have reduced the rigid boundaries between these gharanas in recent times. A Kayda or Kaida

5280-508: The form tu to address a younger individual and raua for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations. Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India , has been demanded. In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India. Tabla A tabla

5368-456: The grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family. Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix -na or ni with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as sabh (all) or lōg (people). Examples: Except few instances the Verb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on

SECTION 60

#1732863076000

5456-448: The language and People. Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e. Mallika or Malli (due to ancient tribe of Malla ) and Kashiki (due to ancient Kashi ). The Girmityas who were taken to British colonies called it simply Hindustani or Hindi and it became Fiji Hindi in Fiji and Caribbean Hindustani in the Caribbean region. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit which started taking shape during

5544-693: The language in details. Beames published the grammar of Bhojpuri for the first time in 1868. Grierson compiled and published the folksongs of Bhojpuri in 1884. He published the folklore of Bhojpuri and also made the dictionaries in Bhojpuri. He also conducted the Linguistic Survey of India . In the 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita , Badmash Darpan were published. In the 20th century, Bhikhari Thakur contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya , Beti Bechwa , Gabarghichor and novels like Bindia and Phulsunghi were published. In 1962,

5632-416: The lyrics of a thumrī composed by the medieval poet Lalan , celebrating Krishna's flute – how its tunes are driving Radha mad. Braj or Vrindavan is where Krishna is indulging in this love play; Radha is the "Girl of Braj". Bhojpuri language Bhojpuri (IPA: / ˌ b oʊ dʒ ˈ p ʊər i / ; Devanagari : भोजपुरी , Kaithi : 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to

5720-403: The most allophonic variations in vowels . Bhojpuri has 6 vowel phonemes and 10 vocoids . The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial , 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar , 7 retroflex , 6 alveo-palatal , 5 dorso-velar , and 1 glottal ). Linguist Robert L. Trammell published

5808-422: The musical instrument is contested by scholars, though some trace its evolution from indigenous musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent. The tabla consists of two small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes. Each drum is made of hollowed-out wood, clay or metal. The smaller drum ( dayan/tabla ) is used for creating treble and tonal sounds, while the primary function of the larger drum ( baya/dagga )

5896-422: The musical meter of a composition. It is characterized by groups of matras in a defined time cycle. Talas are composed of basic elements, bols . Matra defines the number of beats within a rhythm. Talas can be of 3 to 108 matras. They are played in repeated cycles. The starting beat of each cycle is known as Sum . This beat is often represented by a special symbol such as 'X'. This is the most emphasized beat of

5984-518: The noun. For instance, moṭā is the feminine form of moṭī in Hindi. However, as with Bebgali, in Bhojpuri, only moṭ is used. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l a and -ba respectively to the verb. Form example, I shall See , in Bengali is dekh-bo and in Bhojpuri is dekh-ab . Some scholars has also divided

6072-679: The other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the Magadhi Prakrit . Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as Bengali , Maithili and Odia . For example, the pronunciation of the vowel a is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like o in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from

6160-416: The phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971. According to him, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority . Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs . The intonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours. According to George Abraham Grierson ,

6248-468: The popular Talas in Hindustani Classical music include: Tabla gharanas are responsible for the development of variety of new bols, characteristic playing techniques, composition styles and rhythmic structures. Gharanas acted as a means of preserving these styles between generations of tabla players. First recorded history of gharanas is in the early 18th century. Delhi gharana is considered to be

6336-674: The reign of the Vardhana dynasty . Bāṇabhaṭṭa , in his Harshacharita has mentioned two poets named Isānchandra and Benibhārata who used to write in local language instead of Prakrit and Sanskrit . The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the Siddha Sahitya and Charyapada as early as the 8th century A.D. . This period is also called as Siddha period. Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D., much Bhojpuri folklore such as Lorikayan , Sorathi Birjabh , Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthari ar came into existence. Alongside these,

6424-530: The root of the word, this proposal points to the documentary evidence that the Muslim armies had hundreds of soldiers on camels and horses carrying paired drums as they invaded the Indian subcontinent. They would beat these drums to scare the residents, the non-Muslim armies, their elephants and chariots, that they intended to attack. However, the war drums did not look or sound anything like tabla , they were large paired drums and were called naqqara (noise, chaos makers). Another version states that Amir Khusraw,

6512-490: The sharp cut a in Middle Indo-Aryan. In Bhojpuri, the clear cut a and the drawled a, which sounds like aw in the word awl are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language. This drawled a is represented by Avagraha (ऽ), for instance, the word dekh'la , you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ. Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with

