44-809: [REDACTED] Look up tulasi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Thulasi or Tulasi may refer to: Tulasi or Ocimum tenuiflorum , an aromatic plant in the family Lamiaceae Tulasi (film) , a 2007 Indian film by Boyapati Srinu Thulasi (1987 film) , a 1987 Tamil film starring Murali and Seetha Thulasi (1976 film) , a 1976 Indian Kannada film Tulsidas or Tulasidas (1532–1623), Indian saint and poet Thulasidas , Indian film director Tulasi (actress) (born 1967), Indian film actress See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Thulasi All pages with titles containing Tulasi Tulsi (disambiguation) Kattu Thulasi ,
88-464: A 1965 Indian Malayalam film Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Thulasi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thulasi&oldid=1223176443 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
132-435: A balance or equilibrium between morphs. The mechanisms that conserve it are types of balancing selection . Most genes have more than one effect on the phenotype of an organism ( pleiotropism ). Some of these effects may be visible, and others cryptic, so it is often important to look beyond the most obvious effects of a gene to identify other effects. Cases occur where a gene affects an unimportant visible characteristic, yet
176-432: A change in fitness is recorded. In such cases, the gene's subsurface effects may be responsible for the change in fitness. Pleiotropism is posing continual challenges for many clinical dysmorphologists in their attempt to explain birth defects which affect one or more organ system, with only a single underlying causative agent. For many pleiotropic disorders, the connection between the genetic abnormality and its manifestations
220-448: A couple of decades the work of Fisher, Ford, Arthur Cain , Philip Sheppard and Cyril Clarke promoted natural selection as the primary explanation of variation in natural populations, instead of genetic drift. Evidence can be seen in Mayr's famous book Animal Species and Evolution , and Ford's Ecological Genetics . Similar shifts in emphasis can be seen in most of the other participants in
264-505: A founder of niche research, commented "It is very likely from an ecological point of view that all species, or at least all common species, consist of populations adapted to more than one niche". He gave as examples sexual size dimorphism and mimicry. In many cases where the male is short-lived and smaller than the female, he does not compete with her during her late pre-adult and adult life. Size difference may permit both sexes to exploit different niches. In elaborate cases of mimicry , such as
308-401: A more formal term is morphotype. Form and phase are sometimes used, but are easily confused in zoology with, respectively, "form" in a population of animals, and "phase" as a color or other change in an organism due to environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.). Phenotypic traits and characteristics are also possible descriptions, though that would imply just a limited aspect of
352-488: A species from each other. Presently, geneticists use the term genetic polymorphism to describe the functionally silent differences in DNA sequence between individuals that make each human genome unique. Genetic polymorphism is actively and steadily maintained in populations by natural selection, in contrast to transient polymorphisms where a form is progressively replaced by another. By definition, genetic polymorphism relates to
396-478: A stir-fry of Thai holy basil with meats, seafood or, as in khao phat kraphao , with rice. Two different types of holy basil are used in Thailand, a "red" variant which tends to be more pungent, and a "white" version for seafood dishes. Kaphrao should not be confused with horapha ( Thai : โหระพา ), which is normally known as Thai basil , or with Thai lemon basil ( maenglak ; Thai : แมงลัก ). For centuries,
440-423: Is sexual dimorphism , which occurs in many organisms. Other examples are mimetic forms of butterflies (see mimicry ), and human hemoglobin and blood types . According to the theory of evolution, polymorphism results from evolutionary processes, as does any aspect of a species. It is heritable and is modified by natural selection . In polyphenism, an individual's genetic makeup allows for different morphs, and
484-677: Is a long-standing debate as to how this situation could have arisen, and the question is not yet resolved. Whereas a gene family (several tightly linked genes performing similar or identical functions) arises by duplication of a single original gene, this is usually not the case with supergenes. In a supergene some of the constituent genes have quite distinct functions, so they must have come together under selection. This process might involve suppression of crossing-over, translocation of chromosome fragments and possibly occasional cistron duplication. That crossing-over can be suppressed by selection has been known for many years. Debate has centered round
SECTION 10
#1732902800563528-591: Is an erect, many-branched subshrub, 30–60 cm (12–24 in) tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled , with an ovate blade up to 5 cm (2 in) long, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy . The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes . The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet),
572-446: Is called the switch . This switch may be genetic, or it may be environmental. Taking sex determination as the example, in humans the determination is genetic, by the XY sex-determination system . In Hymenoptera ( ants , bees and wasps ), sex determination is by haplo-diploidy: the females are all diploid , the males are haploid . However, in some animals an environmental trigger determines
616-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages tulasi Ocimum tenuiflorum , commonly known as holy basil , tulsi or tulasi , is an aromatic perennial plant in the family Lamiaceae . It is widely cultivated throughout the Southeast Asian tropics . It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia and
660-472: Is neither apparent nor understood. Epistasis occurs when the expression of one gene is modified by another gene. For example, gene A only shows its effect when allele B1 (at another locus ) is present, but not if it is absent. This is one of the ways in which two or more genes may combine to produce a coordinated change in more than one characteristic (for instance, in mimicry). Unlike the supergene, epistatic genes do not need to be closely linked or even on
704-448: Is strongly tied to the adaptation of a species to its environment, which may vary in colour, food supply, and predation and in many other ways including sexual harassment avoidance. Polymorphism is one good way the opportunities get to be used; it has survival value, and the selection of modifier genes may reinforce the polymorphism. In addition, polymorphism seems to be associated with a higher rate of speciation . G. Evelyn Hutchinson ,
748-886: The ICN . Horticulturists sometimes confuse this usage of "variety" both with cultivar ("variety" in viticultural usage, rice agriculture jargon, and informal gardening lingo) and with the legal concept " plant variety " (protection of a cultivar as a form of intellectual property ). Three mechanisms may cause polymorphism: Endler's survey of natural selection gave an indication of the relative importance of polymorphisms among studies showing natural selection. The results, in summary: Number of species demonstrating natural selection: 141. Number showing quantitative traits: 56. Number showing polymorphic traits: 62. Number showing both Q and P traits: 23. This shows that polymorphisms are found to be at least as common as continuous variation in studies of natural selection, and hence just as likely to be part of
792-513: The Mesolithic Holocene . Non-human apes have similar blood groups to humans; this strongly suggests that this kind of polymorphism is ancient, at least as far back as the last common ancestor of the apes and man, and possibly even further. The relative proportions of the morphs may vary; the actual values are determined by the effective fitness of the morphs at a particular time and place. The mechanism of heterozygote advantage assures
836-430: The essential oil are camphor (32%), eucalyptol (19%), ⍺-bisabolene (17%), eugenol (14%), germacrene (11%) and β-bisabolene (11%). In addition, more than 60 different aroma compounds were found through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of holy basil. However, other studies have stated tulsi essential oil consists mostly of eugenol (70%) β-elemene (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and germacrene (2%), with
880-508: The gastrozooids ; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles; and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae . Balanced polymorphism refers to the maintenance of different phenotypes in population. Monomorphism means having only one form. Dimorphism means having two forms. Polymorphism crosses several discipline boundaries, including ecology, genetics, evolution theory, taxonomy, cytology, and biochemistry. Different disciplines may give
924-712: The African butterfly Papilio dardanus , female morphs mimic a range of distasteful models called Batesian mimicry, often in the same region. The fitness of each type of mimic decreases as it becomes more common, so the polymorphism is maintained by frequency-dependent selection. Thus the efficiency of the mimicry is maintained in a much increased total population. However it can exist within one gender. Female-limited polymorphism and sexual assault avoidance Female-limited polymorphism in Papilio dardanus can be described as an outcome of sexual conflict. Cook et al. (1994) argued that
SECTION 20
#1732902800563968-498: The Kati Bihu festival celebrated in Assam , people light earthen lamps ( diya ) at the foot of the household tulsi plants and pray. Polymorphism (biology) In biology , polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms , also referred to as alternative phenotypes , in the population of a species. To be classified as such, morphs must occupy