6600-427: The smaller pakhavaj head for the dayan, the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan, and the flexible use of the bass of the dholak . Tabla is played from the top and uses "finger tip and hand percussive" techniques allowing more complex movements. The rich language of tabla is made up of permutations of some basic strokes. These basic strokes are divided into five major categories along with a few examples: Tala defines

6688-413: The society, but she had the support of her husband. Some khyal singers took an interest in thumrī and sang it their own way, as in the case of Abdul Karim Khan , Faiyaz Khan , Bade Ghulam Ali Khan , Bhimsen Joshi , Madhav Gudi , Rajan and Sajan Mishra , Barkat Ali Khan , Jagdish Prasad and Prabha Atre . Today thumrī is sometimes sung at the end of khyal concerts as a concluding item. Besides

6776-409: The soloist's key and thus complements the melody . This is the ground note of the raga called Sa (the tonic in Indian music). The tuning range is limited although different dāyāñs are produced in different sizes, each with a different range. Cylindrical wood blocks, termed Gatta, are inserted between the strap and the shell allowing tension to be adjusted by their vertical positioning. Fine tuning

6864-448: The subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages , Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of Nepali . It is formed by adding the suffix -lā to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verb to see the Bhojpuri verb is dekhe and the present form is dhekhelā , which is peculiar to itself and

6952-501: The suffix -sa' or -ja is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus dekhe-la'-sa is they see . The present perfect form is made by adding ha' to the past form. Thus, ham dekh'li (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form is ham dekh'li ha' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix -al to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like kar (kail) , mar (mual) etc. Numerals of Bhojpuri take

7040-498: The tabla acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule, having evolved from ancient Indian puśkara drums. The evidence of the hand-held puśkara is founded in many temple carvings, such as at the 6th and 7th century Muktesvara and Bhuvaneswara temples in India. These arts show drummers who are sitting, with two or three separate small drums, with their palm and fingers in a position as if they are playing those drums. However, it

7128-569: The tabla and the tanpura , other typical instruments in thumri are sarangi , harmonium and swarmandal . The reason as to why Thumri concludes an occasion is because it has a lasting emotional impact on the audience. Thumrī singers pay considerable attention to the lyrics, though they may be difficult to follow in the ornamented enunciation. This is especially where the focus is on love, and many lyrics deal with separation or viraha . Krishna's ras leela or love play with Radha and other gopis of Vrindavan appear frequently. As an example, here are

7216-501: The tabla is unclear, and there are multiple theories regarding its origins. There are two groups of theories; the first theorizes the instrument had indigenous origins while the other traces its origins to the Muslim and Mughal invaders of the Indian subcontinent. While the carvings in Bhaja Caves support the theory that the instrument had indigenous origins, clear pictorial evidence of

7304-585: The them in his Bhojpooria idiom, "we go to-day with the Frenghees, but we all are servant to Chëyt Singh , and may come back tomorrow with him and then question will not be about your roots, but about your wives and daughters." The word Bhojpuri is derived from Bhojpur . After the conquest of Chero and Ujjainiya Rajputs in 12th century, who were the descendants of Raja Bhoj from Ujjain , Malwa , Madhya Pradesh captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj). The seat of their government

7392-465: The time of the 16th century Mughal Emperor Akbar , the generous patron of music. Abul Fazi's list makes no mention of tabla . The third version credits the invention of tabla to the 18th century musician, with a similar sounding name Amir Khusru, where he is suggested to have cut a Pakhawaj into two to create tabla . Miniature paintings of this era show instruments that sort of look like tabla . This theory implies that tabla emerged from within

7480-513: The western part of Ghazipur district), Azamgarh ( Azamgarh district , western part of Mau district ) and Mirzapur , Sonbhadra , Sant Ravidas Nagar , and Bhadohi districts) in Uttar Pradesh. Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after Banaras . Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand , particularly parts of Palamu , South Chotanagpur and Kolhan divisions. It

7568-622: Was Bhojpur village which was near Dumraon in Buxar . Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress can still be seen. Slowly the word Bhojpur became the synonyms of the Shahabad or Arrah region (Today's Bhojpur district , Buxar , Kaimur and Rohtas ) and the adjective Bhojpuri or Bhojpuriya extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from Bhojpuri in

7656-473: Was called bol-banav and it evolved in Varanasi . Unlike the khayal , which pays meticulous attention to unfolding a raga, thumri restricts itself to expressing the countless hues of shringar by combining melody and words. The contours of a khayal are most definitely broader and fluid. Thus, a khayal singer is capable of encompassing and expressing a wide range of complex emotions. A thumri singer goes straight to

7744-452: Was sometimes spelled as Devanagri . In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari. Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb to come in Bhojpuri is aail and the verb to speak is bolal . The imperatives come! and speak! can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude

#0