1012-505: The balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly terpenes . Tulasi (Sanskrit: Surasa ) has been used in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices for its supposed medicinal properties. The leaves of holy basil, known as kaphrao in the Thai language ( Thai : กะเพรา ), are commonly used in Thai cuisine for certain stir-fries and curries such as phat kaphrao ( Thai : ผัดกะเพรา ) —
1056-517: The body. In the taxonomic nomenclature of zoology , the word "morpha" plus a Latin name for the morph can be added to a binomial or trinomial name. However, this invites confusion with geographically variant ring species or subspecies , especially if polytypic. Morphs have no formal standing in the ICZN . In botanical taxonomy , the concept of morphs is represented with the terms " variety ", " subvariety " and " form ", which are formally regulated by
1100-474: The dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects. The essential oil may have nematicidal properties against Tylenchulus semipenetrans , Meloidogyne javanica , Anguina tritici , and Heterodera cajani . Water disinfection using O. tenuiflorum extracts was tested by Bhattacharjee et al. 2013 and Sadul et al. 2009. Both found an alcoholic extract to be more effective than aqueous or leaf juice . Sundaramurthi et al 2012 finds
1144-404: The evolutionary process. Since all polymorphism has a genetic basis, genetic polymorphism has a particular meaning: The definition has three parts: a) sympatry : one interbreeding population; b) discrete forms; and c) not maintained just by mutation. In simple words, the term polymorphism was originally used to describe variations in shape and form that distinguish normal individuals within
1188-433: The field: And in the laboratory: Without proper field-work, the significance of the polymorphism to the species is uncertain and without laboratory breeding the genetic basis is obscure. Even with insects, the work may take many years; examples of Batesian mimicry noted in the nineteenth century are still being researched. Polymorphism was crucial to research in ecological genetics by E. B. Ford and his co-workers from
1232-720: The genes start on the same chromosome. They argue that supergenes arose in situ . This is known as Turner's sieve hypothesis. John Maynard Smith agreed with this view in his authoritative textbook, but the question is still not definitively settled. Selection, whether natural or artificial, changes the frequency of morphs within a population; this occurs when morphs reproduce with different degrees of success. A genetic (or balanced) polymorphism usually persists over many generations, maintained by two or more opposed and powerful selection pressures. Diver (1929) found banding morphs in Cepaea nemoralis could be seen in prefossil shells going back to
1276-413: The genotype, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms that may not always correspond to a phenotype, but always corresponds to a branch in the genetic tree. See below . Polymorphism is common in nature; it is related to biodiversity , genetic variation , and adaptation . Polymorphism usually functions to retain a variety of forms in a population living in a varied environment. The most common example
1320-444: The jaguar has only one possible trait for that gene, it would be termed "monomorphic". For example, if there was only one possible skin colour that a jaguar could have, it would be termed monomorphic. The term polyphenism can be used to clarify that the different forms arise from the same genotype . Genetic polymorphism is a term used somewhat differently by geneticists and molecular biologists to describe certain mutations in
1364-448: The last quarter of the 20th century when ideas such as Kimura 's neutral theory of molecular evolution was given much attention. The significance of the work on ecological genetics is that it has shown how important selection is in the evolution of natural populations, and that selection is a much stronger force than was envisaged even by those population geneticists who believed in its importance, such as Haldane and Fisher . In just
Thulasi - Misplaced Pages Continue
1408-476: The less common purplish green-leaved ( Krishna or Shyam tulsi ) and the common wild vana tulsi (e.g., Ocimum gratissimum ). The plant and its oil contain diverse phytochemicals , including tannins , flavonoids , eugenol , caryophyllenes , carvacrol , linalool , camphor , and cinnamyl acetate , among others. One study reported that the plant contains an eponymous family of 10 neolignan compounds called tulsinol A-J . Specific aroma compounds in
1452-574: The male-like phenotype in some females in P. dardanus population on Pemba Island, Tanzania functions to avoid detection from a mate-searching male. The researchers found that male mate preference is controlled by frequency-dependent selection, which means that the rare morph suffers less from mating attempt than the common morph. The reasons why females try to avoid male sexual harassment are that male mating attempt can reduce female fitness in many ways such as fecundity and longevity. The mechanism which decides which of several morphs an individual displays
1496-416: The mid-1920s to the 1970s (similar work continues today, especially on mimicry ). The results had a considerable effect on the mid-century evolutionary synthesis , and on present evolutionary theory . The work started at a time when natural selection was largely discounted as the leading mechanism for evolution, continued through the middle period when Sewall Wright 's ideas on drift were prominent, to
1540-427: The population of some alternative alleles at the locus or loci involved. Only if competing selection disappears will an allele disappear. However, heterozygote advantage is not the only way a polymorphism can be maintained. Apostatic selection , whereby a predator consumes a common morph whilst overlooking rarer morphs is possible and does occur. This would tend to preserve rarer morphs from extinction. Polymorphism
1584-439: The question of whether the component genes in a super-gene could have started off on separate chromosomes, with subsequent reorganization, or if it is necessary for them to start on the same chromosome. Originally, it was held that chromosome rearrangement would play an important role. This explanation was accepted by E. B. Ford and incorporated into his accounts of ecological genetics. However, many believe it more likely that
1628-532: The result to be safe to drink and antimicrobial . A constituent analysis by Sadul found alkaloids , steroids , and tannins in the aqueous, and alkaloids and steroids only in the alcoholic extract. Tulasi is a sacred plant for Hindus , particularly the Vaishnavite sect. It is worshipped as the avatar of Lakshmi , and is often planted in courtyards of Hindu houses or temples to Hanuman . The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during Kartik includes
1672-476: The same chromosome . Both pleiotropism and epistasis show that a gene need not relate to a character in the simple manner that was once supposed. Although a polymorphism can be controlled by alleles at a single locus (e.g. human ABO blood groups), the more complex forms are controlled by supergenes consisting of several tightly linked genes on a single chromosome . Batesian mimicry in butterflies and heterostyly in angiosperms are good examples. There
1716-458: The same concept different names, and different concepts may be given the same name. For example, there are the terms established in ecological genetics by E.B. Ford (1975), and for classical genetics by John Maynard Smith (1998). The shorter term morphism was preferred by the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley (1955). Various synonymous terms exist for the various polymorphic forms of an organism. The most common are morph and morpha, while
1760-424: The same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating). Put simply, polymorphism is when there are two or more possibilities of a trait on a gene. For example, there is more than one possible trait in terms of a jaguar's skin colouring; they can be light morph or dark morph. Due to having more than one possible variation for this gene, it is termed 'polymorphism'. However, if
1804-494: The sex: alligators are a famous case in point. In ants the distinction between workers and guards is environmental, by the feeding of the grubs. Polymorphism with an environmental trigger is called polyphenism . The polyphenic system does have a degree of environmental flexibility not present in the genetic polymorphism. However, such environmental triggers are the less common of the two methods. Investigation of polymorphism requires use of both field and laboratory techniques. In
Thulasi - Misplaced Pages Continue
1848-416: The switch mechanism that determines which morph is shown is environmental. In genetic polymorphism, the genetic makeup determines the morph. The term polymorphism also refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals, called zooids , within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of cnidarians . For example, Obelia has feeding individuals,
1892-656: The western Pacific. This plant has escaped from cultivation and has naturalized in many tropical regions of the Americas. It is an agricultural and environmental weed . Tulasi is cultivated for religious and traditional medicine purposes, and also for its essential oil . It is widely used as an herbal tea , commonly used in Ayurveda , and has a place within the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism , in which devotees perform worship involving holy basil plants or leaves. Holy basil
1936-486: The worship of the tulsi plant. Vaishnavites are also known as "those who bear the tulsi around the neck". Tulasi Vivaha is a ceremonial festival performed between Prabodhini Ekadashi (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Kartika ) and Kartik Purnima (the full moon of the month). Every evening, Odia and Bengali Hindus place earthen lamps in front of tulsi plants. During
#562437